1
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Carlson T, Yee L. Spontaneous Necrotizing Hepatic Arteriopathy in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:905-908. [PMID: 32975497 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320960724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiating test article-related vascular changes from spontaneous findings is important for microscopic interpretation in drug safety evaluation studies intended for regulatory submission. Here, we report background spontaneous hepatic artery degeneration and necrosis in up to 20% of 3- to 9-month-old control male Sprague-Dawley rats in 23 individual safety studies. The vascular degeneration occurred in one cross section of a medium-sized hepatic artery near the hilus and ranged from acute intramural hemorrhage and fibrinoid necrosis to chronic fibrosis of the vascular wall with perivascular edema, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. The cause was uncertain. Many microscopic features were consistent with systemic necrotizing arteriopathy (SNA) or polyarteritis; however, there was no change in arteries commonly affected in SNA/polyarteritis (mesenteric, pancreatic, or testicular arteries) and hepatic artery degeneration/necrosis occurred in younger rats which is unusual for SNA/polyarteritis. Spontaneous hepatic artery degeneration/necrosis represents a sporadic background finding that may be confused with a test article's toxicologic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Carlson
- 537465Charles River Laboratories Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Lily Yee
- 537465University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Hobbie KR, Dixon D. Evaluation of Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia and the Normal Estrous Cycle in Longitudinal Sections of Uterus from Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:616-632. [PMID: 32539633 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320931768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has recently introduced the practice of examining longitudinal histological sections of the female rodent uterus to improve the identification of non-neoplastic lesions, preneoplastic lesions, and uterine tumors. This practice has created a need for reference material that includes normal histology, spontaneous lesions, and inducible lesions in longitudinal as well as transverse sections of the body of the uterus, uterine horns, cervix and vagina. Using 3 archived NTP reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, the authors reviewed longitudinal and transverse sections of uteri from female Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD® (Hsd:SD) rats for cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH). The purposes of this review were to (1) evaluate if existing criteria for CEH in transverse uterine sections could be applied to longitudinal sections to develop diagnostic features of CEH in longitudinal uterine sections of rat uterus and (2) create an atlas of the normal estrous cycle phases in longitudinal sections of young and mature adult Hsd:SD rat uteri. The information provided in this original article should help facilitate the examination of longitudinal sections of the uterus in future commercial and governmental rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hobbie
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Darlene Dixon
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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3
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Macri NP, Keenan CM, Hoffman GM, Cracknell S, Schofield M, Bond A. Epithelial Alteration Associated With Recovery From Laryngeal Squamous Metaplasia in Rats: Kinetics of Recovery From a Test Item-Related Change. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:370-377. [PMID: 32431232 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320924655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Squamous metaplasia is a nonspecific adaptive response to chronic irritation in the larynx and is often diagnosed as a test item-related change in rat inhalation studies. Investigating scientists are frequently asked to assess the adversity of laryngeal squamous metaplasia and to interpret its relevance to human risk. One factor in predicting relevance to human risk is the kinetics (degree and speed) of recovery following the cessation of exposure to the test item. Most reports describing recovery from squamous metaplasia in the rat larynx discuss the more severe end of the spectrum of metaplastic change (moderate to severe) and include relatively long (6 weeks or more) recovery periods. We conducted 2 studies to evaluate the toxicity and recovery from any potential effects of 4-(Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butyric (MCPB) acid, a herbicide, when administered by inhalation to young male Sprague Dawley rats for 3 to 4 weeks. The studies resulted in minimal to moderate laryngeal squamous metaplasia for which we describe the kinetics of recovery over 1 to 4 weeks. We found that the microscopic change epithelial alteration, which is normally considered to be a precursor in the development of squamous metaplasia, can occur as a transitional stage between squamous and normal epithelium during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Bond
- ALBReg Services Limited, Essex, United Kingdom
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4
