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Alaa Eldin Refat L, Karpinska J, Konda S, Simmie JM, Murphy PV, McArdle P, Erxleben A. Application of Sublimation in the Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Organosulfones. Chemistry 2024:e202400672. [PMID: 38623589 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The solvent-free elimination of sulfinic acid and aromatization of 1,6-trans-substituted bis(arylsulfone) trienes is reported. It is shown that sublimation can be used as a 'green' method to combine the thermal transformation of six trienes and the crystal growth of the resulting 4-(phenylsulfonyl)biphenyls. When the sublimation conditions are carefully controlled, high quality single crystals of the 4-(phenylsulfonyl)biphenyls are obtained. Theoretical modelling of the reaction using the simplified triene Ph-(CH)6-SO2H showed that the cyclization is energetically feasible and that the complete conversion is possible during the timescale of the sublimation. At temperatures slightly higher than the optimum sublimation temperature two of the trienes transformed into 1,4-cyclohexadienes that did not eliminate phenylsulfinic acid. A reaction mechanism involving a 1,3-hydrogen shift induced by free PhS• radicals is proposed for the formation of the 1,4-cyclohexadienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Alaa Eldin Refat
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Jolanta Karpinska
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Saidulu Konda
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - John M Simmie
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Andrea Erxleben
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
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2
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Kundu S, Higashi K, Takamizawa M, Ueda K, Limwikrant W, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Controlled Sublimation Rate of Guest Drug from Polymorphic Forms of a Cyclodextrin-Based Polypseudorotaxane Complex and Its Correlation with Molecular Dynamics as Probed by Solid-State NMR. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1501-1514. [PMID: 38363209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in confined spaces has been extensively explored as it dramatically alters the molecular dynamics and physical properties of the API. Herein, we explored the effect of encapsulation on the molecular dynamics and physical stability of a guest drug, salicylic acid (SA), confined in the intermolecular spaces of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based polypseudorotaxane (PPRX) structure. The sublimation tendency of SA encapsulated in three polymorphic forms of the γ-CD/PEG-based PPRX complex, monoclinic columnar (MC), hexagonal columnar (HC), and tetragonal columnar (TC), was investigated. The SA sublimation rate was decreased by 3.0-6.6-fold and varied in the order of MC form > HC form > TC form complex. The 13C and 1H magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and 13C spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) indicated that the encapsulated SA molecules existed as the monomeric form, and its molecular mobility increased in the order of MC form > HC form > TC form complex. In the complexes, a rapid chemical exchange between two dynamic states of SA (free and bound) was suggested, with varying adsorption/desorption rates accounting for its distinct molecular mobility. This adsorption/desorption process was influenced by proton exchange at the interaction site and interaction strength of SA in the complexes, as evidenced by 1H MAS spectra and temperature dependency of the 13C carbonyl chemical shift. A positive correlation between the molecular mobility of SA and its sublimation rate was established. Moreover, the molecular mobility of γ-CD and PEG in the complexes coincided with that of SA, which can be explained by fast guest-driven dynamics. This is the first report on the stability improvement of an API through complexation in polymorphic supramolecular host structures. The relationship between the molecular dynamics and physical properties of encapsulated API will aid in the rational design of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Kundu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Makoto Takamizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Waree Limwikrant
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri Ayudhya Road, Ratchatewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Keiji Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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3
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Gavara-Edo M, Valverde-Muñoz FJ, Muñoz MC, Elidrissi Moubtassim S, Marques-Moros F, Herrero-Martín J, Znovjyak K, Seredyuk M, Real JA, Coronado E. Design and Processing as Ultrathin Films of a Sublimable Iron(II) Spin Crossover Material Exhibiting Efficient and Fast Light-Induced Spin Transition. Chem Mater 2023; 35:9591-9602. [PMID: 38047182 PMCID: PMC10687866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on spin crossover (SCO) molecules have centered the attention in molecular magnetism for more than 40 years as they provide unique examples of multifunctional and stimuli-responsive materials, which can be then integrated into electronic devices to exploit their molecular bistability. This process often requires the preparation of thermally stable SCO molecules that can sublime and remain intact in contact with surfaces. However, the number of robust sublimable SCO molecules is still very scarce. Here, we report a novel example of this kind. It is based on a neutral iron(II) coordination complex formulated as [Fe(neoim)2], where neoimH is the ionogenic ligand 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-9-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline. In the first part, a comprehensive study, which covers the synthesis and magnetostructural characterization of the [Fe(neoim)2] complex as a bulk microcrystalline material, is reported. Then, in the second part, we investigate the suitability of this material to form thin films through high-vacuum sublimation. Finally, the retainment of all present SCO capabilities in the bulk when the material is processed is thoroughly studied by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In particular, a very efficient and fast light-induced spin transition (LIESST effect) has been observed, even for ultrathin films of 15 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gavara-Edo
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | | | - M. Carmen Muñoz
- Departamento
de Fisica Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Safaa Elidrissi Moubtassim
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Francisco Marques-Moros
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | | | - Kateryna Znovjyak
- Department
of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64/13,
Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Seredyuk
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, Paterna 46980, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64/13,
Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - José Antonio Real
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, Paterna 46980, Spain
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4
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Moon S. Extending the Shelf-Life of Immunoassay-Based Microfluidic Chips through Freeze-Drying Sublimation Techniques. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8524. [PMID: 37896617 PMCID: PMC10610996 DOI: 10.3390/s23208524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms utilizing immunoassay-based microfluidic chips offer a robust and specific method for detecting target antibodies, demonstrating a wide range of applications in various medical and research settings. Despite their versatility and specificity, the adoption of these immunoassay chips in POCT has been limited by their short shelf-life in liquid environments, attributed to the degradation of immobilized antibodies. This technical limitation presents a barrier, particularly for resource-limited settings where long-term storage and functionality are critical. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel freeze-dry sublimation process aimed at extending the shelf-life of these microfluidic chips without compromising their functional integrity. This study elaborates on the mechanisms by which freeze-drying preserves the bioactivity of the immobilized antibodies, thereby maintaining the chip's performance over an extended period. Our findings reveal significant shelf-life extension, making it possible for these POCT platforms to be more widely adopted and practically applied, especially in settings with limited resources. This research paves the way for more accessible, long-lasting, and effective POCT solutions, breaking down previous barriers to adoption and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Moon
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Changwon 51391, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; ; Tel.: +82-55-250-7304; Fax: +82-55-250-7399
- Cybernetics Imaging Systems Co., Ltd., Changwon 51391, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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5
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Liu B, Gao J, Hao A, Xing P. Arene-Perfluoroarene Force Driven Sublimation-Removable Chiral Coassemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202305135. [PMID: 37092858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple constituent coassembly is an emerging strategy to manipulate supramolecular chirality and chiroptical properties such as circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). However, the second or third constituent could not be removed from pristine self-assembly. Here we developed a constitute-removable chiral coassembly using sublimation that could realize coassembly with tunable supramolecular chirality, luminescence and CPL properties. Octafluoronapthalene (OFN) with small sublimation enthalpy formed coassemblies with perylene-conjugated peptoids via arene-perfluoroarene (AP) interaction that induced the emergence of macroscopic chirality and hypochromic luminescence from yellow to green. Coassembly with OFN accelerated one-dimensional growth and induced the emergence of macroscopic chirality and CPL. Despite the stability at ambient conditions, vacuum-treatment triggered fast sublimation of OFN, which behaved as a sacrificial template. Physical removal of OFN retained the helical nanoarchitectures as well as the basic features of Cotton effects and CPL activities. X-ray diffraction suggested the back-fill consolidation occurred on the molecular voids by OFN removal that slightly varied the templated molecular arrangements. Sublimation of perfluorinated building units is green and efficient and non-destructive, which is potentially applicable in constructing template-directed chiroptical materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Liu
- Shandong University, school of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Junjie Gao
- Shandong University, school of chemistry and chemical engineering, 27 Shanda Nan road, 250100, Jinan, CHINA
| | - Aiyou Hao
- Shandong University, school of chemistry and chemical engineering, Jinan 250100, 250100, Jinan, CHINA
| | - Pengyao Xing
- Shandong University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 27, Shandanan Road, Jinan, CHINA
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6
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Hu Y, Wang K, Müller M, Wessel E, Spatschek R. Theoretical Prediction of the Sublimation Behavior by Combining Ab Initio Calculations with Statistical Mechanics. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2826. [PMID: 37049120 PMCID: PMC10095645 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We develop a theoretical model to predict the sublimation vapor pressure of pure substances. Moreover, we present a simple monoatomic molecule approximation, which reduces the complexity of the vapor pressure expression for polyatomic gaseous molecules at a convincing level of accuracy, with deviations of the Arrhenius prefactor for NaCl and NaF being 5.02% and 7.08%, respectively. The physical model is based on ab initio calculations, statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics. We illustrate the approach for Ni, Cr, Cu (metallic bond), NaCl, NaF, ZrO2 (ionic bond) and SiO2 (covalent bond). The results are compared against thermodynamic databases, which show high accuracy of our theoretical predictions, and the deviations of the predicted sublimation enthalpy are typically below 10%, for Cu even only 0.1%. Furthermore, the partial pressures caused by gas phase reactions are also explored, showing good agreement with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Egbert Wessel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert Spatschek
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- JARA Energy, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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7
