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Lamberth C. Ring Closure and Ring Opening as Useful Scaffold Hopping Tools in Agrochemistry. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:18133-18140. [PMID: 37223957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ring closing acyclic parts of a molecular scaffold or the opposite manipulation, opening rings to produce pseudo-ring structures, is an important scaffold hopping manipulation. Analogues derived from biologically active compounds through the utilization of such strategies are often similar in shape and physicochemical properties and, therefore, likely to exhibit similar potency. This review will demonstrate how several different ring closure techniques, such as replacing carboxylic functions by cyclic peptide mimics, incorporating double bonds into aromatic rings, tying back ring substituents to a bicyclic structure, cyclizing adjacent ring substituents to an annulated ring, bridging annulated ring systems to tricyclic scaffolds, and exchanging gem-dimethyl groups by cycloalkyl rings, but also ring opening led to the discovery of highly active agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Chemical Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
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2
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Buchner MR, Dankert F, Berthold C, Müller M, von Hänisch C. Beryllium-Mediated Halide and Aryl Transfer onto Silicon. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302652. [PMID: 37590553 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3 ) towards BeCl2 , BeBr2 , BeI2 and [Be3 Ph6 ]3 was investigated. While BeCl2 only showed unselective reactivity, BeBr2 , BeI2 and [Be3 Ph6 ] cleanly react to the trinuclear complexes [Be3 Br2 (OSiMe2 Br)4 ], [Be3 I2 (OSiMe2 I)4 ] and [Be3 Ph2 (OSiMe2 Ph)4 ]. These unprecedented bromide, iodide and phenyl transfer reactions from a group II metal onto silicon offer a versatile access to previously unknown diorgano bromo and iodo silanolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Dankert
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Present address: Universität Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chantsalmaa Berthold
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Srivastava N, Ha HJ. Regioselective ring opening of aziridine for synthesizing azaheterocycle. Front Chem 2023; 11:1280633. [PMID: 37927563 PMCID: PMC10620703 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1280633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aziridine had different regioselective ring openings depending on the functional group of its alkyl substituent. In the case of the alkyl group bearing γ-ketone at the C2 substituent of aziridine, the ring opening by the hydroxy nucleophile from H2O occurred by attacking the aziridine carbon at the C2 position. This reaction proceeded efficiently in the presence of CF3CO2H. Interestingly, the same starting aziridine ring bearing the alkyl substituent at the C2 position with the γ-silylated hydroxy group instead of γ-ketone led to the ring-opening reaction by the same oxygen nucleophile at the unsubstituted C3 position, with the breakage of the bond between aziridine N1 nitrogen and carbon at C3. These reaction products were cyclized to afford substituted pyrrolidine and piperidine rings with representative examples of congeners of pseudoconhydrine and monomorine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun-Joon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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4
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Inostroza M, Utrera A, García-Herrera CM, Rivera E, Celentano DJ, Herrera EA. Analysis of the geometrical influence of ring-opening samples on arterial circumferential residual stress reconstruction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1233939. [PMID: 37675404 PMCID: PMC10477989 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1233939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work consists of analyzing the impact of geometrical features (thickness and curvature) on the estimation of circumferential residual stresses in arteries. For this purpose, a specific sample of lamb abdominal artery is chosen for analysis and, through computational tools based on Python libraries, the stress-free geometry is captured after the ring opening test. Numerical simulations are then used to reconstruct the sample in order to estimate the circumferential residual stresses. Then, four stress-free geometry models are analyzed: an ideal geometry, i.e., constant curvature and thickness; a constant curvature and variable thickness geometry; a variable curvature and constant thickness geometry; and a variable curvature and thickness geometry. The numerical results show that models perform well from a geometric point of view, where the most different feature was the closed outer perimeter that differs about 14% from the closed real sample. As far as residual stress is concerned, differences up to 198% were found in more realistic models taking a constant curvature and thickness model as reference. Thus, the analysis of a realistic geometry with highly variable curvature and thickness can introduce, compared to an idealized geometry, significant differences in the estimation of residual stresses. This could indicate that the characterization of arterial residual stresses is not sufficient when considering only the opening angle and, therefore, it is also necessary to incorporate more geometrical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Inostroza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Utrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Eugenio Rivera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego J. Celentano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Metalúrgica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Li A, Dong F, Xiong Y. Nitrogen-Rich Porous Organic Polymers from an Irreversible Amine-Epoxy Reaction for Pd Nanocatalyst Carrier. Molecules 2023; 28:4731. [PMID: 37375285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich porous organic polymers were fabricated through a nonreversible ring-opening reaction from polyamines and polyepoxides (PAEs). The epoxide groups reacted with both primary and secondary amines provided by the polyamines at different epoxide/amine ratios with polyethylene glycol as the solvent to form the porous materials. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the occurrence of ring opening between the polyamines and polyepoxides. The porous structure of the materials was confirmed through N2 adsorption-desorption data and scanning electron microscopy images. The polymers were found to possess both crystalline and noncrystalline structures, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) results. The HR-TEM images revealed a thin, sheet-like layered structure with ordered orientations, and the lattice fringe spacing measured from these images was consistent with the interlayer of the PAEs. Additionally, the selected area electron diffraction pattern indicated that the PAEs contained a hexagonal crystal structure. The Pd catalyst was fabricated in situ onto the PAEs support by the NaBH₄ reduction of the Au precursor, and the size of the nano-Pd was about 6.9 nm. The high nitrogen content of the polymer backbone combined with Pd noble nanometals resulted in excellent catalytic performance in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Li
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fuping Dong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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6
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Kartavova KE, Mashkin MY, Kostin MY, Finashina ED, Kalmykov KB, Kapustin GI, Pribytkov PV, Tkachenko OP, Mishin IV, Kustov LM, Kustov AL. Rhodium-Based Catalysts: An Impact of the Support Nature on the Catalytic Cyclohexane Ring Opening. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:936. [PMID: 36903814 PMCID: PMC10005695 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of the growing demand for high-quality fuels, the light cycle oil fraction improvement including cetane number improvement is important. The main way to reach this improvement is the ring opening of cyclic hydrocarbons, and a highly effective catalyst should be found. Cyclohexane ring openings are a possible option to investigate the catalyst activity. In this work, we investigated rhodium-loaded catalysts prepared using the commercially available industrial supports: single-component ones, SiO2 and Al2O3; and mixed oxides CaO + MgO + Al2O3 and Na2O + SiO2 + Al2O3. The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and investigated by N2 low-temperature adsorption-desorption, XRD, XPS, DRS UV-Vis and DRIFT spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM with EDX. The catalytic tests were performed in cyclohexane ring opening in the range of 275-325 °C. The best result was demonstrated by the sample 1Rh/CaMgAlO: the selectivity to n-hexane was about 75% while the cyclohexane conversion was about 25% at 275 °C. The space-time yield was up to 12 mmoln-hexane gcat-1h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E. Kartavova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Mashkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Kostin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Petr V. Pribytkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P. Tkachenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Mishin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M. Kustov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Kustov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Abstract