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Tomikawa E, Mutsuga M, Hara K, Kaneko C, Togashi Y, Miyamoto Y. Time Course of Axon and Myelin Degeneration in Peripheral Nerves in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:542-552. [PMID: 30987532 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319838993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is an animal model for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which results in neurological symptoms and histopathological changes in peripheral nerves. In this model, the correlation between the progression of the disease and the histopathological changes is not clear. To further examine histopathological changes in peripheral nerves in EAN rats, sciatic nerves were sampled at onset (day 10), peak (day 16), and recovery (days 22 and 25) of neurological symptoms in P2(57-81)-peptide-administered rats. Axon and myelin degeneration was observed by light microscopy at onset, degeneration became severe at peak, and persisted at recovery. Densities of myelinated nerve fibers and myelin areas decreased from day 10 to a minimum on day 22. Slight axon and myelin degeneration, such as accumulation of vesicles in axons and focal myelin splitting and folding, was observed by transmission electron microscopy at onset; severe degeneration, such as axonal loss, myelin ovoid, and demyelination, increased at peak; and regenerative changes, such as remyelination and enlargement of Schwann cell cytoplasm, occurred at recovery. These results suggest that EAN rats have histopathological similarities to some types of GBS patients and that EAN rats are a useful model to understand the pathogenesis of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Tomikawa
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayu Mutsuga
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kojiro Hara
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kaneko
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Togashi
- 1 Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyamoto
- 2 Clinical Research Department, Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Janas MM, Harbison CE, Perry VK, Carito B, Sutherland JE, Vaishnaw AK, Keirstead ND, Warner G. The Nonclinical Safety Profile of GalNAc-conjugated RNAi Therapeutics in Subacute Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:735-745. [PMID: 30139307 PMCID: PMC6249674 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318792537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are the most clinically advanced oligonucleotide-based platforms. A number of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNAs (GalNAc-siRNAs), also referred to as RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics, are currently in various stages of development, though none is yet approved. While the safety of ASOs has been the subject of extensive review, the nonclinical safety profiles of GalNAc-siRNAs have not been reported. With the exception of sequence differences that confer target RNA specificity, GalNAc-siRNAs are largely chemically uniform, containing limited number of phosphorothioate linkages, and 2’-O-methyl and 2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro ribose modifications. Here, we present the outcomes of short-term (3–5 week) rat and monkey weekly repeat-dose toxicology studies of six Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry GalNAc-siRNAs currently in clinical development. In nonclinical studies at supratherapeutic doses, these molecules share similar safety signals, with histologic findings in the organ of pharmacodynamic effect (liver), the organ of elimination (kidney), and the reticuloendothelial system (lymph nodes). The majority of these changes are nonadverse, partially to completely reversible, correlate well with pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution, and often reflect drug accumulation. Furthermore, all GalNAc-siRNAs tested to date have been negative in genotoxicity and safety pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Janas
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Carole E Harbison
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Brenda Carito
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Garvin Warner
- 1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Hailey JR, Maleeff BE, Thomas HC, Pearse G, Klapwijk JC, Cristofori PG, Berridge B, Kimbrough CL, Parker GA, Morton D, Elmore S, Hardisty JF, Dybdal NO, Rehagen DA, Fikes JD, Lamb M, Biddle K, Buetow BS, Carreira V, Nyska A, Tripathi NK, Workman HC, Bienvenu JG, Brees I, Turk JR, Adler RR. A Diagnostic Approach for Rodent Progressive Cardiomyopathy and Like Lesions in Toxicology Studies up to 28 Days in the Sprague Dawley Rat (Part 2 of 2). Toxicol Pathol 2018; 45:1055-1066. [PMID: 29233079 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317743948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To test the diagnostic approach described in part 1 of this article, 2 exercises were completed by pathologists from multiple companies/agencies. Pathologist's examination of whole slide image (WSI) heart sections from rats using personal diagnostic approaches (exercise #1) corroborated conclusions from study #1. Using the diagnostic approach described in part 1, these pathologists examined the same WSI heart sections (exercise #2) to determine whether that approach increased consistency of diagnosis of rodent progressive cardiomyopathy (PCM) lesions. In exercise #2, there was improved consistency of categorization of small borderline morphologies and mild lesions, but a decrement in consistency of categorizing minimal lesions. Exercises 1 and 2 suggest the described diagnostic approach is representative of that in use by the majority of toxicologic pathologists across companies/agencies and that application by all may improve diagnostic consistency of PCM/like lesions. Additionally, a criterion of approximately 5% heart section involvement is suggested for separating mild from moderate or greater severity. While evidence is not absolute, until further investigation shows otherwise, microscopic changes resembling PCM, but located in the epicardial and subepicardial region of the right ventricle, may be considered as part of the spectrum of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heath C Thomas
