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Liu Y, Sun D, Peng A, Li T, Li H, Mu B, Wang J, Cui M, Piao C, Li G. Hydrolysis of Beef Sarcoplasmic Protein by Dry-Aged Beef-Isolated Penicillium oxalicum and Its Associated Metabolic Pathways. Foods 2024; 13:1038. [PMID: 38611344 PMCID: PMC11011836 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Yanbian cattle have a unique meat flavor, and high-grade meat is in short supply. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to improve the added value of Yanbian cattle low-fat meat and provide a theoretical reference for the subsequent development of an excellent starter. Rump meat from Yanbian cattle was dry-aged and then screened for protease-producing fungi. Three protease-producing fungi (Yarrowia hollandica (D4 and D11), Penicillium oxalicum (D5), and Meesziomyces ophidis (D20)) were isolated from 40 d dry-aged beef samples, and their ability to hydrolyze proteins was determined using bovine sarcoplasmic protein extract. SDS-PAGE showed that the ability of Penicillium oxalicum (D5) to degrade proteins was stronger than the other two fungi. In addition, the volatile component content of sarcoplasmic proteins in the D5 group was the highest (45.47%) and comprised the most species (26 types). Metabolic pathway analysis of the fermentation broth showed that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis was the most closely related metabolic pathway in sarcoplasmic protein fermentation by Penicillium oxalicum (D5). Dry-aged beef-isolated Penicillium oxalicum serves as a potential starter culture for the fermentation of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Liu
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Depeng Sun
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Anqi Peng
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Baide Mu
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Mingxun Cui
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chunxiang Piao
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guanhao Li
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
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Wang T, Han D, Zhao L, Huang F, Yang P, Zhang C. Binding of Selected Aroma Compounds to Myofibrillar Protein, Sarcoplasmic Protein, and Collagen during Thermal Treatment: Role of Conformational Changes and Degradation of Proteins. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:17860-17873. [PMID: 37883668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of conformational changes and thermal degradation of myofibrillar protein (MP), sarcoplasmic protein (SP), and collagen (CO) on the binding ability for aroma compounds during heating. Using SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS, a consistent rise in the total concentration of peptides and free amino acids formed by the thermal degradation of proteins was observed. The surface hydrophobicity, total sulfhydryl content, particle size, and secondary structure content of proteins changed significantly over time. Furthermore, the aroma binding ability of proteins was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed an increase in binding ability during 5 or 10 min of heating due to protein unfolding and the accumulation of degradation products. However, the binding ability decreased due to protein aggregation with prolonged heating. Notably, all proteins exhibited strong affinity toward (E)-2-octenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, and dimethyl trisulfide. The binding ability of MP and SP was similar but differed significantly from that of CO, which had lower binding ability for hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, and dimethyl trisulfide compared to MP and SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Laiyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Yihai Kitchen (Tianjing) Investment Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300461, China
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3
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Li R, Geng C, Xiong Z, Cui Y, Liao E, Peng L, Jin W, Wang H. Evaluation of protein degradation and flavor compounds during the processing of Xuan'en ham. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3366-3385. [PMID: 35842841 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein degradation occurs during the processing of dry-cured ham, which has important influences on the flavor and quality of products. The aim of this work was to study the degradation kinetics of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) and sarcoplasmic proteins (SPs) extracted from the biceps femoris muscle during the processing of Xuan'en ham. A relationship between protein degradation and the flavor formation was found. During the processing of Xuan'en ham, MPs and SPs were mainly degraded in the salting stage and incipient fermentation. Accompanied by protein degradation, the content of carbonyl group in SPs increased gradually, but in MPs, it first increased and then decreased. Interconversion between sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds was investigated during this processing. Oxidation, degradation, and thermal effects significantly affected the surface hydrophobicity of proteins. More than one hundred volatile compounds have been identified at each stage of ham preparation. Among them, organic acids were the predominant group, followed by hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuizhu Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhemin Xiong