The increasing application of positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine has stimulated the extensive development of a multitude of novel and versatile techniques to introduce fluorine‐18, especially for the radiolabelling of biologically or pharmacologically active molecules. Taking into consideration that the introduction of fluorine‐18 (t1/2=109.8 min) mostly proceeds under harsh conditions, radiolabelling of such molecules represents a challenge and is of enormous interest. Ideally, it should proceed in a regioselective manner under mild physiological conditions, in an acceptable time span, with high yields and high specific activities. Special attention has been drawn to 2‐fluoroethyl and 3‐fluoropropyl groups, which are often the active sites of radiofluorinated compounds. Precursors containing an ammonium leaving group – such as a strained azetidinium or aziridinium moiety – can help to overcome these obstacles leading to a convenient and mild introduction of [18F]fluoride with high radiochemical yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falco Reissig
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Carbon allotropes comprising sp-hybridized carbon atoms have been investigated for decades for their molecular structure. One of the unsolved mysteries is whether they should take a linear or cyclic configuration in condensed phases due to the lack of atomistic characterizations. Herein, we designed a molecule with a C6 skeleton as a model system to address this issue, which was achieved by eliminating Br atoms from hexabromobenzene (C6Br6) molecule on the Ag(111) substrate via thermal treatment. It is found that the C6 ring intermediate resulting from complete debromination is energetically unstable at room temperature based on theoretical calculations. It subsequently transforms into the C6 polyynic chain via a ring-opening process and ultimately polymerizes into the organometallic polyyne, whose triyne structural unit is revealed by bond-resolved noncontact atomic force microscopy. Theoretical calculations demonstrated an energetically favorable pathway in which the ring-opening process occurs after complete debromination of C6Br6. Our study provides a platform for the synthesis of elusive carbon-rich materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Shang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale & Department of Chemical Physics, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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9
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Guo W, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang T, Lv H, Zhao C. Synthesis of ring opening of evodiamine derivatives and evaluation on their biological activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:535-546. [PMID: 34923753 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a main bioactive component extracted from Evodiae fructus, evodiamine has a variety of pharmacological activities. In this paper, evodiamine was chosen as starting material to react with different halides. Upon treatment of TFA, a series of novel ring-opening evodiamine derivatives 3a-o were successfully synthesized in a moderate to high yields. These obtained compounds exhibit a moderate to good antitumor activity against BGC803 and SW480 in vitro test by MTT assay. The results showed that hexyl substituted evodiamine derivative (3j, R=hexyl) has a strong antitumor activity against BGC803 and SW480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xianheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- School of Basic Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hongfeng Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Changkuo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
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10
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Beck S, Rück V, Pietsch LV, Jessen C, Kornath AJ. Ring Opening Reactions of β-Propiolactam in Superacidic Media. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104086. [PMID: 34914148 PMCID: PMC9302645 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of β‐propiolactam in the superacidic systems HF/MF5 (M=Sb, As) led to the formation of monoprotonated 3‐aminopropanoyl fluoride in the form of [C(O)F(CH2)2NH3][SbF6] and [C(O)F(CH2)2NH3][AsF6]. In the presence of traces of water, the diprotonated species β‐alanine [C(OH)2(CH2)2NH3][AsF6]2 was synthesized for the first time. All salts were characterized by low‐temperature infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were conducted in the case of [C(O)F(CH2)2NH3][SbF6] and [C(OH)2(CH2)2NH3][AsF6]2. By using SO2 instead of HF as the solvent, the salt [C(OH)2(CH2)2NHSO][SbF6]2 was obtained, and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of this salt containing a thionylimide moiety was conducted. For the formation of these open‐chain compounds, an acyl cationic species as intermediate is assumed, which is formed from N‐protonated β‐propiolactam. Quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ and MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ levels of theory were carried out to gain a better understanding of the formation and the structural properties of protonated β‐propiolactam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Beck
- University of Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Vanessa Rück
- University of Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Lea-Viktoria Pietsch
- University of Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Christoph Jessen
- University of Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Andreas J Kornath
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
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11
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Navarrete-Miguel M, Francés-Monerris A, Miranda MA, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Roca-Sanjuán D. Theoretical Study on the Photo-Oxidation and Photoreduction of an Azetidine Derivative as a Model of DNA Repair. Molecules 2021; 26:2911. [PMID: 34068908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocycloreversion plays a central role in the study of the repair of DNA lesions, reverting them into the original pyrimidine nucleobases. Particularly, among the proposed mechanisms for the repair of DNA (6-4) photoproducts by photolyases, it has been suggested that it takes place through an intermediate characterized by a four-membered heterocyclic oxetane or azetidine ring, whose opening requires the reduction of the fused nucleobases. The specific role of this electron transfer step and its impact on the ring opening energetics remain to be understood. These processes are studied herein by means of quantum-chemical calculations on the two azetidine stereoisomers obtained from photocycloaddition between 6-azauracil and cyclohexene. First, we analyze the efficiency of the electron-transfer processes by computing the redox properties of the azetidine isomers as well as those of a series of aromatic photosensitizers acting as photoreductants and photo-oxidants. We find certain stereodifferentiation favoring oxidation of the cis-isomer, in agreement with previous experimental data. Second, we determine the reaction profiles of the ring-opening mechanism of the cationic, neutral, and anionic systems and assess their feasibility based on their energy barrier heights and the stability of the reactants and products. Results show that oxidation largely decreases the ring-opening energy barrier for both stereoisomers, even though the process is forecast as too slow to be competitive. Conversely, one-electron reduction dramatically facilitates the ring opening of the azetidine heterocycle. Considering the overall quantum-chemistry findings, N,N-dimethylaniline is proposed as an efficient photosensitizer to trigger the photoinduced cycloreversion of the DNA lesion model.
