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Baibuch SY, Schelegueda LI, Bonifazi E, Cabrera G, Mondragón Portocarrero AC, Franco CM, Malec LS, Campos CA. Argentinian Rose Petals as a Source of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds. Foods 2024; 13:977. [PMID: 38611283 PMCID: PMC11012100 DOI: 10.3390/foods13070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were evaluated in 11 cultivars of Argentinian roses of different colors. HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS was used to identify the components where ellagic and quinic acids, quercetin, and kaempferol glycosylated derivatives were found. The phenolic contents ranged from 78.8 ± 3.2 to 203.4 ± 3.1 mg GAE/g dw, the flavonoid content ranged from 19.1 ± 3.8 to 125.9 ± 6.5 mg QE/g dw, and the anthocyanin content ranged from less than 0.01 to 5.8 ± 0.1 mg CE/g dw. The dark red cultivars exhibited the greatest levels of the analyzed compounds and of the antioxidant activities, even higher than those of certain plants known for their high phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the addition of these extracts decreased the population of L. innocua and P. aeruginosa to undetectable levels 24 h after inoculation. Rose petal extracts, mainly those with a dark red color, can be used as natural additives in food, feed, and cosmetics, as they contain a high proportion of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Y. Baibuch
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (S.Y.B.); (L.I.S.)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.B.); (G.C.); (L.S.M.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Laura I. Schelegueda
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (S.Y.B.); (L.I.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Evelyn Bonifazi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.B.); (G.C.); (L.S.M.)
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.B.); (G.C.); (L.S.M.)
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Alicia C. Mondragón Portocarrero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.C.M.P.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M. Franco
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.C.M.P.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Laura S. Malec
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (E.B.); (G.C.); (L.S.M.)
| | - Carmen A. Campos
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (S.Y.B.); (L.I.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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Li L, Bao Y, Guo F, Chen J, Zhao M, Cao W, Liu W, Duan X, Ren G. Effect of constant and variable temperature drying processes on drying characteristics, quality, and volatile profile of rose petals in infrared-assisted spouted bed drying. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1387-1402. [PMID: 38282373 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The edible rose (Rosa Crimson Glory) petals were dried using infrared-assisted spouted bed drying technology. The effects of different drying temperature conditions (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C, as well as stepped heating drying [SHD] and stepped cooling drying) on the drying characteristics, physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and changes in volatile flavor compounds of the rose petals were investigated. The results showed that the drying time was shortened with increasing drying temperature. Both variable temperature drying processes gave the shortest drying times. Optimal color retention of rose petals was achieved at a constant temperature of 40°C and SHD. Increased drying temperature resulted in higher water-soluble polysaccharide content in the dried rose petals, whereas lower temperatures facilitated anthocyanin preservation. The variable temperature drying processes favored the retention of water-soluble polysaccharides in rose petals, but not anthocyanins. Regarding antioxidant capacity, the samples dried at 40°C and those subjected to the two variable temperature drying processes performed better. This study also analyzed the differences in volatile flavor compounds of rose petals dried under different drying conditions. It was found that the majority of volatile flavor compounds in the rose petals dried by SHD exhibited higher content levels than the other drying conditions. Therefore, considering a thorough evaluation of all relevant factors, it was clear that utilizing the SHD process was the most efficient method for obtaining the best quality rose petals overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Agricultural Product Drying Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yunfei Bao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fuzhen Guo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Agricultural Product Drying Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengyue Zhao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Agricultural Product Drying Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Agricultural Product Drying Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xu Duan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Agricultural Product Drying Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Guangyue Ren