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Damilano B, Vézian S, Brault J, Ruterana P, Gil B, Tchernycheva M. Nanoporous GaN by selective area sublimation through an epitaxial nanomask: AlN versus Si xN y. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:245602. [PMID: 36913723 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc3a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous GaN layers were fabricated using selective area sublimation through a self-organized AlN nanomask in a molecular beam epitaxy reactor. The obtained pore morphology, density and size were measured using plan-view and cross-section scanning electron microscopy experiments. It was found that the porosity of the GaN layers could be adjusted from 0.04 to 0.9 by changing the AlN nanomask thickness and sublimation conditions. The room temperature photoluminescence properties as a function of the porosity were analysed. In particular, a strong improvement (>100) of the room temperature photoluminescence intensity was observed for porous GaN layers with a porosity in the 0.4-0.65 range. The characteristics of these porous layers were compared to those obtained with a SixNynanomask. Furthermore, the regrowth of p-type GaN on light emitting diode structures made porous by using either an AlN or a SixNynanomask were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Damilano
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue B. Gregory, Valbonne, France
| | - S Vézian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue B. Gregory, Valbonne, France
| | - J Brault
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue B. Gregory, Valbonne, France
| | - P Ruterana
- Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique, CIMAP-ENSICAEN, UMR 6252, 6 Boulevard Maréchal Juin 14050, Caen, France
| | - B Gil
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - M Tchernycheva
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), UMR 9001 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau 91120, France
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8
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Keuter P, to Baben M, Aliramaji S, Schneider JM. CALPHAD-Based Modelling of the Temperature-Composition-Structure Relationship during Physical Vapor Deposition of Mg-Ca Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2417. [PMID: 36984295 PMCID: PMC10054182 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent composition and phase formation during the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of Mg-Ca thin films is modeled using a CALPHAD-based approach. Considering the Mg and Ca sublimation fluxes calculated based on the vapor pressure obtained by employing thermochemical equilibrium calculations, the experimentally observed synthesis-temperature trends in the thin-film composition and phase formation were reproduced. The model is a significant step towards understanding how synthesis parameters control composition and, therefore, phase formation in the PVD of metals with high vapor pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Keuter
- GTT-Technologies, Kaiserstraße 103, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.M.S.)
| | - Moritz to Baben
- GTT-Technologies, Kaiserstraße 103, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
| | - Shamsa Aliramaji
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.M.S.)
| | - Jochen M. Schneider
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.M.S.)
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9
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Gavhane D, van Huis MA. Thermal Stability and Sublimation of Two-Dimensional Co 9Se 8 Nanosheets for Ultrathin and Flexible Nanoelectronic Devices. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2023; 6:2421-2428. [PMID: 36875179 PMCID: PMC9972340 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the structural and compositional stability of nanomaterials is significant from both fundamental and technological points of view. Here, we investigate the thermal stability of half-unit-cell thick two-dimensional (2D) Co9Se8 nanosheets that are exceptionally interesting because of their half-metallic ferromagnetic properties. By employing in situ heating in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), we find that the nanosheets show good structural and chemical stability without changes to the cubic crystal structure until sublimation of the nanosheets starts at temperatures between 460 and 520 °C. The real-time observations of the sublimation process show preferential removal at {110} type crystal facets. From an analysis of sublimation rates at various temperatures, we find that the sublimation occurs through noncontinuous and punctuated mass loss at lower temperatures while the sublimation is continuous and uniform at higher temperatures. Our findings provide an understanding of the nanoscale structural and compositional stability of 2D Co9Se8 nanosheets, which is of importance for their reliable application and sustained performance as ultrathin and flexible nanoelectronic devices.
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10
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Almeida ARRP, Pinheiro BDA, Monte MJS. Phase Transitions Equilibria of Five Dichlorinated Substituted Benzenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041590. [PMID: 36838580 PMCID: PMC9963677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports an experimental study aiming to determine the thermodynamic properties of five chlorinated compounds with environmental impact. The vapor pressures of the crystalline phases of three isomers of dichlorobenzoic acid (2,4-, 2,5-, and 2,6-) and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile were measured at several temperatures using the Knudsen effusion technique. Another technique (a static method based on capacitance diaphragm manometers) allowed the measurement of the vapor pressures of both the crystalline and liquid phases of 2,4-dichlorobenzonitrile between 303.0 and 380.0 K. This latter technique also enabled the measurement of sublimation vapor pressures of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile over a larger range interval of temperatures, T = 328.7 and 391.8 K. The standard molar enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy of sublimation (for all the compounds studied) and vaporization (for 2,4-dichlorobenzonitrile) were derived, at reference temperatures, from the experimental vapor pressure results. The temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and the isobaric heat capacities of the five crystalline-substituted benzenes were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The contributions of the three substituents (-COOH, -CN, and -Cl) to the sublimation thermodynamic properties of the compounds studied were discussed.
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11
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Kudryashova OB, Titov SS. A Mathematical Model for Sublimation of a Thin Film in Trace Explosive Detection Problem. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227939. [PMID: 36432038 PMCID: PMC9699605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we introduce an advanced mathematical model for the sublimation of thin films of explosives. The model relies on the Hertz-Knudsen-Langmuir (HKL) equation that describes the vaporization rate of an explosive and controls the mass exchange between the surface and the ambient air. The latest experimental data on sublimation and diffusion of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) monocrystals were factored in, as well as the data on the sublimation rate of hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and picramide (TNA) traces. To advance the mathematical model we suggested previously, we took into account the structure of a substrate on which a thin explosive layer was deposited. The measurement problem of the sublimation rate and limits of an explosive arises from developing and advancing remote detection methods for explosives traces. Using mathematical modelling, we can identify a detectable quantity of a specific explosive under given conditions. We calculated the mass of the explosive in the air upon sublimation of thin explosive films from the surfaces over a wide range of the parameters in question and made conclusions regarding the application limits of the devised standoff trace explosive detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga B. Kudryashova
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), St. Socialist, 1, 659322 Biysk, Russia
- Physics and Technology Faculty, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +790-5924-5444
| | - Sergey S. Titov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), St. Socialist, 1, 659322 Biysk, Russia
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12
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Cleminte CI, Ionita D, Lisa C, Cristea M, Mamaligă I, Lisa G. Evaluation of the Sublimation Process of Some Purine Derivatives: Sublimation Rate, Activation Energy, Mass Transfer Coefficients and Phenomenological Models. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7376. [PMID: 36295442 PMCID: PMC9607597 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine and theophylline are compounds with important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and other fields of the chemical industry. These purine derivatives have simple chemical structures, therefore, the evaluation of their sublimation process contributes to the development of mass transfer analysis methods that can later be applied to other compounds with more complex structures. With the help of thermogravimetric analysis in isothermal conditions, the kinetic study of the sublimation of caffeine and theophylline, along with the evaluation of kinetic parameters (activation energy and the pre-exponential factor), was carried out. Global mass transfer coefficients were determined, which vary for caffeine between 53 × 10-8 and 631 × 10-8 mol/s·m2·Pa, and for theophylline between 68 × 10-8 and 441 × 10-8 mol/s·m2·Pa. The dimensionless equations of the form: Sh=a+b·Rec·Scd have been proposed, which allow the determination of individual mass transfer coefficients at temperatures between 130 and 160 °C for caffeine and between 170 and 200 °C for theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerasela-Ionela Cleminte
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection “Cristofor Simionescu”, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi-Romania, 73 D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Ionita
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cătălin Lisa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection “Cristofor Simionescu”, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi-Romania, 73 D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Cristea
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioan Mamaligă
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection “Cristofor Simionescu”, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi-Romania, 73 D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Lisa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection “Cristofor Simionescu”, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi-Romania, 73 D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
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13
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Clarke BH. "It Was and It Was Not": Metaphoric Tension in Psychoanalysis. Psychoanal Rev 2022; 109:121-150. [PMID: 35647801 DOI: 10.1521/prev.2022.109.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The author endeavors to reassess how metaphor functions psychoanalytically by distinguishing it from more inclusive conceptualizations of symbolism and metaphor, and from the idea of metaphor as a primary cognitive structure. The author adapts aspects of Ricoeur's metaphor theory, and explores metaphor as organized around tensions of similarity and difference, and of something "being and not-being" simultaneously. Such a model anchors metaphoric meaning in the subject's capacity for metaphoric experience and its relation to unrealized unconscious meaning. The author suggests that this perspective on metaphor-which connects it experientially to mature transitional experience, sublimation, play, and mourning-helps us understand how metaphoric experience functions as our most potent agent of intrapsychic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Clarke
- 3001 Highland Avenue, Suite D Cincinnati, OH 45219 E-mail:
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14
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Skoczeń A, Frąckowiak D, Przekop RE, Frydrych M, Kasperkowiak M, Jeleń P, Sitarz M, Marciniec B. New Ceramics Precursors Containing Si and Ge Atoms-Cubic Germasilsesquioxanes-Synthesis, Thermal Decomposition and Spectroscopic Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:1441. [PMID: 35209229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Compounds of the silsesquioxane type are attractive material precursors. High molecular weights and well-defined structures predestine them to create ceramics with a controlled composition at the molecular level. New molecular precursors of ceramic materials with the ratio of Si:Ge = 7:1 atoms were obtained. The influence of organic substituents on the thermal decomposition processes of germasilsesquioxanes was investigated. Some of the structures obtained are characterized by a high non-volatile residue after the thermal decomposition process. The introduction of the germanium atom to the structure of the silsesquioxane molecular cage reduces the thermal stability of the obtained structures.