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12
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Azemar F, Gimello O, Pinaud J, Robin JJ, Monge S. Insight into the Alcohol-Free Ring-Opening Polymerization of TMC Catalyzed by TBD. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1589. [PMID: 34069275 PMCID: PMC8156564 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a study on the alcohol-free, ring-opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) in THF, catalyzed by 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0] ec-5-ene (TBD) with ratios nTBD/nTMC ranging between 1/20 and 1/400. In all cases, the reaction proceeds very rapidly, even faster than in the presence of alcohol initiators, and provides PTMC with molecular weights up to Mn = 34,000 g mol-1. Characterization of the obtained PTMC samples by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, triple detection size exclusion chromatography and 1H NMR spectroscopy reveals the presence of both linear and cyclic polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean-Jacques Robin
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (O.G.); (J.P.); (S.M.)
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13
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Huang H, Zhang T, Sun J. Mild C-C Bond Formation via Lewis Acid Catalyzed Oxetane Ring Opening with Soft Carbon Nucleophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2668-2673. [PMID: 33459485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mild oxetane opening by soft carbon nucleophiles has been developed for efficient C-C bond formation. In the presence of LiNTf2 or TBSNTf2 as catalyst, silyl ketene acetals were found to be effective nucleophiles to generate a wide range of highly oxygenated molecules, which are key substructure in natural products like polyketides. Furthermore, intramolecular oxetane opening by a styrene-based carbon nucleophile via a Prins-type process was also achieved with Sc(OTf)3 as catalyst, leading to efficient formation of the useful 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]oxepine skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Lin Q, Zhang S, Li B. KO t-Bu-promoted selective ring-opening N-alkylation of 2-oxazolines to access 2-aminoethyl acetates and N-substituted thiazolidinones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:492-501. [PMID: 32273909 PMCID: PMC7113552 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient and simple KOt-Bu-promoted selective ring-opening N-alkylation of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline or 2-(methylthio)-4,5-dihydrothiazole with benzyl halides under basic conditions is described for the first time. The method provides a convenient and practical pathway for the synthesis of versatile 2-aminoethyl acetates and N-substituted thiazolidinones with good functional group tolerance and selectivity. KOt-Bu not only plays an important role to promote this ring-opening N-alkylation, but also acts as an oxygen donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Shiling Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
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15
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Cui S, Arza CR, Froimowicz P, Ishida H. Developing Further Versatility in Benzoxazine Synthesis via Hydrolytic Ring-Opening. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E694. [PMID: 32245037 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 2-(aminomethyl)phenol and its derivatives, the reactants for 2-substituted 1,3-benzoxazines, are synthesized by HCl hydrolysis from the typical benzoxazines. The phenol/aniline-based mono-oxazine benzoxazine, PH-a, and the bisphenol A/aniline-based bis-oxazine benzoxazine, BA-a, are used as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of this new approach. Their chemical structures are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, and are further verified by elementary analysis. Their thermal properties are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These two 2-(aminomethyl) phenolic derivatives are reacted with paraformaldehyde to close the oxazine rings. A benzoxazine with a phenyl substituent at the 2-position of the oxazine ring is obtained from the 2-((phenylamino)methyl)phenol (hPH-a) and benzaldehyde. All these results highlight the success of the HCl hydrolysis and the formation of stable intermediates, namely 2-(aminomethyl) phenolic derivatives, from readily available benzoxazine monomers. This further demonstrates the feasibility of using these intermediates as reactants for a novel benzoxazine synthesis.
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16
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Zhang JW, Wang YR, Pan JH, He YH, Yu W, Han B. Deconstructive Oxygenation of Unstrained Cycloalkanamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3900-3904. [PMID: 31869508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A deconstructive oxygenation of unstrained primary cycloalkanamines has been developed for the first time using an auto-oxidative aromatization promoted C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond cleavage strategy. This metal-free method involves the substitution reaction of cycloalkanamines with hydrazonyl chlorides and subsequent auto-oxidative annulation to in situ generate pre-aromatics, followed by N-radical-promoted ring-opening and further oxygenation by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and m-cholorperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA). Consequently, a series of 1,2,4-triazole-containing acyclic carbonyl compounds were efficiently produced. This protocol features a one-pot operation, mild reaction conditions, high regioselectivity and ring-opening efficiency, broad substrate scope, and is compatible with alkaloids, osamines, and peptides, as well as steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Heng He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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17
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Sahakyan AB, Mahtey A, Kawasaki F, Balasubramanian S. A Spontaneous Ring-Opening Reaction Leads to a Repair-Resistant Thymine Oxidation Product in Genomic DNA. Chembiochem 2020; 21:320-323. [PMID: 31386787 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The alphabet of modified DNA bases goes beyond the conventional four letters, with biological roles being found for many such modifications. Herein, we describe the observation of a modified thymine base that arises from spontaneous N1 -C2 ring opening of the oxidation product 5-formyl uracil, after N3 deprotonation. We first observed this phenomenon in silico through ab initio calculations, followed by in vitro experiments to verify its formation at a mononucleoside level and in a synthetic DNA oligonucleotide context. We show that the new base modification (Trex , thymine ring expunged) can form under physiological conditions, and is resistant to the action of common repair machineries. Furthermore, we found cases of the natural existence of Trex while screening a number of human cell types and mESC (E14), thus suggesting potential biological relevance of this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Sahakyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Present address: MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Areeb Mahtey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fumiko Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Present address: RIKEN, Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cancer Research (UK), Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
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18
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Tang Y. Renaissance of Ring-Opening Chemistry of Benzotriazoles: New Wine in an Old Bottle. CHEM REC 2020; 20:693-709. [PMID: 31916676 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3-Benzotriazoles could undergo ring cleavage to form ortho-amino arenediazonium or α-diazo-imine species via a Dimroth-type equilibrium. Historically, the synthetic potential of this unique reactivity had remained underdeveloped. Recently, some new strategies have been developed to effect the ring-opening chemistry of benzotriazoles in more practical manners. A wide range of conceptually novel and synthetically useful reactions have been developed, which enable the access to diverse valuable heterocycles and ortho-amino arene derivatives. As one of the players in this field, our group has also contributed a series of intriguing transition-metal-catalyzed denitrogenative functionalizations of benzotriazoles. In this account, we aim to provide an overview of the ring-opening chemistry of benzotriazoles, with a focus on relevant works published in the past decade. In order to show a whole picture of the research field, some pioneering works in its developing history will also be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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19
