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Bushmanova EA, Lyudinina AY. [Contemporary approaches to the assessment of energy intake and energy expenditure in athletes]. Vopr Pitan 2023; 92:16-27. [PMID: 38198402 DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2023-92-5-16-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessment and interpreting of the energy expenditure (EE) in highly skilled athletes are important components of an effective training and performance prediction. Each component of EE (resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and physical activity energy expenditure) is closely related to dietary patterns, the intensity and duration of physical activity, as well as a number of other factors that affect the functional state of athletes. Despite the importance of EE in the training process, coaches and athletes often do not take EE into account, which reduces the objectivity of assessing athletes' functional state. The purpose of this research was to summarize the recent information on the structure of EE and energy consumption in athletes. Material and methods. The search and analysis of publications was carried out using the PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY databases, mainly for the last 10 years, using the search keywords: rest energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, total energy expenditure, athletes. Results. This overview includes information on the components of total energy expenditure, such as rest energy expenditure, thermic effect of food and physical activity energy expenditure, as well as generalized information on the factors affecting the variability of their values and methods for assessing one or another type of energy expenditure. International nutritional recommendations regarding the level of physical activity of athletes are systematized, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of methods for studying energy consumption and total energy expenditure are presented. Conclusion. Combined study of energy intake and energy expenditure will help athletes avoid the negative impact of energy deficiency on performance, and the correct construction of the training process with the maintenance of adequate energy consumption will have a positive impact on the performance and recovery processes after intensive physical exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bushmanova
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982, Syktyvkar, Russian Federation
| | - A Yu Lyudinina
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982, Syktyvkar, Russian Federation
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2
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Miles-Chan JL, Harper ME. Deconstructing Interindividual Variability in Energy Metabolism: Implications for Metabolic Health. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023. [PMID: 37315156 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00060.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A person's metabolic rate corresponds to the whole-body level sum of all oxidative reactions occurring on the cellular level. The energy expenditure (EE) can be categorized into various essential and facultative processes. In sedentary adults, basal metabolic rate is the largest contributor to total daily EE, and interindividual variability can be significant. Additional EE to support facultative processes corresponds to digesting and metabolizing food; thermoregulatory adaptation to cold; and to supporting exercise and non-exercise body movements. Interindividual variability also exists for facultative EE processes, even after controlling for known factors. The complex mechanisms of interindividual variability in EE can have genetic and environmental origins and require further investigation. Exploration of interindividual variability in EE and its underlying factors holds importance to metabolic health, as it may predict disease risk, and be useful in the personalisation of preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge; Riddet Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) for Food and Nutrition, Auckland, (State), New Zealand
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Basolo A, Magno S, Santini F, Ceccarini G. Ketogenic Diet and Weight Loss: Is There an Effect on Energy Expenditure? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091814. [PMID: 35565778 PMCID: PMC9105638 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) lead to biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the counterpart. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate fuel supply in variable life contexts. In the past decades, researchers focused their attention on finding efficient strategies to fight the obesity pandemic. The ketogenic or “keto” diet (KD) gained substantial consideration as a potential weight-loss strategy, whereby the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and the activity of ketogenic enzymes. It has been hypothesized that during the first phase of KDs when glucose utilization is still prevalent, an increase in EE may occur, due to increased hepatic oxygen consumption for gluconeogenesis and for triglyceride-fatty acid recycling. Later, a decrease in 24-h EE may ensue due to the slowing of gluconeogenesis and increase in fatty acid oxidation, with a reduction of the respiratory quotient and possibly the direct action of additional hormonal signals.