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - E Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,National R & D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiping Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,National R & D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,National R & D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhu Z, Fang R, Ali I, Huang M. Impact of methylglyoxal modification of chicken sarcoplasmic protein emulsions on emulsifying properties, rheological behavior and advanced glycation end products. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4208-4216. [PMID: 32378237 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein modification is used to improve emulsion properties. However, there are limited reports on the effect of methylglyoxal (MGO) modification on emulsifying properties and on the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in chicken sarcoplasmic protein emulsion (SPE). In this study, MGO solution was dispersed into prepared emulsion (17 mg mL-1 sarcoplasmic-soybean oil (v/v 5:1)) at 0, 0.5, 5, 10, 30 and 50 mmol L-1 concentrations. Emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), Z-average diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, rheological behavior (thermal condensation characteristics and fluidity) and AGEs in different concentrations of MGO SPE were measured. In addition, the effect of MGO on the levels of AGEs, lipid and protein oxidation of the emulsion as well as their relationship has also been analyzed. RESULTS Our findings showed that ESI had the lowest value when MGO was added at a concentration of 10 mmol L-1 , while Z-average, PDI, carbonyl and AGEs had the highest value at the same concentration. Also, 10 mmol L-1 MGO played an important role in affecting the rheology of the emulsion. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results showed that the presence of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in SPE was the main reason for the crosslinking of polymers which could be damaged by high concentration of MGO (>10 mmol L-1 ). CONCLUSION Different concentration of MGO showed varying effects on emulsion properties and on the formation of AGEs in chicken SPE. Pearson's correlation analysis concluded that protein oxidation played a significant positive role during MGO modification. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Institution of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Martínez TF, Alcalde MJ, Sáez MI, Suárez MD. Effects of Farm Management Practices and Transport Time on Post-Mortem Changes of Longissimus lumborum Muscle Proteins in Suckling Goat Kids. Foods 2020; 9:E934. [PMID: 32679760 PMCID: PMC7404796 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined effect of farm management practices, transport time, and ageing time on the electrophoretic changes of sarcoplasmic (SPP) and myofibrillar (MFP) protein fractions of goat kids was studied. A total of 64 suckling goat kids were withdrawn from two farms with "high" (GW) and "low" (DW) welfare-friendly management practices, and they were transported for 2 or 6 h immediately before slaughtering. Longissimus lumborum samples were obtained at 3, 8, and 21 days post-mortem, and muscle proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE. Both protein extracts displayed significant changes attributable to meat maturation. Managing conditions of kids in DW farms increased the post-mortem susceptibility of muscle proteins. Some MFP of Longissimus lumborum muscle, such as troponin T, as well as 26-30 and 35-37 kDa fractions were influenced significantly by deficient on-farm management, and therefore, these protein fragments might be considered as indicators of low-welfare on-farm management in goat kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Francisco Martínez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (T.F.M.); (M.I.S.)
| | - María Jesús Alcalde
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - María Isabel Sáez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (T.F.M.); (M.I.S.)
| | - María Dolores Suárez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (T.F.M.); (M.I.S.)