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Tondi G, Cefarin N, Sepperer T, D’Amico F, Berger RJF, Musso M, Birarda G, Reyer A, Schnabel T, Vaccari L. Understanding the Polymerization of Polyfurfuryl Alcohol: Ring Opening and Diels-Alder Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2126. [PMID: 31861244 PMCID: PMC6969920 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) is one of the most intriguing polymers because, despite its easy polymerization in acid environment, its molecular structure is definitely not obvious. Many studies have been performed in recent decades, and every time, surprising aspects came out. With the present study, we aim to take advantage of all of the findings of previous investigations and exploit them for the interpretation of the completely cured PFA spectra registered with three of the most powerful techniques for the characterization of solid, insoluble polymers: Solid-State 13C-NMR, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-resonant Raman spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths, using both an UV laser source and UV synchrotron radiation. In addition, the foreseen structures were modeled and the corresponding 13C-NMR and FTIR spectra were simulated with first-principles and semi-empiric methods to evaluate their matching with experimental ones. Thanks to this multi-technique approach, based on complementary analytical tools and computational support, it was possible to conclude that, in addition to the major linear unconjugated polymerization, the PFA structure consists of Diels-Alder rearrangements occurring after the opening of some furanic units, while the terminal moieties of the chain involves γ-lactone arrangements. The occurrence of head-head methylene ether bridges and free hydroxyl groups (from unreacted furfuryl alcohol, FA, or terminal chains) could be excluded, while the conjugated systems could be considered rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tondi
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (T.S.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringer-strasse 2, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry Department, University of Padua, Via dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Nicola Cefarin
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (T.S.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringer-strasse 2, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco D’Amico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Raphael J. F. Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.J.F.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Maurizio Musso
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.J.F.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Andreas Reyer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.J.F.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Thomas Schnabel
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
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20
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Tan DH, Cai YH, Zeng YF, Lv WX, Yang L, Li Q, Wang H. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of α-Functionalized Acylborons and Borylated Heteroarenes by Nucleophilic Ring Opening of α-Chloroepoxyboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13784-13788. [PMID: 31347254 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ring-opening reactions of N-methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) α-chloroepoxyboronates with different nucleophiles allow the modular synthesis of a diverse array of organoboronates. These include seven types of α-functionalized acylboronates and seven types of borylated heteroarenes, some of which are difficult-to-access products using alternative methods. The common synthons, α-chloroepoxyboronates, could be viably synthesized by a two-step procedure from the corresponding alkenyl MIDA boronates. Mild reaction conditions, good functional-group tolerance, and generally good efficiency were observed. The utility of the products was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hang Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Hong Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yao-Fu Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xin Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Honggen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
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21
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Liu S, Bai T, Ni K, Chen Y, Zhao J, Ling J, Ye X, Zhang G. Biased Lewis Pairs: A General Catalytic Approach to Ether-Ester Block Copolymers with Unlimited Ordering of Sequences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15478-15487. [PMID: 31464086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymerizing epoxides after cyclic esters remains a major challenge, though their block copolymers have been extensively studied and used for decades. Reported here is a simple catalytic approach based on a metal-free Lewis pair that addresses the challenge. When the Lewis acid is used in excess of a base, selective (transesterification-free) polymerization of epoxides occurs in the presence of esters, while selectivity toward cyclic esters is achieved by an oppositely biased catalyst. Hence, one-pot block copolymerization can be performed in both ester-first and ether-first orders with selectivity being switchable at any stage, yielding ether-ester-type block copolymers with unlimited ordering of sequences as well as widely variable compositions and architectures. The selectivity can also be switched back and forth several times to generate a multiblock copolymer. Experimental and calculational results indicate that the selectivity originates mainly from the state of catalyst-activated hydroxy species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Tianwen Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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22
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Zhu Y, Poma A, Rizzello L, Gouveia VM, Ruiz‐Perez L, Battaglia G, Williams CK. Metabolically Active, Fully Hydrolysable Polymersomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4581-4586. [PMID: 30720233 PMCID: PMC6492077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and aqueous self-assembly of a new class of amphiphilic aliphatic polyesters are presented. These AB block polyesters comprise polycaprolactone (hydrophobe) and an alternating polyester from succinic acid and an ether-substituted epoxide (hydrophile). They self-assemble into biodegradable polymersomes capable of entering cells. Their degradation products are bioactive, giving rise to differentiated cellular responses inducing stromal cell proliferation and macrophage apoptosis. Both effects emerge only when the copolymers enter cells as polymersomes and their magnitudes are size dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Zhu
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Physics of Living SystemsUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Physics of Living SystemsUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- Institute for Bioengineering of CataloniaThe Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Virginia M. Gouveia
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Physics of Living SystemsUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- Department of Chemical SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortugal
| | - Lorena Ruiz‐Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Physics of Living SystemsUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- EPSRC/Jeol Centre for Liquid Phase Electron MicroscopyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Physics of Living SystemsUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- EPSRC/Jeol Centre for Liquid Phase Electron MicroscopyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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23
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Guignard G, Llor N, Pubill D, Bosch J, Amat M. Enantioselective Synthesis of the Ethyl Analog of the Marine Alkaloid Haliclorensin C. Molecules 2019; 24:E1069. [PMID: 30889939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis (3.7% overall yield in nine steps from 2) and biological screening of the ethyl analog of the macrocyclic marine alkaloid haliclorensin C (compound 5) are reported. Amino alcohol 3, generated by a LiNH2BH3-promoted reductive ring-opening/debenzylation sequence from phenylglycinol-derived lactam 2, was used as the starting chiral linear building block. Incorporation of the undecene chain via the nosyl derivative 12, methylenation of the pentanol moiety, and a ring-closing metathesis are the key steps of the synthesis.