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Franco Estrada YM, Caldas APS, da Silva A, Bressan J. Effects of acute and chronic nuts consumption on energy metabolism: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 73:296-306. [PMID: 34607514 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1984401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuts are high-energy density foods and are associated with beneficial effects on health, including weight control. Effects on resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, and diet-induced thermogenesis are suggested mechanisms behind the effects of nuts consumption on weight control. Thus, we revised the randomised clinical trials that assessed acute and chronic nuts consumption effects on energy metabolism. Walnuts (22.1 g to 56 g) consumption appears to modulate energy metabolism markers differently depending on the dose and profile of the evaluated subject. In its turn, 56 g of high-oleic peanuts increased postprandial energy expenditure and thermic effect of food after three hours postprandial compared to consumption of conventional peanuts. Almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, and a mix of nuts were the nuts studies in the chronic studies, which does not seem to influence energy metabolism markers. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of other types of nuts consumption on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandra da Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Basolo A, Bechi Genzano S, Piaggi P, Krakoff J, Santini F. Energy Balance and Control of Body Weight: Possible Effects of Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:3276. [PMID: 34579152 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation of the energy equilibrium can be considered a dynamic process and variations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) cause biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the other part of the system. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate food supply in variable life contexts. The circadian rhythm plays a major role in systemic homeostasis by acting as “timekeeper” of the human body, under the control of central and peripheral clocks that regulate many physiological functions such as sleep, hunger and body temperature. Clock-associated biological processes anticipate the daily demands imposed by the environment, being synchronized under ideal physiologic conditions. Factors that interfere with the expected demand, including daily distribution of macronutrients, physical activity and light exposure, may disrupt the physiologic harmony between predicted and actual behavior. Such a desynchronization may favor the development of a wide range of disease-related processes, including obesity and its comorbidities. Evidence has been provided that the main components of 24-h EE may be affected by disruption of the circadian rhythm. The sleep pattern, meal timing and meal composition could mediate these effects. An increased understanding of the crosstalk between disruption of the circadian rhythm and energy balance may shed light on the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to design effective strategies to fight the obesity pandemic.
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Allerton TD, Carnero EA, Bock C, Corbin KD, Luyet PP, Smith SR, Ravussin E. Reliability of measurements of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation using whole-room indirect calorimetry. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1508-1515. [PMID: 34355521 PMCID: PMC9178907 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This analysis aimed to measure the intraparticipant reliability-the intraclass correlation coefficient-of all the components of daily energy expenditure (EE) (24-hour EE, sleep EE, resting EE, basal EE, and thermic effect of food) over a period of 3 consecutive days in 35 study participants. METHODS The components of daily EE and substrate use (respiratory exchange ratio) were measured over 3 consecutive days before and after a 3-week 1,000-kcal/d caloric restriction/weight-loss intervention. RESULTS There was a high degree of reliability for sleep EE (96.8%), 24-hour EE (97.8%), basal EE (90.6%), and resting EE (93.2%) during the run-in period. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the follow-up period after weight loss (3.67 ± 1.10 kg) remained high for sleep EE (95.6%), 24-hour EE (100%), basal EE (96.1%), and resting EE (92.5%). The minimal detectable differences in EE were reduced by 30% for both 24-hour EE and sleep EE when comparing 2 days versus 1 day spent in the whole-room indirect calorimeter. CONCLUSIONS The reliability of the daily components of EE is very high both prior to and after a weight-loss intervention. We here provide instrumental data for investigators to adequately power studies investigating energy metabolism using whole-room indirect calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Rust BM, Raatz SK, Casperson SL, Duke SE, Picklo MJ. Dietary Fat Chain Length, Saturation, and PUFA Source Acutely Affect Diet-Induced Thermogenesis but Not Satiety in Adults in a Randomized, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:2615. [PMID: 34444773 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural differences in dietary fatty acids modify their rate of oxidation and effect on satiety, endpoints that may influence the development of obesity. This study tests the hypothesis that meals containing fat sources with elevated unsaturated fats will result in greater postprandial energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and satiety than meals containing fats with greater saturation. In a randomized, 5-way crossover design, healthy men and women (n = 23; age: 25.7 ± 6.6 years; BMI: 27.7 ± 3.8 kg/m2) consumed liquid meals containing 30 g of fat from heavy cream (HC), olive oil (OO), sunflower oil (SFO), flaxseed oil (FSO), and fish oil (FO). Energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were determined by metabolic rate over a 240 min postprandial period. Serum concentrations of ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerol (TAG) were assessed. DIT induced by SFO was 5% lower than HC and FO (p = 0.04). Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation did not differ between fat sources. Postprandial TAG concentrations were significantly affected by fat source (p = 0.0001). Varying fat sources by the degree of saturation and PUFA type modified DIT but not satiety responses in normal to obese adult men and women.