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15
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Ronan O, Downing C, Nicolosi V. Inhibition of vacuum sublimation artefacts for (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy ((S)TEM) of sulphur samples via encapsulation. Open Res Eur 2022; 2:1. [PMID: 37645285 PMCID: PMC10445806 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14378.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur battery is one of promising candidates for next-generation energy storage device due to the sulfur cathode material with low cost and nontoxicity, and super high theoretical energy density (nearly 2600Wh kg -1) and specific energy (2567Wh kg -1). Sulphur, however, poses a few interesting challenges before it can gain widespread utilisation. The biggest issue is known as the polysulphide shuttling effect which contributes to rapid capacity loss after cycling. Accurate characterisation of sulphur cathodic materials becomes critical to our understanding polysulphide shuttling effect in the quest of finding mitigating solutions. Electron microscopy is playing a crucial role in battery research in determining structure-property-function relations. However, sulphur undergoes sublimation at a point above the typical pressures found in the column of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at room temperature. This makes the imaging and characterisation of any sort of nanostructured sulphur samples challenging, as the material will be modified or even disappear rapidly as soon as it is inserted into the TEM vacuum. As a result, materials characterised by such methods are prone to deviation from normal conditions to a great extent. To prevent this, a novel method of encapsulating sulphur particles between silicon nitride (SiN x) membranes is demonstrated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Ronan
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clive Downing
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valeria Nicolosi
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Raza A, Hryha E. Characterization of Spatter and Sublimation in Alloy 718 during Electron Beam Melting. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14205953. [PMID: 34683546 PMCID: PMC8538646 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to elevated temperatures and high vacuum levels in electron beam melting (EBM), spatter formation and accumulation in the feedstock powder, and sublimation of alloying elements from the base feedstock powder can affect the feedstock powder's reusability and change the alloy composition of fabricated parts. This study focused on the experimental and thermodynamic analysis of spatter particles generated in EBM, and analyzed sublimating alloying elements from Alloy 718 during EBM. Heat shields obtained after processing Alloy 718 in an Arcam A2X plus machine were analyzed to evaluate the spatters and metal condensate. Comprehensive morphological, microstructural, and chemical analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The morphological analysis showed that the area coverage of heat shields by spatter increased from top (<1%) to bottom (>25%), indicating that the spatter particles had projectile trajectories. Similarly, the metal condensate had a higher thickness of ~50 μm toward the bottom of the heat shield, indicating more significant condensation of metal vapors at the bottom. Microstructural analysis of spatters highlighted that the surfaces of spatter particles sampled from the heat shields were also covered with condensate, and the thickness of the deposited condensate depended on the time of landing of spatter particles on the heat shield during the build. The chemical analysis showed that the spatter particles had 17-fold higher oxygen content than virgin powder used in the build. Analysis of the metalized layer indicated that it was formed by oxidized metal condensate and was significantly enriched with Cr due to its higher vapor pressure under EBM conditions.
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17
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Taberlet N, Plihon N. Sublimation-driven morphogenesis of Zen stones on ice surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109107118. [PMID: 34593645 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the formation of Zen stones on frozen lakes and the shape of the resulting pedestal are elucidated. Zen stones are natural structures in which a stone, initially resting on an ice surface, ends up balanced atop a narrow ice pedestal. We provide a physical explanation for their formation, sometimes believed to be caused by the melting of the ice. Instead, we show that slow surface sublimation is indeed the physical mechanism responsible for the differential ablation. Far from the stone, the sublimation rate is governed by the diffuse sunlight, while in its vicinity, the shade it creates inhibits the sublimation process. We reproduced the phenomenon in laboratory-scale experiments conducted in a lyophilizer and studied the dynamics of the morphogenesis. In this apparatus, which imposes controlled constant sublimation rate, a variety of model stones consisting of metal disks was used, which allows us to rule out the possible influence of the thermal conduction in the morphogenesis process. Instead, we show that the stone only acts as an umbrella whose shade hinders the sublimation, hence protecting the ice underneath, which leads to the formation of the pedestal. Numerical simulations, in which the local ablation rate of the surface depends solely on the visible portion of the sky, allow us to study the influence of the shape of the stone on the formation of the ice foot. Finally, we show that the far-infrared black-body irradiance of the stone itself leads to the formation of a depression surrounding the pedestal.
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18
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Nam KB, Yeo JH, Hu Q, Kim MJ, Oh B, Yoo JB. Fabrication of extreme ultraviolet lithography pellicle with nanometer-thick graphite film by sublimation of camphor supporting layer. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:465301. [PMID: 34340219 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac19d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pellicle consists of freestanding thin films on a frame; these films are tens of nanometers in thickness and can include Si, SiNX, or graphite. Nanometer-thick graphite films (NGFs), synthesized via chemical vapor deposition on a metal catalyst, are used as a pellicle material. The most common method to transfer NGFs onto a substrate or a frame is to use polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a supporting layer. However, this PMMA-mediated technique involves several disadvantages in term of manufacturing NGF EUV pellicles. When removing the PMMA using acetone or O2plasma, defects or deflections can occur in the NGFs. Furthermore, PMMA residues are generally present on large-area NGFs. In this study, a transfer method using camphor instead of PMMA as the supporting layer was developed to overcome these problems. After the camphor/NGF was formed on the frame, camphor was removed via sublimation in an atmosphere of ethanol vapor. This study investigated the deposition and sublimation of camphor, and confirmed that no residue was present and no deflection or defects were observed in the NGFs. Thus, a large-area NGF pellicle was successfully fabricated using the camphor transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Bong Nam
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yeo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Qicheng Hu
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ja Kim
- Mask Development Team, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Hwaseong, 445-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungdu Oh
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Beom Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering (BK21), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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19
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Ol’khovich M, Sharapova A, Blokhina S, Perlovich G. Isavuconazole: Thermodynamic Evaluation of Processes Sublimation, Dissolution and Partition in Pharmaceutically Relevant Media. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164759. [PMID: 34443346 PMCID: PMC8398847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A temperature dependence of saturated vapor pressure of isavuconazole (IVZ), an antimycotic drug, was found by using the method of inert gas-carrier transfer and the thermodynamic functions of sublimation were calculated at a temperature of 298.15 K. The value of the compound standard molar enthalpy of sublimation was found to be 138.1 ± 0.5 kJ·mol−1. The IVZ thermophysical properties—melting point and enthalpy—equaled 302.7 K and 29.9 kJ mol−1, respectively. The isothermal saturation method was used to determine the drug solubility in seven pharmaceutically relevant solvents within the temperature range from 293.15 to 313.15 K. The IVZ solubility in the studied solvents increased in the following order: buffer pH 7.4, buffer pH 2.0, buffer pH 1.2, hexane, 1-octanol, 1-propanol, ethanol. Depending on the solvent chemical nature, the compound solubility varied from 6.7 × 10−6 to 0.3 mol·L−1. The Hansen s approach was used for evaluating and analyzing the solubility data of drug. The results show that this model well-described intermolecular interactions in the solutions studied. It was established that in comparison with the van’t Hoff model, the modified Apelblat one ensured the best correlation with the experimental solubility data of the studied drug. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution and dissolution excess thermodynamic functions of IVZ were calculated in each of the solvents. Temperature dependences of the compound partition coefficients were obtained in a binary 1-octanol/buffer pH 7.4 system and the transfer thermodynamic functions were calculated. The drug distribution from the aqueous solution to the organic medium was found to be spontaneous and entropy-driven.