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24
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Adhikari B, Aratsu K, Davis J, Yagai S. Photoresponsive Circular Supramolecular Polymers: A Topological Trap and Photoinduced Ring-Opening Elongation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3764-3768. [PMID: 30632667 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Topological features of one-dimensional macromolecular chains govern the properties and functionality of natural and synthetic polymers. To address this issue in supramolecular polymers, we synthesized two topologically distinct supramolecular polymers with intrinsic curvature, circular and helically folded nanofibers, from azobenzene-functionalized supramolecular rosettes. When a mixture of circular and helically folded nanofibers was exposed to UV light, selective unfolding of the latter open-ended supramolecular polymers was observed as a result of the curvature-impairing internal force produced by the trans-to-cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene. This distinct sensitivity suggests that the topological features of supramolecular polymers define their mechanical stability. Furthermore, the exposure of circular supramolecular polymers in more polar media to UV irradiation resulted in ring opening followed by chain elongation, thus demonstrating that the circular supramolecular polymer can function as a topological kinetic trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimalendu Adhikari
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Keisuke Aratsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Joyal Davis
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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25
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Wang SG, Cramer N. An Enantioselective Cp x Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization/Ring-Opening Route to Chiral Cyclopentenylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2514-2518. [PMID: 30600903 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A chiral Cpx RhIII catalyst system in situ generated from a Cpx RhI (cod) precatalyst and bis(o-toluoyl) peroxide as activating oxidant was developed for a C-H activation/ring-opening sequence between aryl ketoxime ethers and 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enes. This transformation provides access to densely functionalized chiral cyclopentenylamines in excellent yields and enantioselectivities of up to 97:3 er. The reported method is also well suitable for asymmetric alkenyl C-H functionalizations of α,β-unsaturated oxime ethers, furnishing skipped dienes with high levels of enantiocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Guo Wang
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, EPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Benke Z, Nonn M, Kardos M, Fustero S, Kiss L. Ring-opening metathesis of some strained bicyclic systems; stereocontrolled access to diolefinated saturated heterocycles with multiple stereogenic centers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2698-2707. [PMID: 30410631 PMCID: PMC6204778 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis (ROM) of various unsaturated, constrained bicyclic ring systems has been investigated with the use of commercial ruthenium-based catalysts. Starting from various cyclodienes, the corresponding derived bicyclic lactone, lactam, and isoxazoline derivatives were submitted to ROM under ethenolysis. These functionalized, strained bicyclic systems afforded novel highly-functionalized diolefinated heterocyclic scaffolds in ROM reactions with stereocontrol, through the conservation of the configuration of the stereogenic centers of the starting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Benke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Nonn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Kardos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmàcia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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27
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Ye Z, Cai X, Li J, Dai M. Catalytic Cyclopropanol Ring Opening for Divergent Syntheses of γ-Butyrolactones and δ-Ketoesters Containing All-Carbon Quaternary Centers. ACS Catal 2018; 8:5907-5914. [PMID: 34457375 PMCID: PMC8389773 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic ring opening cross coupling reactions of strained cyclopropanols have been useful for the syntheses of various β-substituted carbonyl products. Among these ring opening cross coupling reactions, the formation of α,β-unsaturated enone byproducts often competes with the desired cross coupling processes and has been a challenging synthetic problem to be addressed. Herein, we describe our efforts in developing divergent syntheses of a wide range of γ-butyrolactones and δ-ketoesters containing all-carbon quaternary centers via copper-catalyzed cyclopropanol ring opening cross couplings with 2-bromo-2,2-dialkyl esters. Our mechanistic studies reveal that unlike the previously reported cases, the formation of α,β-unsaturated enone intermediates is actually essential for the γ-butyrolactone synthesis and also contributes to the formation of the δ-ketoester product. The γ-butyrolactone synthesis is proposed to go through an intermolecular radical conjugate addition to the in situ generated α,β-unsaturated enone followed by an intramolecular radical cyclization to the ester carbonyl double bond. The reactions are effective to build all-carbon quaternary centers and have broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishi Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Xinpei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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Falco G, Guigo N, Vincent L, Sbirrazzuoli N. Opening Furan for Tailoring Properties of Bio-based Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol) Thermoset. ChemSusChem 2018; 11:1805-1812. [PMID: 29683549 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work shows how furan ring-opening reactions were controlled by polymerization conditions to tune the cross-link density in bio-based poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA). The influence of water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) on the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, and particularly on furan ring-opening, was investigated by means of 13 C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Results indicated that formation of open structures were favored in the presence of solvents, thus leading to modification of the thermo-mechanical properties compared to PFA cross-linked without solvent. Dynamic mechanical analyses showed that when slightly more open structures were present in PFA it resulted in an important decrease of the cross-link density. Despite lower glass-transition temperature and lower elastic modulus for PFA polymerized with solvent, the thermal stability remains very high (>350 °C) even with more open structures in PFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Falco
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Luc Vincent
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
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Almutairi MS, Zakaria AS, Al-Wabli RI, Joe IH, Abdelhameed AS, Attia MI. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Identification and Molecular Docking of Certain N-(2-{[2-(1 H-Indol-2-ylcarbonyl) Hydrazinyl](oxo)Acetylphenyl)Acetamides and N-[2-(2-{[2-(Acetylamino)Phenyl](oxo)Acetylhydrazinyl)-2-Oxoethyl]-1 H-Indole-2-Carboxamides: New Antimicrobial Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:E1043. [PMID: 29710842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-(2-{[2-(1H-Indol-2-ylcarbonyl)hydrazinyl](oxo)acetyl}phenyl)acetamides (5a–h) and N-[2-(2-{[2-(acetylamino)phenyl](oxo)acetyl}hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamides (5i–l) were synthesized and characterized with different analytical tools. N-Acetylisatines 4a–d were subjected to ring opening at their C2 carbons with the aid of different indole-bearing hydrazides 3a,b and 7 to afford the respective glyoxylamides 5a–l. The antimicrobial activity of the target compounds 5a–l was assessed with the aid of Diameter of the Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and certain fungal strains. The antimicrobial screening revealed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans are the most sensitive microorganisms towards the synthesized compounds 5a–l. In addition, compounds 5c and 5h emerged as the most active congeners towards Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed the possible binding mode of compounds 5c and 5h to their target proteins.