- 3 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gail Pearse
- 4 GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Elmore
- 8 National Institute of Environmental Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jerry F Hardisty
- 9 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Noel O Dybdal
- 10 Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Lamb
- 12 Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abraham Nyska
- 15 Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Timrat, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rick R Adler
- 2 GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Hailey JR, Maleeff BE, Thomas HC, Pearse G, Klapwijk JC, Cristofori PG, Berridge B, Kimbrough CL, Parker GA, Morton D, Elmore S, Hardisty JF, Dybdal NO, Rehagen DA, Fikes JD, Lamb M, Biddle K, Buetow BS, Carreira V, Nyska A, Tripathi NK, Workman HC, Bienvenu JG, Brees I, Turk JR, Adler RR. A Diagnostic Approach for Rodent Progressive Cardiomyopathy and Like Lesions in Toxicology Studies up to 28 Days in the Sprague Dawley Rat (Part 1 of 2). Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:1043-1054. [PMID: 29173114 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317743938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous rodent progressive cardiomyopathy (PCM) in the Sprague Dawley rat may confound identification and/or interpretation of potential test article (TA)-related cardiotoxicity. Pathologists apply diagnostic term(s) and thresholds for diagnosing and assigning severity grades for PCM and/or PCM-like (PCM/like) lesions consistently within a study, which is necessary to identify and interpret TA-related findings. Due to differences in training and/or experiences, diagnostic terms and thresholds may vary between pathologists. Harmonized terminology and thresholds across studies will generate better historical control data, will likely enhance interpretation of study data, and may further enhance our understanding of the spontaneous change. An assessment of the diagnostic approaches of a group of 37 pathologists identified an approach that is relatively easily applied; and if adopted, it could enhance diagnostic consistency across studies. This approach uses the single "slash" term "necrosis/inflammatory cell infiltrate (NICI)" as the diagnosis for the spectrum of lesions seen in younger rats, uses no threshold for diagnosis (e.g., diagnose all lesions clearly identifiable as PCM/like), and uses aggregate lesion size of approximately ≥45% of the field of view (FOV) using a 10×/22 eyepiece and the 40× objective or approximately ≥100% of the FOV using the 60× objective as the criterion separating minimal from mild severities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heath C Thomas
- 3 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gail Pearse
- 4 GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Elmore
- 8 National Institute of Environmental Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jerry F Hardisty
- 9 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Noel O Dybdal
- 10 Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Lamb
- 12 Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abraham Nyska
- 15 Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Timrat, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rick R Adler
- 2 GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Besch-Williford C, Pesavento P, Hamilton S, Bauer B, Kapusinszky B, Phan T, Delwart E, Livingston R, Cushing S, Watanabe R, Levin S, Berger D, Myles M. A Naturally Transmitted Epitheliotropic Polyomavirus Pathogenic in Immunodeficient Rats: Characterization, Transmission, and Preliminary Epidemiologic Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:593-603. [PMID: 28782456 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317723541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification, pathogenesis, and transmission of a novel polyomavirus in severe combined immunodeficient F344 rats with null Prkdc and interleukin 2 receptor gamma genes. Infected rats experienced weight loss, decreased fecundity, and mortality. Large basophilic intranuclear inclusions were observed in epithelium of the respiratory tract, salivary and lacrimal glands, uterus, and prostate gland. Unbiased viral metagenomic sequencing of lesioned tissues identified a novel polyomavirus, provisionally named Rattus norvegicus polyomavirus 2 (RatPyV2), which clustered with Washington University (WU) polyomavirus in the Wuki clade of the Betapolyomavirus genus. In situ hybridization analyses and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results demonstrated viral nucleic acids in epithelium of respiratory, glandular, and reproductive tissues. Polyomaviral disease was reproduced in Foxn1rnu nude rats cohoused with infected rats or experimentally inoculated with virus. After development of RatPyV2-specific diagnostic assays, a survey of immune-competent rats from North American research institutions revealed detection of RatPyV2 in 7 of 1,000 fecal samples by PCR and anti-RatPyV2 antibodies in 480 of 1,500 serum samples. These findings suggest widespread infection in laboratory rat populations, which may have profound implications for established models of respiratory injury. Additionally, RatPyV2 infection studies may provide an important system to investigate the pathogenesis of WU polyomavirus diseases of man.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Pesavento
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Beth Bauer
- 1 IDEXX BioResearch, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Beatrix Kapusinszky
- 3 Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tung Phan
- 3 Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- 3 Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Rie Watanabe