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20
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Silva MC, Petraconi G, Cecci RRR, Passos AA, do Valle WF, Braite B, Lourenço SR, Gasi F. Digital Sublimation Printing on Knitted Polyamide 6.6 Fabric Treated with Non-Thermal Plasma. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1969. [PMID: 34203587 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The garment industry demands stamping processes that are increasingly more agile and less damaging to the environment. In this scenario, digital printing, with the sublimation transfer printing technique, presents itself as a viable option for synthetic textile substrates. Among the synthetic fibres, polyamide (P.A.) fibres stand out, as they are light, soft, durable, and boast moderate sweat absorption; however, before sublimation, superficial treatment is necessary in order to present good results such as withstanding washing and maintaining colour intensity. This study addresses the surface modification of the PA6.6 textile substrate by activating non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure to receive dye through the sublimation method with dispersed dye. The knitted PA6.6 fabric surface treatment was performed with plasma application at atmospheric pressure using air in the Plasmatreater AS400 equipment. The sublimation transfer effects were evaluated by wash fastness and colourimetric tests. To assess the wettability effect of the control and treated samples, a contact angle test was carried out on PA6.6 samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) proved the changes in chemical functional groups in the fibres. The results showed a decrease in the contact angle of the textile surface, 4–5 grayscale results for colour change and transfer for washing, and an increase in colour strength. In the FTIR tests, there is an increase in the transmittance value of aromatic, carboxylic groups (C=O, 580 cm−1), amides (N=H, 1630 cm−1), and methyl groups (CH 1369 to 1463 cm−1) as well as the presence of new functional groups in the 3064 cm−1 and 2860 cm−1 bands. These conditions allowed sublimation in the knitted PA6.6 fabric and showed increased colour strength and good wash fastness.
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21
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Kawano Y, Chen S, Hanawa T. Solubility Enhancement of Ibuprofen by Adsorption onto Spherical Porous Calcium Silicate. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:767. [PMID: 34063903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubility of a drug is higher when it is in an amorphous form than when it is in a crystalline form. To enhance the solubility of ibuprofen (IBU), a poorly water-soluble drug, we attempted to adsorb IBU onto spherical porous calcium silicate (Florite® PS300, PS300) in two ways: the evaporation (EV) and sealed heating (SH) methods. The crystallinity of the samples was evaluated using powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular interaction between IBU and PS300 was evaluated with FTIR. In addition, the dissolution behavior of IBU in the samples was assessed by the dissolution test. Based on the results of the PXRD and DSC measurements, both methods allowed adsorption of IBU onto PS300, and IBU was amorphized. Based on the FTIR observations, in the SH or EV mixtures containing 10% and 30% IBU, respectively, it seemed that the IBU molecules intermolecularly interacted with calcium molecules as the main component of PS300. Improvement in the solubility of IBU was observed with both methods; however, the dissolution rate of IBU from samples prepared via SH was higher than that from EV, or of IBU crystals. Collectively, our findings indicate that the petal-like structure of PS300, which has a spherical shape and good flowability, is an effective tool for adsorbing IBU onto PS300 via SH.
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Abstract
This paper describes the psychoanalytic treatment of a woman patient during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the setting was profoundly disrupted and was transferred from in-person psychoanalysis to telephone sessions. Drawing on Bleger's formulations on the construction of the analytic frame and on André Green's on the function of the framing structure in the construction and elaboration of phantasy life, the case study shows how, in the absence of the physicality of the setting, the most primitive anxieties about the symbiotic relationship with the mother were expressed and contained in the transference and countertransference in the analysis. The author offers some considerations about the notion of "background of the uncanny", derived from Yolanda Gampel, which draws attention to the challenges when both patient and analyst are inserted into the same traumatic wider context. It is suggested that the production of an art object by the patient during this period represents a step in the elaboration of the work of mourning and towards symbolization.
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23
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Chandra S, Eckhardt AK, Turner AM, Tarczay G, Kaiser RI. A Photoionization Study on the Detection of 1-Sila Glycolaldehyde (HSiOCH 2 OH), 2-Sila Acetic Acid (H 3 SiCOOH), and 1,2-Disila Acetaldehyde (HSiOSiH 3 ). Chemistry 2021; 27:4939-4945. [PMID: 33368689 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The identification of silicon-substituted, complex organics carrying multiple functional groups by classical infrared spectroscopy is challenging because the group frequencies of functional groups often overlap. Photoionization (PI) reflectron time-of-fight mass spectrometry (ReTOF-MS) in combination with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) holds certain advantages because molecules are identified after sublimation from the matrix into in the gas phase based on distinct ionization energies and sublimation temperatures. In this study, we reveal the detection of 1-silaglycolaldehyde (HSiOCH2 OH), 2-sila-acetic acid (H3 SiCOOH), and 1,2-disila-acetaldehyde (H3 SiSiHO)-the silicon analogues of the well-known glycolaldehyde (HCOCH2 OH), acetic acid (H3 CCOOH), and acetaldehyde (H3 CCHO), in the gas phase after preparation in silane (SiH4 )-carbon dioxide ices exposed to energetic electrons and subliming the neutral reaction products formed within the ices into the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankhabrata Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | | | - Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - György Tarczay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.,Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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24
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Azaldegui C, Aguilar G, Enriquez S, Madonna C, Parish Fisher C, Burks R. Benzoic acid derivatives as luminescent sublimation dyes in cyanoacrylate fuming of latent fingerprints. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1085-1093. [PMID: 33547641 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Development of latent prints employing cyanoacrylate ester (CA) can be a multistep process including CA fuming and subsequent fluorescent staining to produce fingerprints of sufficient contrast for comparison work. To enable a single-step CA fuming-staining process, a selection of fluorophores have been developed as sublimation dyes in CA fuming. A greater array of such luminescent sublimation dyes would allow users greater flexibility in selecting a particular dye-CA combination to best suit their processing needs. Toward this end, six benzoic acid derivatives were evaluated for use as luminescent sublimation dyes under elementary CA fuming conditions using a single non-porous surface type and an inexpensive handheld UV lamp for excitation. Two benzoic acid derivatives, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and 2-aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid), were identified as new potential luminescent sublimation dyes with stained fingerprints excited at 254 nm. The fluorescence intensity and stability of prints produced via the sublimation of CA with 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-aminobenzoic acid were evaluated over approximately six weeks using image and statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Azaldegui
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, USA.,Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guadalupe Aguilar
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, USA.,Travis County Medical Examiner's Office, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarahi Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, USA.,Endeavor DNA, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Chris Madonna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, USA.,North Texas Fire Academy, Rockwall, TX, USA
| | - Casie Parish Fisher
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Raychelle Burks
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, USA.,Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, American University, Washington, DC, USA
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Lebedev AA, Davydov SY, Eliseyev IA, Roenkov AD, Avdeev O, Lebedev SP, Makarov Y, Puzyk M, Klotchenko S, Usikov AS. Graphene on SiC Substrate as Biosensor: Theoretical Background, Preparation, and Characterization. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:590. [PMID: 33513840 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This work is devoted to the development and optimization of the parameters of graphene-based sensors. The graphene films used in the present study were grown on semi-insulating 6H-SiC substrates by thermal decomposition of SiC at the temperature of ~1700 °C. The results of measurements by Auger and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the presence of single-layer graphene on the silicon carbide surface. Model approach to the theory of adsorption on epitaxial graphene is presented. It is demonstrated that the Green-function method in conjunction with the simple substrate models permit one to obtain analytical results for the charge transfer between adsorbed molecules and substrate. The sensor structure was formed on the graphene film by laser. Initially, a simpler gas sensor was made. The sensors developed in this study demonstrated sensitivity to the NO2 concentration at the level of 1–0.01 ppb. The results obtained in the course of development and the results of testing of the graphene-based sensor for detection of protein molecules are also presented. The biosensor was fabricated by the technology previously developed for the gas sensor. The working capacity of the biosensor was tested with an immunochemical system constituted by fluorescein and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding this dye.