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Mohr AE, Minicucci O, Long D, Miller VJ, Keller A, Sheridan C, O’brien G, Ward E, Schuler B, Connelly S, Holst JJ, Astrup A, He F, Gentile CL, Arciero PJ. Resistant Starch Combined with Whey Protein Increases Postprandial Metabolism and Lowers Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Adult Men. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030537. [PMID: 33807618 PMCID: PMC8000721 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) and/or protein consumption favorably influence energy metabolism, substrate utilization, and weight management. The current study administered four different versions of a pancake breakfast containing waxy maize or RS with and without whey protein (WP) and measured postprandial thermogenesis (TEM), fuel utilization, and circulating satiation and appetite factors for 180 min in a group of healthy, adult men. On four separate visits to the laboratory, eight participants were administered four different pancake breakfast meal challenges using a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) waxy maize starch (WMS) control; (2) WMS and WP (WMS + WP); (3) RS; or (4) RS and WP (RS + WP). TEM (kcals/180 min) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in RS + WP (45.11; confidence interval (CI), 33.81–56.41) compared to WMS (25.61; CI, 14.31–36.91), RS (29.44; CI, 18.14–40.74), and WMS + WP (24.64; CI, 13.34–35.94), respectively. Fat oxidation was enhanced (p < 0.05) after RS + WP compared to RS at 60 min (+23.10%), WMS at 120 min (+27.49%), and WMS and WMS + WP at 180 min (+35.76%; +17.31%, respectively), and RER was decreased with RS + WP versus the other three meals (mean differences: ≥−0.021). Insulin concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) following RS + WP compared to WMS, whereas both RS (−46.19%) and RS + WP (−53.05%) insulin area under the curve (AUC) were greatly reduced (p < 0.01) compared to WMS. While limited by sample size, meals containing both RS and WP increased postprandial thermogenesis and fat oxidation, and lowered insulin response compared to isocaloric meals without this combination. Therefore, RS + WP may favorably impact energy metabolism and thus weight control and body composition under chronic feeding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Mohr
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Olivia Minicucci
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Dale Long
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Vincent J. Miller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Allison Keller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Caitlin Sheridan
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Gabriel O’brien
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Emery Ward
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Brad Schuler
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Scott Connelly
- Scott Connelly Foundation, Corona Del Mar, Newport Beach, CA 92625, USA;
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Feng He
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - Christopher L. Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-580-5366; Fax: +1-518-580-8356
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Heenan KA, Carrillo AE, Fulton JL, Ryan EJ, Edsall JR, Rigopoulos D, Markofski MM, Flouris AD, Dinas PC. Effects of Nutrition/Diet on Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2752. [PMID: 32927664 PMCID: PMC7551565 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) provides a minor contribution to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)-the metabolic response to food consumption. Increased BAT activity is generally considered beneficial for mammalian metabolism and has been associated with favorable health outcomes. The aim of the current systematic review was to explore whether nutritional factors and/or diet affect human BAT activity. METHODS We searched PubMed Central, Embase and Cochrane Library (trials) to conduct this systematic review (PROSPERO protocol: CRD42018082323). RESULTS We included 24 eligible papers that studied a total of 2785 participants. We found no mean differences in standardized uptake value of BAT following a single meal or after 6 weeks of L-Arginine supplementation. Resting energy expenditure (REE), however, was increased following a single meal and after supplementation of capsinoid and catechin when compared to a control condition (Z = 2.41, p = 0.02; mean difference = 102.47 (95% CI = 19.28-185.67)). CONCLUSIONS Human BAT activity was not significantly affected by nutrition/diet. Moreover, REE was only increased in response to a single meal, but it is unlikely that this was due to increased BAT activity. BAT activity assessments in response to the chronic effect of food should be considered along with other factors such as body composition and/or environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Heenan
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Andres E. Carrillo
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Jacob L. Fulton
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Edward J. Ryan
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Jason R. Edsall
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Dimitrios Rigopoulos
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Petros C. Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
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Abstract