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Agricultural Product Drying Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Li DY, Zhou D, Zhi JR, Yue WB, Li SX. Effects of Different Parts of the Rose Flower on the Development, Fecundity, and Life Parameters of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Insects 2023; 14:88. [PMID: 36662015 PMCID: PMC9861374 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an important horticultural pest that causes serious damage to rose plants, which is one of its preferred foods. In this study, rose petals, rose flowers, and 10% honey solution + kidney bean pods were chosen as foods to assess their influence on the growth, development and fecundity of F. occidentalis. The results showed that developmental time of immature F. occidentalis with the following trend: rose flowers <10% honey solution + kidney bean pods < rose petals < kidney bean pods. The longevities of both female and male adults were lowest when feeding on the rose petals and were highest when feeding on rose flowers. The fecundity was in the following order: rose flowers >10% honey solution + kidney bean pods > rose petals > kidney bean pods. The net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) of F. occidentalis feeding on rose petals and kidney bean pods were lower than those feeding on rose flowers and 10% honey solution + kidney bean pods. The development, longevity, fecundity, and parameters have significantly changed since F1 generation after feeding with the three food types. The results indicated that different parts of rose flowers had a significant effect on the development of thrips, and nectar and pollen had a positive effect on thrips population increase and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yin Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Qingzhen City Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Guiyang 551400, China
| | - Jun-Rui Zhi
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wen-Bo Yue
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shun-Xin Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Fascella G, D’Angiolillo F, Mammano MM, Granata G, Napoli E. Effect of Petal Color, Water Status, and Extraction Method on Qualitative Characteristics of Rosa rugosa Liqueur. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:1859. [PMID: 35890493 PMCID: PMC9324902 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of Rosa rugosa Thunb. are a rich source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant properties and are used for the production of jams, teas, juices, and wines. In the present paper, the petals of R. rugosa cv. Alba (white flowers) and Rubra (purple flowers) were evaluated for their morphological and phytochemical characteristics, and for the preparation of an alcoholic liqueur. In particular, the effect of two extraction procedures (conventional and maceration) of fresh and dry petals on the quality of a rose liqueur was determined. As expected, the concentration of the flower's bioactive compounds was affected by petal water content and by tested cultivars: dry petals showed higher total carotenoids and anthocyanins contents with respect to the fresh ones; cv. Rubra evidenced higher values compared to cv. Alba. As regards the quality of rose liqueur, the two petal extraction procedures did not affect the polyphenol content and higher values were recorded only on dry petals with respect to the fresh ones and, in particular, on those from cv. Rubra. The liqueur's flavonoid content was influenced by the petal extraction method, water content, and color as higher values were recorded on rose liqueur prepared after the maceration of cv. Rubra dry petals whereas lower values were observed on alcoholic drinks prepared after the conventional extraction of cv. Alba fresh petals. Our study shows that R. rugosa petals have a fair amount of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity, making them suitable for use in the beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Fascella
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 90011 Bagheria, Italy; (F.D.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Francesca D’Angiolillo
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 90011 Bagheria, Italy; (F.D.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Michele Massimo Mammano
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 90011 Bagheria, Italy; (F.D.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Edoardo Napoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (E.N.)
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Majidi N, Kosari Monfared M, Mazaheri-Eftekhar F, Movahedi A, Karandish M. The effects of saffron petals and damask rose petals on biochemical and inflammatory measurements. J Complement Integr Med 2021; 19:251-259. [PMID: 34624188 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by high blood sugar greatly affected by diet. The chemical medicines applied to treat diabetes usually have side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of saffron petals, damask rose petals, and saffron-damask rose petal herbal teas on weight loss, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, and the inflammatory factors of diabetic rats. METHODS In this study, 40 male Sprague Dawley rats with an average age of four weeks received a high-calorie, high-fat, high-sugar diet for nine weeks. The rats were then randomly assigned to five groups, including normal, control, saffron petal, damask rose petal, and saffron plus damask rose petal groups. For nine weeks, 3 mL of the herbal tea was administered to the intervention groups daily through oral gavage. The levels of FBS, lipid profile, Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), and glucose tolerance test (GTT) were measured following the intervention. RESULTS Saffron petals reduced weight gain, Triglyceride (TG), and HbA1c and increased hs-CRP and IGF-1 (all p < 0.05). The damask rose petal reduced