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Dao Thi H, Goossens H, Hertsen D, Otte V, Van Nguyen T, Van Speybroeck V, D'hooghe M. Formation of Fluorinated Amido Esters through Unexpected C3-C4 Bond Fission in 4-Trifluoromethyl-3-oxo-β-lactams. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:421-431. [PMID: 29316332 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
4-Trifluoromethyl-3-oxo-β-lactams were unexpectedly transformed into 2-[(2,2-difluorovinyl)amino]-2-oxoacetates as major products, accompanied by minor amounts of 2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]acetates, upon treatment with alkyl halides and triethylamine in DMSO. This peculiar C3-C4 bond fission reactivity was investigated in-depth, from both an experimental and a computational point of view, in order to shed light on the underlying reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Dao Thi
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, CauGiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hannelore Goossens
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Hertsen
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Valerie Otte
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, CauGiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Cao G, Li G, Yang Q, Liu Z, Liu Z, Jiang J. LCST-Type Hyperbranched Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) with Thermo- and CO 2 -Responsive Backbone. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700684. [PMID: 29297595 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel hyperbranched lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymer with sharp temperature and CO2 -responsive behaviors is presented in this study. The target polymer of hyperbranched poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) (HBPOEG) is constructed using POEG as the backbone and tertiary amines as branch points. Phase transition of HBPOEG in aqueous solution is investigated by heating and cooling the system; the results indicate that HBPOEG in aqueous solution has a concentration-dependent phase transition behavior with excellent repeatability. Moreover, LCST of HBPOEG can be tuned by bubbling CO2 into the solution, as the tertiary amines can be protonated and the solubility of the polymer would increase by bubbling CO2 into the system, leading to an increase of LCST of the polymer. Further bubbling N2 to remove CO2 can reversibly turn back the LCST to its original value. This backbone-based hyperbranched LCST polymer with both CO2 and temperature responsiveness can be applied in application areas like drug delivery, gene transfection, functional coatings, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaixia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Zhaotie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710062, P. R. China
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Ibric A, Dutter K, Marian B, Haider N. A Facile Oxidative Opening of the C-Ring in Luotonin A and Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:E1540. [PMID: 28895937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An oxidative ring opening reaction of the central ring C in the alkaloid Luotonin A and two of its derivatives was found to occur upon heating with an excess amine and potassium carbonate in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution in the presence of air oxygen. The structure of the novel amide-type products was elucidated and a possible mechanism for this reaction is proposed. Four of the new compounds show moderate in vitro anticancer activity towards human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
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Crowe AM, Casabon I, Brown KL, Liu J, Lian J, Rogalski JC, Hurst TE, Snieckus V, Foster LJ, Eltis LD. Catabolism of the Last Two Steroid Rings in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Other Bacteria. mBio 2017; 8:e00321-17. [PMID: 28377529 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00321-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mycolic acid-containing actinobacteria and some proteobacteria use steroids as growth substrates, but the catabolism of the last two steroid rings has yet to be elucidated. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, this pathway includes virulence determinants and has been proposed to be encoded by the KstR2-regulated genes, which include a predicted coenzyme A (CoA) transferase gene (ipdAB) and an acyl-CoA reductase gene (ipdC). In the presence of cholesterol, ΔipdC and ΔipdAB mutants of either M. tuberculosis or Rhodococcus jostii strain RHA1 accumulated previously undescribed metabolites: 3aα-H-4α(carboxyl-CoA)-5-hydroxy-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1-indanone (5-OH HIC-CoA) and (R)-2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-methyl-6-oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA (COCHEA-CoA), respectively. A ΔfadE32 mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis accumulated 4-methyl-5-oxo-octanedioic acid (MOODA). Incubation of synthetic 5-OH HIC-CoA with purified IpdF, IpdC, and enoyl-CoA hydratase 20 (EchA20), a crotonase superfamily member, yielded COCHEA-CoA and, upon further incubation with IpdAB and a CoA thiolase, yielded MOODA-CoA. Based on these studies, we propose a pathway for the final steps of steroid catabolism in which the 5-member ring is hydrolyzed by EchA20, followed by hydrolysis of the 6-member ring by IpdAB. Metabolites accumulated by ΔipdF and ΔechA20 mutants support the model. The conservation of these genes in known steroid-degrading bacteria suggests that the pathway is shared. This pathway further predicts that cholesterol catabolism yields four propionyl-CoAs, four acetyl-CoAs, one pyruvate, and one succinyl-CoA. Finally, a ΔipdAB M. tuberculosis mutant did not survive in macrophages and displayed severely depleted CoASH levels that correlated with a cholesterol-dependent toxicity. Our results together with the developed tools provide a basis for further elucidating bacterial steroid catabolism and virulence determinants in M. tuberculosis. Bacteria are the only known steroid degraders, but the pathway responsible for degrading the last two steroid rings has yet to be elucidated. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, this pathway includes virulence determinants. Using a series of mutants in M. tuberculosis and related bacteria, we identified a number of novel CoA thioesters as pathway intermediates. Analysis of the metabolites combined with enzymological studies establishes how the last two steroid rings are hydrolytically opened by enzymes encoded by the KstR2 regulon. Our results provide experimental evidence for novel ring-degrading enzymes, significantly advance our understanding of bacterial steroid catabolism, and identify a previously uncharacterized cholesterol-dependent toxicity that may facilitate the development of novel tuberculosis therapeutics.
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Abstract
Remarkable innovations have been made in the field of olefin metathesis due to the design and preparation of new catalysts. Ethenolysis, which is cross-metathesis with ethylene, represents one catalytic transformation that has been used with the purpose of cleaving internal carbon-carbon double bonds. The objectives were either the ring opening of cyclic olefins to produce dienes or the shortening of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains to degrade polymers or generate valuable shorter terminal olefins in a controlled manner. This Review summarizes several aspects of this reaction: the catalysts, their degradation in the presence of ethylene, some parameters driving their productivity, the side reactions, and the applications of ethenolysis in organic synthesis and in potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bidange
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Fischmeister
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Christian Bruneau
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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Zakrzewski J, Smalley AP, Kabeshov MA, Gaunt MJ, Lapkin AA. Continuous-Flow Synthesis and Derivatization of Aziridines through Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp(3) )-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8878-83. [PMID: 27304395 PMCID: PMC5094502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A continuous‐flow synthesis of aziridines by palladium‐catalyzed C(sp3)−H activation is described. The new flow reaction could be combined with an aziridine‐ring‐opening reaction to give highly functionalized aliphatic amines through a consecutive process. A predictive mechanistic model was developed and used to design the C−H activation flow process and illustrates an approach towards first‐principles design based on novel catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zakrzewski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Adam P Smalley
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mikhail A Kabeshov
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK.