One of the fundamental challenges in obesity research is to identify subjects prone to weight gain so that obesity and its comorbidities can be promptly prevented or treated. The principles of thermodynamics as applied to human body energetics demonstrate that susceptibility to weight gain varies among individuals as a result of interindividual differences in energy expenditure and energy intake, two factors that counterbalance one another and determine daily energy balance and, ultimately, body weight change. This review focuses on the variability among individuals in human metabolism that determines weight change. Conflicting results have been reported about the role of interindividual differences in energy metabolism during energy balance in relation to future weight change. However, recent studies have shown that metabolic responses to acute, short-term dietary interventions that create energy imbalance, such as low-protein overfeeding or fasting for 24 hours, may reveal the underlying metabolic phenotype that determines the degree of resistance to diet-induced weight loss or the propensity to spontaneous weight gain over time. Metabolically "thrifty" individuals, characterized by a predilection for saving energy in settings of undernutrition and dietary protein restriction, display a minimal increase in plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 concentrations in response to a low-protein overfeeding diet and tend to gain more weight over time compared with metabolically "spendthrift" individuals. Similarly, interindividual variability in the causal relationship between energy expenditure and energy intake ("energy sensing") and in the metabolic response to cold exposure (e.g., brown adipose tissue activation) seems, to some extent, to be indicative of individual propensity to weight gain. Thus, an increased understanding and the clinical characterization of phenotypic differences in energy metabolism among individuals (metabolic profile) may lead to new strategies to prevent weight gain or improve weight-loss interventions by targeted therapies on the basis of metabolic phenotype and susceptibility to obesity in individual persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Piaggi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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11
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Limberg JK, Malterer KR, Matzek LJ, Levine JA, Charkoudian N, Miles JM, Joyner MJ, Curry TB. Resting sympathetic activity is associated with the sympathetically mediated component of energy expenditure following a meal. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/16/e13389. [PMID: 28867675 PMCID: PMC5582269 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with high plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels at rest have a smaller reduction in resting energy expenditure (REE) following β‐adrenergic blockade. If this finding extends to the response to a meal, it could have important implications for the role of the sympathetic nervous system in energy balance and weight gain. We hypothesized high muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) would be associated with a low sympathetically mediated component of energy expenditure following a meal. Fourteen young, healthy adults completed two visits randomized to continuous saline (control) or intravenous propranolol to achieve systemic β‐adrenergic blockade. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity and REE were measured (indirect calorimetry) followed by a liquid mixed meal (Ensure). Measures of energy expenditure continued every 30 min for 5 h after the meal and are reported as an area under the curve (AUC). Sympathetic support of energy expenditure was calculated as the difference between the AUC during saline and β‐blockade (AUCPropranolol–AUCSaline, β‐REE) and as a percent (%) of control (AUCPropranolol÷AUCSaline × 100). β‐REE was associated with baseline sympathetic activity, such that individuals with high resting MSNA (bursts/100 heart beats) and plasma NE had the greatest sympathetically mediated component of energy expenditure following a meal (MSNA: β‐REE R = −0.58, P = 0.03; %REE R = −0.56, P = 0.04; NE: β‐REE R = −0.55, P = 0.0535; %REE R = −0.54, P = 0.0552). Contrary to our hypothesis, high resting sympathetic activity is associated with a greater sympathetically mediated component of energy expenditure following a liquid meal. These findings may have implications for weight maintenance in individuals with varying resting sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke J Matzek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - James A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760
| | - John M Miles
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905.,Department of Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Timothy B Curry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 .,Department of Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