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Vann CG, Roberson PA, Osburn SC, Mumford PW, Romero MA, Fox CD, Moore JH, Haun CT, Beck DT, Moon JR, Kavazis AN, Young KC, Badisa VLD, Mwashote BM, Ibeanusi V, Singh RK, Roberts MD. Skeletal Muscle Myofibrillar Protein Abundance Is Higher in Resistance-Trained Men, and Aging in the Absence of Training May Have an Opposite Effect. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8010007. [PMID: 31936810 PMCID: PMC7022975 DOI: 10.3390/sports8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training generally increases skeletal muscle hypertrophy, whereas aging is associated with a loss in muscle mass. Interestingly, select studies suggest that aging, as well as resistance training, may lead to a reduction in the abundance of skeletal muscle myofibrillar (or contractile) protein (per mg tissue). Proteomic interrogations have also demonstrated that aging, as well as weeks to months of resistance training, lead to appreciable alterations in the muscle proteome. Given this evidence, the purpose of this small pilot study was to examine total myofibrillar as well as total sarcoplasmic protein concentrations (per mg wet muscle) from the vastus lateralis muscle of males who were younger and resistance-trained (denoted as YT, n = 6, 25 ± 4 years old, 10 ± 3 self-reported years of training), younger and untrained (denoted as YU, n = 6, 21 ± 1 years old), and older and untrained (denoted as OU, n = 6, 62 ± 8 years old). The relative abundances of actin and myosin heavy chain (per mg tissue) were also examined using SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining, and shotgun proteomics was used to interrogate the abundances of individual sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins between cohorts. Whole-body fat-free mass (YT > YU = OU), VL thickness (YT > YU = OU), and leg extensor peak torque (YT > YU = OU) differed between groups (p < 0.05). Total myofibrillar protein concentrations were greater in YT versus OU (p = 0.005), but were not different between YT versus YU (p = 0.325). The abundances of actin and myosin heavy chain were greater in YT versus YU (p < 0.05) and OU (p < 0.001). Total sarcoplasmic protein concentrations were not different between groups. While proteomics indicated that marginal differences existed for individual myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins between YT versus other groups, age-related differences were more prominent for myofibrillar proteins (YT = YU > OU, p < 0.05: 7 proteins; OU > YT = YU, p < 0.05: 11 proteins) and sarcoplasmic proteins (YT = YU > OU, p < 0.05: 8 proteins; OU > YT&YU, p < 0.05: 29 proteins). In summary, our data suggest that modest (~9%) myofibrillar protein packing (on a per mg muscle basis) was evident in the YT group. This study also provides further evidence to suggest that notable skeletal muscle proteome differences exist between younger and older humans. However, given that our n-sizes are low, these results only provide a preliminary phenotyping of the reported protein and proteomic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Paul. A. Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Shelby C. Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Petey W. Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Matthew A. Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Carlton D. Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Johnathon H. Moore
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Cody T. Haun
- Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA 30240, USA;
| | - Darren T. Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | | | - Andreas N. Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Veera L. D. Badisa
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (V.L.D.B.); (B.M.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Benjamin M. Mwashote
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (V.L.D.B.); (B.M.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Victor Ibeanusi
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (V.L.D.B.); (B.M.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Translational Science Lab, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306, USA;
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
- Correspondence:
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Haun CT, Vann CG, Roberts BM, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Roberts MD. A Critical Evaluation of the Biological Construct Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Size Matters but So Does the Measurement. Front Physiol 2019; 10:247. [PMID: 30930796 PMCID: PMC6423469 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is highly adaptable and has consistently been shown to morphologically respond to exercise training. Skeletal muscle growth during periods of resistance training has traditionally been referred to as skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and this manifests as increases in muscle mass, muscle thickness, muscle area, muscle volume, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA). Delicate electron microscopy and biochemical techniques have also been used to demonstrate that resistance exercise promotes ultrastructural adaptations within muscle fibers. Decades of research in this area of exercise physiology have promulgated a widespread hypothetical model of training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy; specifically, fCSA increases are accompanied by proportional increases in myofibrillar protein, leading to an expansion in the number of sarcomeres in parallel and/or an increase in myofibril number. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that myofibrillar protein concentration may be diluted through sarcoplasmic expansion as fCSA increases occur. Furthermore, and perhaps more problematic, are numerous investigations reporting that pre-to-post training change scores in macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular variables supporting this model are often poorly associated with one another. The current review first provides a brief description of skeletal muscle composition and structure. We then provide a historical overview of muscle hypertrophy assessment. Next, current-day methods commonly used to assess skeletal muscle hypertrophy at the biochemical, ultramicroscopic, microscopic, macroscopic, and whole-body levels in response to training are examined. Data from our laboratory, and others, demonstrating correlations (or the lack thereof) between these variables are also presented, and reasons for comparative discrepancies are discussed with particular attention directed to studies reporting ultrastructural and muscle protein concentration alterations. Finally, we critically evaluate the biological construct of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, propose potential operational definitions, and provide suggestions for consideration in hopes of guiding future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody T Haun
- Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA, United States
| | | | - Brandon M Roberts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
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Warren D, Paker I, Jaczynski J, Matak KE. Nutritional Quality and Physical Characteristics of Soluble Proteins Recovered from Silver Carp. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1970-1979. [PMID: 29846939 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality and physical characteristics of soluble proteins separated from silver carp at 4, 20, and 40 °C. Ground silver carp was diluted, and soluble proteins were separated by centrifugation and dried. The proximate composition (dry wt) of the protein powders averaged 82.42% protein, 3.25% lipid, and 14.50% ash. Average protein recovery yield was 11.78% with the better yields occurring at 20 °C (P < 0.05). Mineral profile revealed greater concentrations of Fe, Mg, P, and Na when compared to the initial homogenate. More saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were recovered in the 4 °C powder and the least in the 40 °C powder (P < 0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acids displayed a reverse trend, with the greatest concentration in the 40 °C powder and the least in the 4 °C powder (P < 0.05). The amino acid profile revealed that the protein powder met all FAO/WHO/UNO amino acid requirements for adults. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed high amounts of low and medium molecular weight (MW) proteins (10-15 and 25-50 kDa, respectively). Two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis indicated that the low MW proteins possessed a neutral isoelectric point relative to that of the medium MW proteins. The protein powder was significantly less soluble (P < 0.05) than whey protein concentrate 80 at every pH tested (pH 3.0 to 11.0). Similar tendencies were seen when ionic strength was shifted (0.0 to 1.1 I; P < 0.05). Soluble protein powders derived from silver carp are nutrient rich and have physical characteristics resembling whey protein concentrate. Changes in process temperature had limited effects on protein powder composition. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Soluble proteins contribute to 20 to 40% of fish protein and are soluble in neutral salt solutions. Much of the sarcoplasmic proteins are lost when they solubilize in processing water and are discarded similarly to how whey protein was once discarded during dairy processing. When government regulations on whey disposal were implemented, the dairy industry responded by repurposing the high-quality protein for human use and it is now a billion dollar industry. The aim of this research project was to verify the composition of an otherwise overlooked protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Warren
- Authors are with Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ilgin Paker
- Authors are with Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jacek Jaczynski
- Authors are with Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kristen E Matak
- Authors are with Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Abstract
This study determined the effects of extraction buffer pH and postmortem aging on the extraction of salt-soluble and water-soluble proteins from broiler pectoralis muscle. Deboned broiler breast fillets were collected at 4 h postmortem, packaged, and then stored at 4°C until 1, 5, or 8 d postmortem. After the designated aging period, salt-soluble and water-soluble protein extractions were performed using buffers at 7 different pH levels (pH 5.4, 6.4, 6.9, 7.2, 7.5, 8.0, 9.0). Protein concentrations of the extracts were measured and SDS-PAGE analysis was performed. Salt-soluble protein concentration increased (P < 0.0001) as buffer pH increased from pH 5.4 to 6.9 and then remained unchanged from pH 6.9 to 9.0. Water-soluble protein concentration increased (P < 0.0001) as buffer pH increased from pH 5.4 to 7.2 and then remained unchanged from pH 7.2 to 9.0. There was not a significant extraction buffer pH by aging treatment interaction for the total protein concentration of either the salt-soluble or water-soluble protein extracts. The protein concentrations of salt-soluble extracts were similar at both 1 and 8 d postmortem but lower (P < 0.0001) at 5 d postmortem. The protein concentrations of water-soluble extracts were similar at both 1 and 5 d postmortem, but higher (P < 0.0001) at 8 d. Both extraction buffer pH and postmortem aging influenced the SDS-PAGE protein profiles of salt-soluble and water-soluble protein extracts from breast muscles. Data demonstrate that postmortem aging and extraction buffer pH influence both the total amount and the composition of the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins that can be extracted from broiler breast fillets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eady
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - D Samuel
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - B Bowker
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
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