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Hobbs JK, Lee SM, Robb M, Hof F, Barr C, Abe KT, Hehemann JH, McLean R, Abbott DW, Boraston AB. KdgF, the missing link in the microbial metabolism of uronate sugars from pectin and alginate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6188-93. [PMID: 27185956 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524214113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uronates are charged sugars that form the basis of two abundant sources of biomass-pectin and alginate-found in the cell walls of terrestrial plants and marine algae, respectively. These polysaccharides represent an important source of carbon to those organisms with the machinery to degrade them. The microbial pathways of pectin and alginate metabolism are well studied and essentially parallel; in both cases, unsaturated monouronates are produced and processed into the key metabolite 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (KDG). The enzymes required to catalyze each step have been identified within pectinolytic and alginolytic microbes; yet the function of a small ORF, kdgF, which cooccurs with the genes for these enzymes, is unknown. Here we show that KdgF catalyzes the conversion of pectin- and alginate-derived 4,5-unsaturated monouronates to linear ketonized forms, a step in uronate metabolism that was previously thought to occur spontaneously. Using enzyme assays, NMR, mutagenesis, and deletion of kdgF, we show that KdgF proteins from both pectinolytic and alginolytic bacteria catalyze the ketonization of unsaturated monouronates and contribute to efficient production of KDG. We also report the X-ray crystal structures of two KdgF proteins and propose a mechanism for catalysis. The discovery of the function of KdgF fills a 50-y-old gap in the knowledge of uronate metabolism. Our findings have implications not only for the understanding of an important metabolic pathway, but also the role of pectinolysis in plant-pathogen virulence and the growing interest in the use of pectin and alginate as feedstocks for biofuel production.
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Wang C, Yamamoto H. Gadolinium-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Aminolysis of Aromatic trans-2,3-Epoxy Sulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8760-3. [PMID: 26058560 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective aminolysis of aromatic trans-2,3-epoxy sulfonamides has been accomplished, which was efficiently catalyzed by a Gd-N,N'-dioxide complex. Under the directing effect of the sulfonamide moiety the ring-opening reaction proceeded selectively at the C-3 position in a highly enantioselective manner furnishing various Ts- and SES-protected 3-amino-3-phenylpropan-2-olamines as products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA). , .,Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 (Japan). ,
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Kiss L, Forró E, Fülöp F. Novel stereocontrolled syntheses of tashiromine and epitashiromine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:596-603. [PMID: 26124861 PMCID: PMC4464356 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel stereocontrolled approach has been developed for the syntheses of tashiromine and epitashiromine alkaloids from cyclooctene β-amino acids. The synthetic concept is based on the azetidinone opening of a bicyclic β-lactam, followed by oxidative ring opening through ring C-C double bond and reductive ring-closure reactions of the cis- or trans-cyclooctene β-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Enikő Forró
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary ; Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
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Schjoeth-Eskesen C, Hansen PR, Kjaer A, Gillings N. Efficient regioselective ring opening of activated aziridine-2-carboxylates with [(18)f]fluoride. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:65-71. [PMID: 25861572 PMCID: PMC4380955 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aziridines can undergo a range of ring-opening reactions with nucleophiles. The regio- and stereochemistry of the products depend on the substituents on the aziridine. Aziridine ring-opening reactions have rarely been used in radiosynthesis. Herein we report the ring opening of activated aziridine-2-carboxylates with [18F]fluoride. The aziridine was activated for nucleophilic attack by substitution of various groups on the aziridine nitrogen atom. Fluorine-18 radiolabelling was followed by ester hydrolysis and removal of the activation group. Totally regioselective ring opening and subsequent deprotection was achieved with tert-butyloxycarbonyl- and carboxybenzyl-activated aziridines to give α-[18F]fluoro-β-alanine in good radiochemical yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schjoeth-Eskesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark) ; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Paul Robert Hansen
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark) ; Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3B, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Nic Gillings
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
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40
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Ralph MJ, Harrowven DC, Gaulier S, Ng S, Booker-Milburn KI. The profound effect of the ring size in the electrocyclic opening of cyclobutene-fused bicyclic systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:1527-31. [PMID: 25483597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fused cyclobutenes, prepared by the photocycloaddition of propargyl alcohols to cyclic anhydride chromophores, undergo facile thermochemical ring opening to fused γ-lactones. The size of the fused ring profoundly influences the temperature that is required to facilitate the ring opening (from 50 °C to 180 °C) and the nature of the product that is formed. Our studies provide new insights into the mechanistic course of these reactions and have been extended to facilitate the preparation of lactams fused to medium-sized rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ralph
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS (UK) http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/org/bmilburn/index2.htm
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Wang C, Yamamoto H. Tungsten-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective aminolysis of trans-2,3-epoxy alcohols: an entry to virtually enantiopure amino alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13920-3. [PMID: 25328028 PMCID: PMC4293429 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first catalytic enantioselective aminolysis of trans-2,3-epoxy alcohols has been accomplished. This stereospecific ring-opening process was efficiently promoted by a tungsten/bis(hydroxamic acid) catalytic system, furnishing various anti-3-amino-1,2-diols with excellent regiocontrol and high enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee). Moreover, virtually enantiopure 3-amino-1,2-diols could be obtained by the sequential combination of two reactions that both involve the use of a chiral catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 (Japan)
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42
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Larin EA, Kochubei VS, Atroshchenko YM. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of new diaminocyclopentanols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2513-20. [PMID: 25383122 PMCID: PMC4222406 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal conditions for regio- and stereoselective epoxide ring opening of N,N-disubstituted 1,2-epoxy-3-aminocyclopentanes by different nucleophilic reagents have been developed. The substituents on the nitrogen atom in the epoxide precursor and the orientation of the oxirane ring are crucial for the reaction outcome. Thus, treatment of (1RS,2SR,3SR)-1,2-epoxy-3-(N,N-dibenzylamino)cyclopentane (3b) with amines gave a mixture of C1 and C2 regioadducts, while the use of (1RS,2SR,3SR)-1,2-epoxy-3-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)cyclopentane (3a) led ultimately to C1 adducts. Base-catalyzed aminolysis of epoxides 6a,b afforded mainly C1 adducts 13a,b arising from trans-diaxal opening of the epoxide ring. Using a Lewis acid catalyst, epoxides 6a,b were transformed into diaminocyclopentanols 14a,b via an alternative pathway involving the formation of aziridinium intermediate 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni A Larin
- Organic Synthesis Department, Asinex Corporation, 101 North Chestnut, Winston-Salem 27101, NC, USA
| | - Valeri S Kochubei
- Organic Synthesis Department, Asinex Corporation, 101 North Chestnut, Winston-Salem 27101, NC, USA
| | - Yuri M Atroshchenko
- Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Tolstoi State Pedagogical University, 126 Lenin, Tula 300026, Russian Federation