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Howell S, Kones R. "Calories in, calories out" and macronutrient intake: the hope, hype, and science of calories. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E608-E612. [PMID: 28765272 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00156.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the central tenets in obesity prevention and management is caloric restriction. This perspective presents salient features of how calories and energy balance matter, also called the "calories in, calories out" paradigm. Determinants of energy balance and relationships to dietary macronutrient content are reviewed. The rationale and features of the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis postulate that carbohydrate restriction confers a metabolic advantage. According to this model, a large amount of fat intake is enabled without weight gain. Evidence concerning this possibility is detailed. The relationship and application of the laws of thermodynamics are then clarified with current primary research. Strong data indicate that energy balance is not materially changed during isocaloric substitution of dietary fats for carbohydrates. Results from a number of sources refute both the theory and effectiveness of the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis. Instead, risk for obesity is primarily determined by total calorie intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Howell
- Tudor Bompa Institute, Kingsport, Tennessee; and
| | - Richard Kones
- The Cardiometabolic Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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Quatela A, Callister R, Patterson A, MacDonald-Wicks L. The Energy Content and Composition of Meals Consumed after an Overnight Fast and Their Effects on Diet Induced Thermogenesis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions. Nutrients. 2016;8. [PMID: 27792142 PMCID: PMC5133058 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review investigated the effects of differing energy intakes, macronutrient compositions, and eating patterns of meals consumed after an overnight fast on Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT). The initial search identified 2482 records; 26 papers remained once duplicates were removed and inclusion criteria were applied. Studies (n = 27) in the analyses were randomized crossover designs comparing the effects of two or more eating events on DIT. Higher energy intake increased DIT; in a mixed model meta-regression, for every 100 kJ increase in energy intake, DIT increased by 1.1 kJ/h (p < 0.001). Meals with a high protein or carbohydrate content had a higher DIT than high fat, although this effect was not always significant. Meals with medium chain triglycerides had a significantly higher DIT than long chain triglycerides (meta-analysis, p = 0.002). Consuming the same meal as a single bolus eating event compared to multiple small meals or snacks was associated with a significantly higher DIT (meta-analysis, p = 0.02). Unclear or inconsistent findings were found by comparing the consumption of meals quickly or slowly, and palatability was not significantly associated with DIT. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the increase in DIT is influenced by the energy intake, macronutrient composition, and eating pattern of the meal.
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Abstract
The thermic effect of food (TEF) is the well‐known concept in spite of its difficulty for measuring. The gold standard for evaluating the TEF is the difference in energy expenditure between fed and fasting states (ΔEE). Alternatively, energy expenditure at 0 activity (EE0) is estimated from the intercept of the linear relationship between energy expenditure and physical activity to eliminate activity thermogenesis from the measurement, and the TEF is calculated as the difference between EE0 and postabsorptive resting metabolic rate (RMR) or sleeping metabolic rate (SMR). However, the accuracy of the alternative methods has been questioned. To improve TEF estimation, we propose a novel method as our original TEF calculation method to calculate EE0 using integrated physical activity over a specific time interval. We aimed to identify which alternative methods of TEF calculation returns reasonable estimates, that is, positive value as well as estimates close to ΔEE. Seven men participated in two sessions (with and without breakfast) of whole‐body indirect calorimetry, and physical activity was monitored with a triaxial accelerometer. Estimates of TEF by three simplified methods were compared to ΔEE. ΔEE, EE0 above SMR, and our original method returned positive values for the TEF after breakfast in all measurements. TEF estimates of our original method was indistinguishable from those based on the ΔEE, whereas those as EE0 above RMR and EE0 above SMR were slightly lower and higher, respectively. Our original method was the best among the three simplified TEF methods as it provided positive estimates in all the measurements that were close to the value derived from gold standard for all measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ogata
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Hibi
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Ocobock C. Human energy expenditure, allocation, and interactions in natural temperate, hot, and cold environments. Am J Phys Anthropol 2016; 161:667-675. [PMID: 27561011 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research is to analyze how energy is allocated differently in temperate, hot, and cold environments among National Outdoor Leadership School students. METHOD Basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermoregulation, and the thermic effect of food were estimated to determine the total energy expenditure and energy allocation differences among a group of healthy, highly active adults (N = 59) participating in National Outdoor Leadership School courses in the western United States. Two of these courses took place in both hot and temperate climates (N = 22) and the other two in both temperate and cold climates (N = 28). Data from a pilot study (N = 6) in a temperate climate were also included. Each climate regime