weight gain, FBS, hs-CRP, and HbA1c and increased the IGF-1 (all p < 0.05). Saffron plus damask-rose petals reduced the weight gain, TG, hs-CRP and HbA1c, and increase IGF-1 factor (all p < 0.05) compared to the control group. No significant effect was found on visceral fat, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Compared with the normal group, saffron petals and damask rose petals increased the FBS, HDL, and LDL levels. Damask rose and the combination of saffron petals and damask rose decreased IGF-1 compared with the normal group (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Saffron and damask rose petals could have beneficial effects on improving the status of biochemical markers. The simultaneous use of saffron and damask rose may counteract the adverse effects of saffron on inflammatory indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Majidi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ariyo Movahedi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Karandish
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Selvi KÇ, Kabutey A, Gürdil GAK, Herak D, Kurhan Ş, Klouček P. The Effect of Infrared Drying on Color, Projected Area, Drying Time, and Total Phenolic Content of Rose (Rose electron) Petals. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E236. [PMID: 32059407 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different drying temperatures (50, 60, 70 °C) on the quality of rose (Rose electron) petals were evaluated in this study. Drying time decreased from 1680 s to 600 s with increased infrared temperature. The temperature and time were increased from 50 °C to 70 °C and 30 min to 60 min, respectively, and a decrease in the fruit color quality was observed. The projected area (PA) of rose petals was affected significantly from temperature. After the drying process, the largest PA was observed as 33.35 cm2 (50 °C, 30 min), while the smallest achieved at 70 °C, 60 min (27.96 cm2). Depending on the temperature values (50, 60, 70 °C), the average projection area of dry samples of the rose petals decreased 2.17 times compared to the projection area of fresh samples. The dried samples demonstrated an increase in the total phenolic (TP) content compared to the fresh samples. The maximum TP (44.49 mg GAE/g) was achieved at 45 min and 70 °C rose petals sample. The results concluded that infrared drying for 45 min at 70 °C could be recommended for drying rose (rosa electron) petals.
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Wan Y, Qiu Z, Huang J, Yang J, Wang Q, Lu P, Yang J, Zhang J, Huang S, Wu Z, Guo CF. Natural Plant Materials as Dielectric Layer for Highly Sensitive Flexible Electronic Skin. Small 2018; 14:e1801657. [PMID: 30058286 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nature has long offered human beings with useful materials. Herein, plant materials including flowers and leaves have been directly used as the dielectric material in flexible capacitive electronic skin (e-skin), which simply consists of a dried flower petal or leaf sandwiched by two flexible electrodes. The plant material is a 3D cell wall network which plays like a compressible metamaterial that elastically collapses upon pressing plus some specific surface structures, and thus the device can sensitively respond to pressure. The device works over a broad-pressure range from 0.6 Pa to 115 kPa with a maximum sensitivity of 1.54 kPa-1 , and shows high stability over 5000 cyclic pressings or bends. The natural-material-based e-skin has been applied in touch sensing, motion monitoring, gas flow detection, and the spatial distribution of pressure. As the foam-like structure is ubiquitous in plants, a general strategy for a green, cost-effective, and scalable approach to make flexible e-skins is offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siya Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Farci D, Collu G, Kirkpatrick J, Esposito F, Piano D. RhVI1 is a membrane-anchored vacuolar invertase highly expressed in Rosa hybrida L. petals. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:3303-12. [PMID: 27083698 PMCID: PMC4892724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Invertases are a widespread group of enzymes that catalyse the conversion of sucrose into fructose and glucose. Plants invertases and their substrates are essential factors that play an active role in primary metabolism and in cellular differentiation and by these activities they sustain development and growth. Being naturally present in multiple isoforms, invertases are known to be highly differentiated and tissue specific in such a way that every isoform is characteristic of a specific part of the plant. In this work, we report the identification of the invertase RhVI1 that was found to be highly expressed in rose petals. A characterization of this protein revealed that RhVI1 is a glycosylated membrane-anchored protein associated with the cytosolic side of the vacuolar membrane which occurs in vivo in a monomeric form. Purification yields have shown that the levels of expression decreased during the passage of petals from buds to mature and pre-senescent flowers. Moreover, the activity assay indicates RhVI1 to be an acidic vacuolar invertase. The physiological implications of these findings are discussed, suggesting a possible role of this protein during anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Collu
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna Kirkpatrick
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari,Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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