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Ji MK, Hertsen D, Yoon DH, Eum H, Goossens H, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V, D'hooghe M, De Kimpe N, Ha HJ. Nucleophile-dependent regio- and stereoselective ring opening of 1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane tosylate. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1060-7. [PMID: 24488926 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
1-[(1R)-(1-Phenylethyl)]-1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane tosylate was generated as a stable bicyclic aziridinium salt from the corresponding 2-(3-hydroxypropyl)aziridine upon reaction with p-toluenesulfonyl anhydride. This bicyclic aziridinium ion was then treated with various nucleophiles including halides, azide, acetate, and cyanide in CH3CN to afford either piperidines or pyrrolidines through regio- and stereoselective ring opening, mediated by the characteristics of the applied nucleophile. On the basis of DFT calculations, ring-opening reactions under thermodynamic control yield piperidines, whereas reactions under kinetic control can yield both piperidines and pyrrolidines depending on the activation energies for both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 449-791 (Korea)
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44
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Jarvis AN, McLaren AB, Osborn HMI, Sweeney J. Preparation and ring-opening reactions of N-diphenylphosphinyl vinyl aziridines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:852-9. [PMID: 23766800 PMCID: PMC3678660 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Predominantly (E)-N-diphenylphosphinyl vinyl aziridines are prepared by a reaction of N-diphenylphosphinyl imines with α-bromoallyllithium in the presence of freshly fused ZnCl2. These aziridines undergo a ring-opening reaction with a variety of carbon and heteronucleophiles, in good yield, and generally with good regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Jarvis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, U. K
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45
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Sultana N, Fabian WMF. A computational study of base-catalyzed reactions of cyclic 1,2-diones: cyclobutane-1,2-dione. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:594-601. [PMID: 23616800 PMCID: PMC3628910 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of cyclobutane-1,2-dione with hydroxide was studied by a variety of ab initio (MP2, SCS-MP2, CCSD(T), CEPA/1) and density functional (M06-2X) methods. Three possible reaction paths of the initially formed tetrahedral adduct leading to either 1-hydroxycyclopropane-1-carboxylate (benzilic acid type rearrangement, path A), α-oxobutanoate (path B) or γ-oxobutanoate (path C) were considered. Although the latter two products show similar or even more negative Gibbs free energies of reaction than calculated for the benzilic acid type rearrangement, the Gibbs free energies of activation are substantially higher. According to the calculations, the only feasible reaction appears to be the formation of 1-hydroxycyclopropane-1-carboxylate, which is corroborated by previous experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Walter M F Fabian
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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46
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Armstrong A, Ferguson A. Synthesis and ring openings of cinnamate-derived N-unfunctionalised aziridines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1747-52. [PMID: 23209508 PMCID: PMC3511008 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
tert-Butyl cinnamates are aziridinated with high trans-selectivity by an N–N ylide generated in situ from N-methylmorpholine and O-diphenylphosphinyl hydroxylamine. The resulting N-unfunctionalised aziridines are shown to be versatile synthetic building blocks that undergo highly selective ring-opening reactions with a wide range of nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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47
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Ji X, Li Z, Wang Q, Goeke A. Alkoxide-induced ring opening of bicyclic 2-vinylcyclobutanones: A convenient synthesis of 2-vinyl-substituted 3-cycloalkene-1-carboxylic acid esters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:650-7. [PMID: 23015810 PMCID: PMC3388850 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fused 2-vinyl or 2-phenyl substituted cyclobutanones 4 undergo stereoselective ring openings by the action of alkoxide ions (t-BuO− or MeO−) to produce novel vicinally disubstituted cycloalkene derivatives 5 and 6 in moderate to high yields. The ring cleavage usually occurs with complete regioselectivity. The accessibility of γ,δ-unsaturated ester or acid derivatives makes this transformation a good supplementary method for the well-established Johnson–Claisen rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
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48
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Torabi P, Azizian J, Zomorodbakhsh S. H2TPP organocatalysis in mild and highly regioselective ring opening of epoxides to halo alcohols by means of halogen elements. Molecules 2012; 17:5508-19. [PMID: 22572933 PMCID: PMC6268510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that elemental iodine and bromine are converted to trihalide nucleophiles (triiodine and tribromide anion, respectively) in the presence of catalytic amounts of meso-tetraphenylporphyrins (H2TPP). Therefore a highly regioselective method for the synthesis of beta-haloalcohols through direct ring opening of epoxides with elemental iodine and bromine in the presence of H2TPPs as new catalysts is described. At room temperature a series of epoxide derivatives were converted into the corresponding halohydrins resulting from an attack of trihalide species anion atoms at the less substituted carbon atom. This method occurs under neutral and mild conditions with high yields in various aprotic solvents, even when sensitive functional groups are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Torabi
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr Branch, Mahshahr 63519, Iran.
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D'hooghe M, Vandekerckhove S, Mollet K, Vervisch K, Dekeukeleire S, Lehoucq L, Lategan C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, De Kimpe N. Synthesis of 2-amino-3-arylpropan-1-ols and 1-(2,3-diaminopropyl)-1,2,3-triazoles and evaluation of their antimalarial activity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1745-52. [PMID: 22238554 PMCID: PMC3252880 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of 2-amino-3-arylpropan-1-ols, anti-2-amino-3-aryl-3-methoxypropan-1-ols and anti-2-amino-1-arylpropan-1,3-diols were prepared selectively through elaboration of trans-4-aryl-3-chloro-β-lactams. In addition, a number of 2-(azidomethyl)aziridines was converted into novel 2-[(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl]aziridines by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, followed by microwave-assisted, regioselective ring opening by dialkylamine towards 1-(2,3-diaminopropyl)-1,2,3-triazoles. Although most of these compounds exhibited weak antiplasmodial activity, six representatives showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against both a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50-values of ≤25 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D'hooghe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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50
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Nahrwold M, Stončius A, Penner A, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Sewald N. 2-Phenyl-tetrahydropyrimidine-4(1H)-ones--cyclic benzaldehyde aminals as precursors for functionalised beta-amino acids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:43. [PMID: 19936267 PMCID: PMC2779662 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel procedures have been developed to condense benzaldehyde effectively with beta-amino acid amides to cyclic benzyl aminals. Double carbamate protection of the heterocycle resulted in fully protected chiral beta-alanine derivatives. These serve as universal precursors for the asymmetric synthesis of functionalised beta(2)-amino acids containing acid-labile protected side chains. Diastereoselective alkylation of the tetrahydropyrimidinone is followed by a chemoselective two step degradation of the heterocycle to release the free beta(2)-amino acid. In the course of this study, an L-asparagine derivative was condensed with benzaldehyde and subsequently converted to orthogonally protected (R)-beta(2)-homoaspartate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nahrwold
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Arvydas Stončius
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna Penner
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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