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26
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Kolics É, Specziár A, Taller J, Mátyás KK, Kolics B. Lithium chloride outperformed oxalic acid sublimation in a preliminary experiment for Varroa mite control in pre-wintering honey bee colonies. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 68:370-373. [PMID: 33459613 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since lithium salts were demonstrated to be very effective for the potential control of Varroa destructor, a highly detrimental parasite of honey bee (Apis mellifera), no studies have been reported on their comparison with any commonly used varroicides in commercial bee colonies. In this study we compared the effectiveness of lithium chloride to that of oxalic acid, a widely used miticide. The results of the present study confirm that lithium has superior efficacy to oxalic acid sublimation both as a main or a supplementary pre-wintering treatment at moderate infestation levels, restricted to certain pre-wintering conditions. Considering its easy implementation in apicultural practice and its twofold mode of action, trickling would be the preferred way of administration after the use of lithium salts as varroicides is authorised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kolics
- 1Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Festetics u. 7, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
- 2Kolics Apiaries, Balatonszentgyörgy and Bolhó, Balatonszentgyörgy, Hungary
| | - András Specziár
- 3Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - János Taller
- 1Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Festetics u. 7, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Kinga Klára Mátyás
- 1Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Festetics u. 7, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kolics
- 1Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Festetics u. 7, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
- 2Kolics Apiaries, Balatonszentgyörgy and Bolhó, Balatonszentgyörgy, Hungary
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Sharma S, Singh K. Oral Disintegrating Tablets - An Updated Patent Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 14:166-190. [PMID: 33231150 DOI: 10.2174/1872211314999201123202930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current Development in drug delivery system has been employed with an endeavour to enhance the bioavailability of the drug, mask its taste, induce the rapid onset of action and improve patient compliance. An alternative approach to the conventional dosage form is being employed to triumph over all these issues named as Orodispersible system. Over the past three decades, this novel dosage form has gained considerable attention as compared to other conventional solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules. ODTs dissolve or disintegrate within a few seconds or a minute when put on the tongue, without the need for water. ODT has an advantageous effect on paediatrics and geriatrics patients with dysphagia. Over the last decade, widespread advances in the formulation of ODTs have been executed in academia and industry that resulted in the emergence of a large number of patents. Products developed from ODT mechanics launched in the market in the 1980s have grown bit by bit in demand and their products are rapidly escalating. Expanding in the technology forum based on industrialization, these systems include the use of lyophilization, cotton candy, sublimation, melt extrusion and direct compression in addition to the conventional wet granulation processes and patent techniques. The present study focused on non-patent and patent citations concerning ODT along with active ingredients, techniques used and results of the innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Resarch Scholar. IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar- Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
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Nowak D, Jakubczyk E. The Freeze-Drying of Foods-The Characteristic of the Process Course and the Effect of Its Parameters on the Physical Properties of Food Materials. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101488. [PMID: 33080983 PMCID: PMC7603155 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is a process in which water in the form of ice under low pressure is removed from a material by sublimation. This process has found many applications for the production of high quality food and pharmaceuticals. The main steps of the freeze-drying process, such as the freezing of the product and primary and secondary drying, are described in this paper. The problems and mechanisms of each step of the freeze-drying process are also analyzed. The methods necessary for the selection of the primary and secondary end processes are characterized. The review contains a description of the effects of process conditions and the selected physical properties of freeze-dried materials, such as structural properties (shrinkage and density porosity), color, and texture. The study shows that little attention is given to the mechanical properties and texture of freeze-dried materials obtained from different conditions of the lyophilization process.
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Camposeo A, D'Elia F, Portone A, Matino F, Archimi M, Conti S, Fiori G, Pisignano D, Persano L. Naturally Degradable Photonic Devices with Transient Function by Heterostructured Waxy-Sublimating and Water-Soluble Materials. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2001594. [PMID: 33101861 PMCID: PMC7578881 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combined dry-wet transient materials and devices are introduced, which are based on water-dissolvable dye-doped polymers layered onto nonpolar cyclic hydrocarbon sublimating substrates. Light-emitting heterostructures showing amplified spontaneous emission are obtained on transient elements and used as illumination sources for speckle-free, full-field imaging, and transient optical labels are realized that incorporate QR-codes with stably encoded information. The transient behavior is also studied at the microscopic scale, highlighting the real-time evolution of material domains in the sublimating compound. Finally, the exhausted components are fully soluble in water thus being naturally degradable. This technology opens new and versatile routes for environmental sensing, storage conditions monitoring, and organic photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camposeo
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
- NESTScuola Normale SuperiorePiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Francesca D'Elia
- NESTScuola Normale SuperiorePiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Alberto Portone
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
- NESTScuola Normale SuperiorePiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Francesca Matino
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
- NESTScuola Normale SuperiorePiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Matteo Archimi
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di PisaLargo B. Pontecorvo 3PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Silvia Conti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'InformazioneUniversità di PisaVia Caruso 16PisaI‐ 56122Italy
| | - Gianluca Fiori
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'InformazioneUniversità di PisaVia Caruso 16PisaI‐ 56122Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di PisaLargo B. Pontecorvo 3PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Luana Persano
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
- NESTScuola Normale SuperiorePiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
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Nejat F, Jadidi K, Pirhadi S, Adnani SY, Nabavi NS, Nejat MA. A Novel Approach to Treatment of Conjunctival Cyst Ablation Using Atmospheric Low-Temperature Plasma. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:2525-2532. [PMID: 32943834 PMCID: PMC7468540 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s265032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Introducing a new technique to remove the conjunctival cyst using atmospheric low-temperature plasma (ALTP) and assessing its effectiveness. Patients and Methods Five eyes with conjunctival cysts were included in this study. The procedure was started by applying a plasma spot on the highest point of the cyst, and then other spots were spirally applied to the base of the cyst to debulk it. The conjunctival cysts were removed using the white handpiece of the plasma generator device (Plexr, GMV s.r.l Grottaferrata, Italy). Refraction, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), contrast sensitivity (CS), aberrometry, dry eye tests, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire were measured before, one and six months after treatment. Results The mean size of the cysts was 3.6 mm (range 2.1 to 4.8 mm). No intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed. Postoperative examinations showed that the patients’ cysts were completely healed and recurrence did not occur. Significant changes in visual parameters, IOP, CS, aberrometry and dry eye tests were not observed in the follow-up periods after treatment compared to before. OSDI score decreased after cyst removal. Conclusion Our recommended technique using ALTP can be used as a new approach to treating conjunctival cysts. This technique is a simple, office-based, minimally invasive, effective and inexpensive way to remove a cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nejat
- Vision Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Khosrow Jadidi
- Vision Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shiva Pirhadi
- Vision Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nazanin-Sadat Nabavi
- Vision Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Nejat
- Vision Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Matsumura K, Kawase K, Takeya K. Observation of sublimation of ice using terahertz spectroscopy. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:192083. [PMID: 33047009 PMCID: PMC7540754 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have investigated the phase change of water, few have focused on the sublimation of ice. This study revealed that ice sublimation can be observed using terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. From measurements in the range of 210-270 K, the sublimation was observed over the entire temperature range and the rate of sublimation was increased proportionally with temperature. Particularly on a time scale of a few hundred minutes, the sublimation progresses visibly above 250 K. Above a certain temperature, the absorption coefficient increased during sublimation. These findings suggest that an interesting phenomenon may occur in the phase change of water at sub-zero temperatures, indicating that THz spectroscopy would be useful for measuring water and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kei Takeya
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Franzè S, Selmin F, Rocco P, Colombo G, Casiraghi A, Cilurzo F. Preserving the Integrity of Liposomes Prepared by Ethanol Injection upon Freeze-Drying: Insights from Combined Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experimental Data. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060530. [PMID: 32526935 PMCID: PMC7356173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The freeze-drying of complex formulations, such as liposomes, is challenging, particularly if dispersions contain residual organic solvents. This work aimed to investigate the effects of possible protectants, namely sucrose, trehalose and/or poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), on the main features of the dried product using a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)-based liposomal dispersion prepared by ethanol injection and containing ethanol up to 6%, as a model. The interactions among vesicles and protectants were preliminary screened by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, which have been proved useful in rationalizing the selection of protectant(s). The freeze-drying protocol was based on calorimetric results. Overall data suggested a stronger cryo-protectant effect of trehalose, compared with sucrose, due to stronger interactions with the DPPC bilayer and the formation of highly ordered clusters around the lipids. The effect further improved in the presence of PVP. Differently from the other tested protectants, the selected trehalose/PVP combination allows to preserve liposome size, even in the presence of 6% ethanol, as demonstrated by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Nevertheless, it should be also underlined that cakes blew out at an ethanol concentration higher than 1% v/v, probably due to the poor cohesion within the cake and solvent vapour pressure upon sublimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzè
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (P.R.); (A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Selmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (P.R.); (A.C.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-24645
| | - Paolo Rocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (P.R.); (A.C.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Antonella Casiraghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (P.R.); (A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (P.R.); (A.C.); (F.C.)