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen Levin
- 5 Center for Comparative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Diana Berger
- 5 Center for Comparative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Okayama Y, Wakui S, Wempe MF, Sugiyama M, Motohashi M, Mutou T, Takahashi H, Kume E, Ikegami H. In Utero Exposure to Di( n-butyl)phthalate Induces Morphological and Biochemical Changes in Rats Postpuberty. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:526-535. [PMID: 28641505 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317709091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered di( n-butyl)phthalate (DBP; 100 mg/kg/day) on gestation days (GD) 12 to 21. We investigated the male offspring and probed morphological alterations in Sertoli cells at 7, 9, 14, and 17 weeks of age. Parameters assessed in this study included offspring number, sex ratios, body weights, testis weights, seminiferous tubule (ST) profile numbers and diameters, number of vimentin-labeled Sertoli cells, and both testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Testicular weight/body weight ratios and the numbers and diameters of ST in maximum transverse testicular sections were statistically similar at weeks 7 and 9; however, at weeks 14 and 17, they were statistically different and displayed higher BrdU-positive Sertoli cells/Sertoli cell ratios in the DBP treatment group. Noteworthily, the serum FSH levels were higher and testicular testosterone levels were lower in the DBP treatment group. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to report that in utero DBP exposure significantly increased Sertoli cell numbers and their cellular proliferation from postpuberty to adulthood, with a significant decrease in testicular testosterone and an increase in FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Okayama
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin Wakui
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- 2 Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael F Wempe
- 3 School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mitsuru Sugiyama
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Motohashi
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mutou
- 4 Toxicology and Pathology Research, SRICC, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- 2 Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kume
- 1 Department of Toxicology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikegami
- 2 Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Allavena RE, West H, Gale J, Debrue M. Pathological and Clinical Analysis of Vascular Catheterization Models in Rats, with Exploration of Interventions to Improve Clinical Tolerance. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:1095-1104. [PMID: 27630124 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316666197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Permanent vascular catheterization for intravascular access is one of the most commonly applied techniques used on rodents in pharmacology studies. However, use of the intravascular catheters is complicated by nontolerance due to thromboembolic disease and sepsis. We have undertaken an extensive pathologic and clinical analysis of an intravascular catheterization model in Wistar Han and Sprague-Dawley rats, with a particular focus on carotid artery catheterization with or without jugular vein catheterization, in order to define the pathologic mechanisms behind nontolerance and define clinical end points to ensure maximal animal welfare. Further, we have explored various potential solutions to increase the tolerance of the procedure. In these studies, indwelling catheters were found to cause a high degree of thromboembolic disease with infarction in the brain, cecal tip, and kidneys being the primary causes of nontolerance. Loss of greater than 10% body weight was determined to be the most sensitive indicator of nontolerance and was closely correlated with degree of renal parenchymal loss. Sepsis was noted as a very rare complication, indicating that routine aseptic surgical techniques are adequate for preventing this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Allavena
- 1 Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom.,2 School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather West
- 1 Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom.,3 West Heather, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Gale
- 1 Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Debrue
- 1 Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom.,4 Pfizer Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Cullen JM, Ward JM, Thompson CM. Reevaluation and Classification of Duodenal Lesions in B6C3F1 Mice and F344 Rats from 4 Studies of Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:279-89. [PMID: 26538584 PMCID: PMC4785997 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315611501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen-week and 2-year drinking water studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) reported that hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) induced diffuse epithelial hyperplasia in the duodenum of B6C3F1 mice but not F344 rats. In the 2-year study, Cr(VI) exposure was additionally associated with duodenal adenomas and carcinomas in mice only. Subsequent 13-week Cr(VI) studies conducted by another group demonstrated non-neoplastic duodenal lesions in B6C3F1 mice similar to those of the NTP study as well as mild duodenal hyperplasia in F344 rats. Because intestinal lesions in mice are the basis for proposed safety standards for Cr(VI), and the histopathology data are relevant to the mode of action, consistency (an important Hill criterion for causality) was assessed across the aforementioned studies. Two veterinary pathologists applied uniform diagnostic criteria to the duodenal lesions in rats and mice from the 4 repeated-dose studies. Comparable non-neoplastic intestinal lesions were evident in mice and rats from all 4 studies; however, the incidence and severity of intestinal lesions were greater in mice than rats. These findings demonstrate consistency across studies and species and highlight the importance of standardized nomenclature for intestinal pathology. The differences in the severity of non-neoplastic lesions also likely contribute to the differential tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Usborne AL, Smith AT, Engle SK, Watson DE, Sullivan JM, Walgren JL. Biomarkers of exocrine pancreatic injury in 2 rat acute pancreatitis models. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:195-203. [PMID: 24285669 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313512030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Consistent, sensitive biomarkers of exocrine pancreatic injury (EPIJ) in animal models and humans have historically represented a poorly met need for investigators and clinicians. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sprague-Dawley CD/International Genetic Standard system (IGS) rats were administered cerulein or cyanohydroxybutene (CHB) to induce EPIJ. Serum samples were taken at time points between 1- and 168-hr postinjection (PI), and rats were sacrificed between 24- and 168-hr PI. METHOD We investigated a series of serum-based biomarkers including amylase, lipase, pancreas-enriched microRNAs (miRs) and inflammation biomarkers compared with concurrent hematology and pancreatic histology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Microscopic EPIJ was not associated with consistent changes in hematology or inflammation biomarkers. Increased severity scores for EPIJ correlated with increased amylase and lipase values, although severity of EPIJ did not always correlate with the magnitude of enzyme increases. Microscopic EPIJ was most severe at 24 to 48 hr; increases in miR-216a (32-fold) and miR-375 (23-fold) were present at 24 hr and, along with enzymes, were normalized by 48 hr in the cerulein study. MiRs-216a and 375 were increased by ∼800- and 500-fold, respectively, at 24 hr while miR-375 remained elevated until 72 hr in the CHB study. Impact statement: Pancreas-enriched miRs hold promise as novel serum-based biomarkers for EPIJ.
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13
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Shirota M, Kawashima J, Nakamura T, Ogawa Y, Kamiie J, Shirota K. Vascular hamartoma in the uterus of a female Sprague-Dawley rat with an episode of vaginal bleeding. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1011-5. [PMID: 23416960 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313476575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An annular, reddened lesion with mild serosal hemorrhage and no tumorous mass formation was detected in the right uterine horn of a 37-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rat that had postpubertal vaginal bleeding. Histological examination revealed prominent proliferation of the endometrium, which occupied the uterine lumen. There were numerous aberrant vascular spaces filled with erythrocytes, proliferation of stromal cells, and inflammatory infiltrates including hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the endometrium. These vasculatures extended into the myometrium, and in a transverse section of the lesion, they were mostly distributed throughout the circumference of the uterus. They were irregular in shape and interconnected, forming a large vascular sinus and anastomosing reticular channels. In the area with serosal hemorrhage, the muscular layer covering the large irregular vascular space had undergone degeneration and necrosis. The lining cells of the vasculatures were often plump, and they protruded into the lumen and were arranged in a tombstone or hobnail manner. Immunostaining revealed that these cells were positive for von Willebrand factor and CD34. The aberrant vasculatures were not accompanied by pericytes or muscular layer, although a discontinuous muscular wall was present around some of them. From these results, the uterine lesion was diagnosed as a vascular hamartoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Shirota
- 1Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
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Greaves P, Chouinard L, Ernst H, Mecklenburg L, Pruimboom-brees IM, Rinke M, Rittinghausen S, Thibault S, Von erichsen J, Yoshida T. Proliferative and non-proliferative lesions of the rat and mouse soft tissue, skeletal muscle and mesothelium. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:1S-26S. [PMID: 25035576 PMCID: PMC4091527 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in the soft tissues including skeletal muscle as well as the mesothelium of rats and mice. The standardized nomenclature of lesions presented in this document is also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous developmental and aging lesions as well as those induced by exposure to test materials. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in soft tissues, skeletal muscle and mesothelium in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists. (DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.1S; J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26: 1S-26S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Greaves
- University of Leicester, Department of Cancer Studies,
Leicester, UK
| | | | - Heinrich Ernst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental
Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Rittinghausen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental
Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
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