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Červinka C, Štejfa V. Sublimation Properties of α,ω-Diamines Revisited from First-Principles Calculations. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1184-1194. [PMID: 32243713 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sublimation enthalpies of alkane-α,ω-diamines exhibit an odd-even pattern within their homologous series. First-principles calculations coupled with the quasi-harmonic approximation for crystals and with the conformation mixing model for the ideal gas are used to explain this phenomenon from the theoretical point of view. Crystals of the odd and even alkane-α,ω-diamines distinctly differ in their packing motifs. However, first-principles calculations indicate that it is a delicate interplay of the cohesive forces, phonons, molecular vibrations and conformational equilibrium which governs the odd-even pattern of the sublimation enthalpies within the homologous series. High molecular flexibility of the alkane-α,ω-diamines predetermines higher sensitivity of the computational model to the quality of the optimized geometries and relative conformational energies. Performance of high-throughput computational methods, such as the density functional tight binding (DFTB, GFN2-xTB) and the explicitly correlated dispersion-corrected Møller-Plesset perturbative method (MP2C-F12), are benchmarked against the consistent state-of-the-art calculations of conformational energies and interaction energies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Štejfa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Liu H, Yu J, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Xiong G, Zeng L, Li H, Liu Z, Zhao L, Wang J, Chu B, Liu H, Zhou W. One-Step Sublimation and Epitaxial Growth of CdS-Cd Heterogeneous Nanoparticles on S-Doped MoO 2 Nanosheets for Efficient Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic H 2 Generation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:2362-2369. [PMID: 31846290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a green, pollution-free, and renewable clean energy source, photocatalytic H2 production has attracted great attention. Here, epitaxial growth of pyramidal CdS-Cd nanoparticles on S-doped MoO2 nanosheets (CdS-Cd/S-MoO2) was prepared by one-step co-sublimation of CdS and MoO3. The photogenerated electrons of CdS as a photocatalyst are transferred to Cd and S-MoO2 as co-catalysts for H2 production, which is observed by surface photovoltage (SPV) under visible light irradiation. At last, the obtained CdS-Cd/S-MoO2 presented an efficient photocatalytic performance under the visible light (>420 nm) with a prominent H2 generation rate of as high as 24.98 μmol h-1 mg-1, which is 11 times higher than that of the CdS-Cd nanoparticles (2.26 μmol h-1 mg-1), and it is superior than that of the CdS (1.51 μmol h-1 mg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering , South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Yuke Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Ziqian Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Guowei Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Lili Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Haidong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Jingang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Benli Chu
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering , South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR) , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , P. R. China
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Ellefsen OM, Arzig M, Steiner J, Wellmann P, Runde P. Optimization of the SiC Powder Source Material for Improved Process Conditions During PVT Growth of SiC Boules. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3272. [PMID: 31597332 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the influence of different SiC powder size distributions and the sublimation behavior during physical vapor transport growth of SiC in a 75 mm and 100 mm crystal processing configuration. The evolution of the source material as well as of the crystal growth interface was carried out using in situ 3D X-ray computed tomography (75 mm crystals) and in situ 2D X-ray visualization (100 mm crystals). Beside the SiC powder size distribution, the source materials differed in the maximum packaging density and thermal properties. In this latter case of the highest packaging density, the in situ X-ray studies revealed an improved growth interface stability that enabled a much longer crystal growth process. During process time, the sublimation-recrystallization behavior showed a much smoother morphology change and slower materials consumption, as well as a much more stable shape of the growth interface than in the cases of the less dense SiC source. By adapting the size distribution of the SiC source material we achieved to significantly enhance stable growth conditions.
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Pacheco-Londoño LC, Ruiz-Caballero JL, Ramírez-Cedeño ML, Infante-Castillo R, Gálan-Freyle NJ, Hernández-Rivera SP. Surface Persistence of Trace Level Deposits of Highly Energetic Materials. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193494. [PMID: 31561514 PMCID: PMC6804148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fields of Security and Defense, explosive traces must be analyzed at the sites of the terrorist events. The persistence on surfaces of these traces depends on the sublimation processes and the interactions with the surfaces. This study presents evidence that the sublimation process of these traces on stainless steel (SS) surfaces is very different than in bulk quantities. The enthalpies of sublimation of traces of four highly energetic materials: triacetone triperoxide (TATP), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 1,3,5- trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX) deposited on SS substrates were determined by optical fiber coupled-grazing angle probe Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. These were compared with enthalpies of sublimation determined by thermal gravimetric analysis for bulk amounts and differences between them were found. The sublimation enthalpy of RDX was very different for traces than for bulk quantities, attributed to two main factors. First, the beta-RDX phase was present at trace levels, unlike the case of bulk amounts which consisted only of the alpha-RDX phase. Second, an interaction between the RDX and SS was found. This interaction energy was determined using grazing angle FTIR microscopy. In the case of DNT and TNT, bulk and traces enthalpies were statistically similar, but it is evidenced that at the level of traces a metastable phase was observed. Finally, for TATP the enthalpies were statistically identical, but a non-linear behavior and a change of heat capacity values different from zero was found for both trace and bulk phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C Pacheco-Londoño
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, 080020 Atlantico, Colombia.
| | - José L Ruiz-Caballero
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
- Joseph Smith & Sons Inc., Capitol Heights, MD 20743, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Michael L Ramírez-Cedeño
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
| | | | - Nataly J Gálan-Freyle
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, 080020 Atlantico, Colombia.
| | - Samuel P Hernández-Rivera
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
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Nozaki K, Nakabayashi Y, Murakami T, Miyazato A, Osaka I. Novel approach to enhance sensitivity in surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging using deposited organic-inorganic hybrid matrices. J Mass Spectrom 2019; 54:612-619. [PMID: 31070274 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment is key to obtaining good data in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). Although sublimation is one of the best methods for obtaining homogenously fine organic matrix crystals, its sensitivity can be low due to the lack of a solvent extraction effect. We investigated the effect of incorporating a thin film of metal formed by zirconium (Zr) sputtering into the sublimation process for MALDI matrix deposition for improving the detection sensitivity in mouse liver tissue sections treated with olanzapine. The matrix-enhanced surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ME-SALDI) method, where a matrix was formed by sputtering Zr to form a thin nanoparticle layer before depositing MALDI organic matrix comprising α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) by sublimation, resulted in a significant improvement in sensitivity, with the ion intensity of olanzapine being about 1800 times that observed using the MALDI method, comprising CHCA sublimation alone. When Zr sputtering was performed after CHCA deposition, however, no such enhancement in sensitivity was observed. The enhanced sensitivity due to Zr sputtering was also observed when the CHCA solution was applied by spraying, being about twice as high as that observed by CHCA spraying alone. In addition, the detection sensitivity of these various pretreatment methods was similar for endogenous glutathione. Given that sample preparation using the ME-SALDI-MSI method, which combines Zr sputtering with the sublimation method for depositing an organic matrix, does not involve a solvent, delocalization problems such as migration of analytes observed after matrix spraying and washing with aqueous solutions as sample pretreatment are not expected. Therefore, ME-Zr-SALDI-MSI is a novel sample pretreatment method that can improve the sensitivity of analytes while maintaining high spatial resolution in MALDI-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Nozaki
- Bioimaging, Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs. Drug Discovery research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakabayashi
- Center for Nano Material and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Murakami
- Center for Nano Material and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Akio Miyazato
- Center for Nano Material and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Issey Osaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu-City, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
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Lee YJ, Weeks BL. Investigation of Size-Dependent Sublimation Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Micro-Islands Using In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101895. [PMID: 31108849 PMCID: PMC6572314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic thermal analysis was conducted using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) at a temperature range of 15–25 °C to calculate the activation energy of the sublimation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) islands. The decay of different diameter ranges (600–1600 nm) of TNT islands was imaged at various temperatures isothermally such that an activation energy could be obtained. The activation energy of the sublimation of TNT increases as the diameter of islands increases. It was found that the coarsening and the sublimation rate of TNT islands can be determined by the local environment of the TNT surface. This result demonstrates that a diffusion model cannot be simply applied to “real world” systems for explaining the sublimation behavior and for estimating the coarsening of TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Brandon L Weeks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Li J, Wang Z, Li Y, Deepak FL. In Situ Atomic-Scale Observation of Kinetic Pathways of Sublimation in Silver Nanoparticles. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1802131. [PMID: 31016119 PMCID: PMC6468973 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering kinetics of sublimation atomically is critical to understanding both natural phenomena and advanced manufacturing technologies. Here, direct in situ atomic-scale observations to understand the effects of size, surface, and defects in the sublimation process of supported silver nanoparticles upon heating within an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy are conducted. Atomic-scale evidence to sublimation and atomic rearrangement in small Ag nanoparticles during heating is provided, and it is demonstrated that the sublimation-induced stable surfaces in the particles with a size smaller than ≈30 nm are {111} and {100} planes. The role of surface energy and defects in the uniform and nonuniform sublimation pathways at the atomic scale is also revealed, and it is found that the nanoparticles with low surface energy tend to undergo a uniform sublimation pathway, while those with high surface energy or five-fold twin grain boundary proceed via a nonuniform sublimation pathway. Further dynamic analysis unravels a critical size of ≈8 nm for the transformation from linear to nonlinear sublimation rates in the two pathways. These findings demonstrate that the size, shape, and defects are of paramount importance for the sublimation dynamics in the first-order phase transformation, helping to advance the general understanding of many technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Nanostructured Materials Group Department of Advanced Electron Microscopy Imaging and Spectroscopy International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga Braga 4715-330 Portugal
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- Department of Quantum and Energy Materials International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga Braga 4715-330 Portugal
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Yunping Li
- State Key Lab for Powder Metallurgy Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Francis Leonard Deepak
- Nanostructured Materials Group Department of Advanced Electron Microscopy Imaging and Spectroscopy International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga Braga 4715-330 Portugal
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O’Rourke MB, Smith CC, De La Monte SM, Sutherland GT, Padula MP. Higher Mass Accuracy MALDI-TOF/TOF Lipid Imaging of Human Brain Tissue in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 2019; 126:e86. [PMID: 30735313 PMCID: PMC10867813 DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is a well-established technique for elucidating the location and relative abundance of a range of biomolecules. More recently, research into this technique has shifted from simple discovery and demonstration of utility to application in biomedical research. Here, we describe a protocol utilizing MALDI-IMS for the spatial mapping of lipids in brain tissue from normal human brains and brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease, in the context of Alzheimer's disease. Improved accuracy calibration of the instrument from the tissue surface is emphasized, as this allows for significantly improved mass determination in time of flight (TOF)-based instruments enabling more confident preliminary lipid identification. This improved initial result allows MALDI-IMS data to be complemented with additional instrumentation, such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry workflows or specialized non-TOF systems such as Fourier transform cyclotron resonance instruments. This method is not limited to human tissue and can be applied to virtually any lipid-rich formalin-fixed tissue. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. O’Rourke
- Sydney Mass Spectrometry, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caine C. Smith
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne M. De La Monte
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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41
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Hikal WM, Weeks BL. Non-Isothermal Sublimation Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Nanofilms. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061163. [PMID: 30909608 PMCID: PMC6471548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-isothermal sublimation kinetics of low-volatile materials is more favorable over isothermal data when time is a crucial factor to be considered, especially in the subject of detecting explosives. In this article, we report on the in-situ measurements of the sublimation activation energy for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) continuous nanofilms in air using rising-temperature UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy at different heating rates. The TNT films were prepared by the spin coating deposition technique. For the first time, the most widely used procedure to determine sublimation rates using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was followed in this work using UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The sublimation kinetics were analyzed using three well-established calculating techniques. The non-isothermal based activation energy values using the Ozawa, Flynn–Wall, and Kissinger models were 105.9 ± 1.4 kJ mol−1, 102.1 ± 2.7 kJ mol−1, and 105.8 ± 1.6 kJ mol−1, respectively. The calculated activation energy agreed well with our previously reported isothermally-measured value for TNT nanofilms using UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The results show that the well-established non-isothermal analytical techniques can be successfully applied at a nanoscale to determine sublimation kinetics using absorbance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Hikal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Australian College of Kuwait, Safat 13015, Kuwait.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
| | - Brandon L Weeks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Giese CC, King HE, van den Ende MP, Plümper O, ten Kate IL, Tielens AG. In Situ Nanoscale Investigation of Step Retreat on Fluoranthene Crystal Surfaces. ACS Earth Space Chem 2018; 2:1301-1311. [PMID: 30662975 PMCID: PMC6326534 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluoranthene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has been detected on Earth as well as in asteroids and meteorites and may have played a role in the formation of life. Increasing the ionic strength of aqueous solutions has been observed to lower the fluoranthene solubility, but it is unclear how solution composition controls the release rate of fluoranthene to an aqueous solution. To elucidate this, we performed in situ atomic force microscopy experiments in which we characterized the sublimation and dissolution behavior of fluoranthene crystal surfaces. From this, we quantify the step retreat rate upon exposure to air, deionized water, and a 0.4 M NaCl or 0.1 M MgSO4 solution. Surface roughness is the main factor that determines the dissolution or sublimation rate. The results imply that during fluoranthene remediation or breakdown in meteorites and asteroids, ionic strength will be more important than chemical composition for controlling fluoranthene release into solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia-Corina Giese
- Leiden
Observatory, Faculty of Science, Leiden
University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen E. King
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P.A. van den Ende
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Géoazur, Université Côte
d’Azur, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Oliver Plümper
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Loes ten Kate
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kawasaki H, Shimanouchi T, Yamamoto M, Takahashi K, Kimura Y. Scale-Up Procedure for Primary Drying Process in Lyophilizer by Using the Vial Heat Transfer and the Drying Resistance. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:1048-1056. [PMID: 30381657 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to design primary drying conditions in a production lyophilizer based on a pilot lyophilizer. Although the shelf temperature and the chamber pressure need to be designed to maintain the sublimation interface temperature of the formulation below the collapse temperature, it is difficult to utilize a production lyophilizer to optimize cycle parameters for manufacturing. In this report, we assumed that the water vapor transfer resistance (Rp) in the pilot lyophilizer can be used in the commercial lyophilizer without any correction, under the condition where both lyophilizers were operated in the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtrated airflow condition. The shelf temperature and the drying time for the commercial manufacturing were designed based on the maximum Rp value calculated from the pilot lyophilizer (1008 vials) under HEPA-filtrated airflow condition and from the vial heat transfer coefficient of the production lyophilizer (6000 vials). And, the cycle parameters were verified using the production lyophilizer of 60000 vials. It was therefore concluded that the operation of lab- or pilot-scale lyophilizer under HEPA-filtrated airflow condition was one of important factors for the scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University.,Formulation R&D Center, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | | | - Masaharu Yamamoto
- Production Planning Department, Manufacturing Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | | | - Yukitaka Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
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Peng L, Li J, Peng S, Yi C, Jiang F. The crystal-form transition behaviours and morphology changes in a polyamide 6 cyclic dimer. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180957. [PMID: 30564398 PMCID: PMC6281911 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of pure α- and β-form of the cyclic dimer (1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione) were systematically and integrally investigated during this study. The results showed that the α-form could dissolve and rapidly transform into the β-form in methanol, and in caprolactam solution at a lower temperature, an interesting transition occurred and formed co-precipitates, which refract colourful light under PLM. However, these dimers can aggregate in water, and they are then transformed into multi-slice layers and compact structures. The detailed transition behaviours between the two forms were further measured by FT-IR, XRD and DSC by varying the temperature from 25°C to 360°C, respectively, which showed that there are two endothermic transitions over the course of the heating programme. At a temperature of approximately 242°C, the β crystals were initially converted into α crystals, and then they melted when the temperature reached over 345°C. A video recorded under a light microscope also showed that the sublimation of the β cyclic dimer occurred after the transition. However, the α-form might sublimate at temperatures lower than 150°C when mixed with volatile matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Resources Processing and Advanced Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Resources Processing and Advanced Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunwang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Resources Processing and Advanced Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, People's Republic of China
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45
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Evzonas N. Achilles: A Homeric hero enamoured with the absolute. Int J Psychoanal 2018; 99:1165-1185. [PMID: 33951794 DOI: 10.1080/00207578.2018.1490483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This article explores through a psychoanalytical lens the character of Achilles in Homer's Iliad, the matrix behind the Western conception of heroism. The contribution reveals the psychological link binding the words and acts of the most valiant of warriors in Antiquity, which is situated in myth and termed "the Eros of the absolute." The paroxystic ideality underlying the aforementioned myth, which is rooted in the anthropological need to believe, is at the origin of Achilles' legendary μῆνις, that is, the flood of rage triggered by contests for supremacy, aggravated by the loss of his war comrade, aroused by the drama of aging and death, and then transfigured through song and memory. The main claim of the author is that Iliad, despite its seeming lack of attention to interiority, is launched by the archetypal emotion of wrath and owes its appeal to its hero's embrace of heroic idealism in an excessive, radical and absolute way that results in a captivating narcissism and sadomasochistic antithesis of ideality. This argument leads to the conclusion that Homer is the Father of the "primitive horde" of affects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Evzonas
- CRPMS (Centre de Recherche Psychanalyse Médecine et Société) [Centre for Research on Psychoanalysis Medicine and Society] 8, rue Albert Einstein, 75013 Paris, France
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46
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Franzé S, Selmin F, Samaritani E, Minghetti P, Cilurzo F. Lyophilization of Liposomal Formulations: Still Necessary, Still Challenging. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E139. [PMID: 30154315 PMCID: PMC6161153 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the freeze-drying of liposome dispersions is still necessary to provide a solid dosage form intended for different routes of administration (i.e., parenteral, oral, nasal and/or pulmonary). However, after decades of studies the optimization of process conditions remains still challenging since the freezing and the dehydration destabilize the vesicle organization with the concomitant drug leakage. Starting from the thermal properties of phospholipids, this work reviews the main formulation and process parameters which can guarantee a product with suitable characteristics and increase the efficiency of the manufacturing process. In particular, an overview of the cryo- and/or lyo-protective mechanisms of several excipients and the possible use of co-solvent mixtures is provided. Attention is also focused on the imaging methods recently proposed to characterize the appearance of freeze-dried products and liposome dispersions upon reconstitution. The combination of such data would allow a better knowledge of the factors causing inter-vials variability in the attempt to improve the quality of the final medicinal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Francesca Selmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Elena Samaritani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy.
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47
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Hall VM, Bertke JA, Swift JA. A new polymorph of 2,6-diaminopyridine. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2017; 73:990-993. [PMID: 29111531 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229617014978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Diaminopyridine (26-DAP, C5H7N3) is a common intermediate in the synthesis of aromatic azo chromophores, which are widespread in the dyes and pigments industry. Sublimation of commercial 26-DAP powder yielded a new polymorph, denoted Form II, which grew as colorless orthorhombic needles. Recrystallization from acetone or toluene also yielded Form II as the major phase. Thermal analysis shows that Form II is a less stable polymorph and it converts upon heating at 335 K to the previously reported Form I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Sts NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Sts NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jennifer A Swift
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Sts NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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48
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Graeber G, Schutzius TM, Eghlidi H, Poulikakos D. Spontaneous self-dislodging of freezing water droplets and the role of wettability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11040-5. [PMID: 28973877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705952114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous removal of liquid, solidifying liquid and solid forms of matter from surfaces, is of significant importance in nature and technology, where it finds applications ranging from self-cleaning to icephobicity and to condensation systems. However, it is a great challenge to understand fundamentally the complex interaction of rapidly solidifying, typically supercooled, droplets with surfaces, and to harvest benefit from it for the design of intrinsically icephobic materials. Here we report and explain an ice removal mechanism that manifests itself simultaneously with freezing, driving gradual self-dislodging of droplets cooled via evaporation and sublimation (low environmental pressure) or convection (atmospheric pressure) from substrates. The key to successful self-dislodging is that the freezing at the droplet free surface and the droplet contact area with the substrate do not occur simultaneously: The frozen phase boundary moves inward from the droplet free surface toward the droplet-substrate interface, which remains liquid throughout most of the process and freezes last. We observe experimentally, and validate theoretically, that the inward motion of the phase boundary near the substrate drives a gradual reduction in droplet-substrate contact. Concurrently, the droplet lifts from the substrate due to its incompressibility, density differences, and the asymmetric freezing dynamics with inward solidification causing not fully frozen mass to be displaced toward the unsolidified droplet-substrate interface. Depending on surface topography and wetting conditions, we find that this can lead to full dislodging of the ice droplet from a variety of engineered substrates, rendering the latter ice-free.
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49
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Evzonas N. Achilles: A Homeric hero enamoured with the absolute. Int J Psychoanal 2017. [PMID: 28731199 DOI: 10.1111/1745-8315.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article explores through a psychoanalytical lens the character of Achilles in Homer's Iliad, the matrix behind the Western conception of heroism. The contribution reveals the psychological link binding the words and acts of the most valiant of warriors in Antiquity, which is situated in myth and termed "the Eros of the absolute." The paroxystic ideality underlying the aforementioned myth, which is rooted in the anthropological need to believe, is at the origin of Achilles' legendary μῆνις, that is, the flood of rage triggered by contests for supremacy, aggravated by the loss of his war comrade, aroused by the drama of aging and death, and then transfigured through song and memory. The main claim of the author is that Iliad, despite its seeming lack of attention to interiority, is launched by the archetypal emotion of wrath and owes its appeal to its hero's embrace of heroic idealism in an excessive, radical and absolute way that results in a captivating narcissism and sadomasochistic antithesis of ideality. This argument leads to the conclusion that Homer is the Father of the "primitive horde" of affects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Evzonas
- CRPMS (Centre de Recherche Psychanalyse, Médecine et Société) [Centre for Research on Psychoanalysis, Medicine and Society] 8, rue Albert Einstein, 75013, Paris, France
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50
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He LB, Zhang L, Tan XD, Tang LP, Xu T, Zhou YL, Ren ZY, Wang Y, Teng CY, Sun LT, Nie JF. Surface Energy and Surface Stability of Ag Nanocrystals at Elevated Temperatures and Their Dominance in Sublimation-Induced Shape Evolution. Small 2017; 13:1700743. [PMID: 28556596 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The surface energy and surface stability of Ag nanocrystals (NCs) are under debate because the measurable values of the surface energy are very inconsistent, and the indices of the observed thermally stable surfaces are apparently in conflict. To clarify this issue, a transmission electron microscope is used to investigate these problems in situ with elaborately designed carbon-shell-capsulated Ag NCs. It is demonstrated that the {111} surfaces are still thermally stable at elevated temperatures, and the victory of the formation of {110} surfaces over {111} surfaces on the Ag NCs during sublimation is due to the special crystal geometry. It is found that the Ag NCs behave as quasiliquids during sublimation, and the cubic NCs represent a featured shape evolution, which is codetermined by both the wetting equilibrium at the Ag-C interface and the relaxation of the system surface energy. Small Ag NCs (≈10 nm) no longer maintain the wetting equilibrium observed in larger Ag NCs, and the crystal orientations of ultrafine Ag NCs (≈6 nm) can rotate to achieve further shape relaxation. Using sublimation kinetics, the mean surface energy of Ag NCs at 1073 K is calculated to be 1.1-1.3 J m-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Bing He
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of MOE, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of MOE, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Tan
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of MOE, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Ping Tang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of MOE, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of MOE, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Long Zhou
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of MOE, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Yong Ren
- China Aero-Polytechnology Establishment, Beijing, 100028, P. R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- China Aero-Polytechnology Establishment, Beijing, 100028, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yu Teng
- China Aero-Polytechnology Establishment, Beijing, 100028, P. R. China
| | - Li-Tao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of MOE, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Feng Nie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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