lasted for one month. RESULTS Total energy expenditure values were statistically equivalent in temperate and hot climates (p = .97). However, subjects experienced significantly higher total energy expenditures in cold climates (p < .0001), expending an additional ∼1550 kcal day-1 . There is a significant interaction between physical activity and thermoregulation, such that physical activity reduces thermoregulatory costs in cold climates, but increases it in hot climates. CONCLUSIONS Dissection of the energy budget revealed that total energy expenditure is significantly higher in cold climates. This is due to a combination of high levels of physical activity and high thermoregulatory costs. High levels of physical activity may substantially lower the cost of thermoregulation in cold climates, and this interaction should be taken into account when estimating TEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany
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16
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Sutton EF, Bray GA, Burton JH, Smith SR, Redman LM. No evidence for metabolic adaptation in thermic effect of food by dietary protein. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1639-42. [PMID: 27356102 PMCID: PMC4963285 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine whether prolonged consumption of high- or low-protein diets modifies the thermogenic response to a standard meal. METHODS Twenty-four healthy individuals were randomized to overfeeding diets containing low (5%, n = 8), normal (15%, n = 9), or high (25%, n = 7) protein for 56 days while inpatients. The thermic effect of food (TEF) was measured over 4 h by indirect calorimetry following a standard meal (20% of energy, 20% protein) or a meal that matched the study diet ("study meal"). RESULTS As expected, the TEF following the study meal (i.e., either low, normal, or high protein content) was significantly associated with dietary protein (P = 0.007), and the TEF was significantly increased in the high-protein diet (15.4%) versus the normal-protein (5.6%) and low-protein diets (6.4%) (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). However, returning to a standard meal (20% protein) after 42 days of overfeeding the study diets, the TEF response did not differ from baseline between groups or within subjects regardless of the prolonged intake of the habitual study diet (high protein: P = 0.32, low protein: P = 0.11, normal protein: P = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS TEF is related to acute dietary protein intake but not altered by prolonged intake of high-energy diets with high or low protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Sutton
- Louisiana State University-Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - George A Bray
- Louisiana State University-Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Burton
- Louisiana State University-Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital and Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Louisiana State University-Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Alhussain MH, Macdonald IA, Taylor MA. Irregular meal-pattern effects on energy expenditure, metabolism, and appetite regulation: a randomized controlled trial in healthy normal-weight women. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:21-32. [PMID: 27305952 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.125401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is increasing in parallel with greater all-day food availability. The latter may promote meal irregularity, dysregulation of the energy balance, and poor metabolic health. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of meal irregularity on the thermic effect of food (TEF), lipid concentrations, carbohydrate metabolism, subjective appetite, and gut hormones in healthy women. DESIGN Eleven normal-weight women (18-40 y of age) were recruited in a randomized crossover trial with two 14-d isoenergetic diet periods (identical foods provided and free living) that were separated by a 14-d habitual diet washout period. In period 1, participants followed a regular meal pattern (6 meals/d) or an irregular meal pattern (3-9 meals/d), and in period 2, the alternative meal pattern was followed. Before and after each period, when participants were fasting and for 3 h after intake of a test drink, measurements were taken of energy expenditure, circulating glucose, lipids (fasting only), insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin. An ad libitum test meal was offered. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed while fasting, after the test drink, after the ad libitum meal, and during the intervention. Continuous interstitial glucose monitoring was undertaken for 3 consecutive days during each intervention, and the ambulatory activity pattern was recorded (ambulatory energy expenditure estimation). RESULTS Regularity was associated with a greater TEF (P < 0.05) and a lower incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose after intake of the test drink (over 3 h) and, for some identical meals, during the 2 interventions (over 90 min) (day 7: after breakfast; day 9: after lunch and dinner). There was no difference between treatments for the test-drink gut hormone response. A time effect was noted for fasting GLP-1, fasting PYY, PYY responses, and hunger-rating responses to the test drink (P < 0.05). Lower hunger and higher fullness ratings were seen premeal and postmeal during the regular period while subjects were free living. CONCLUSION Meal regularity appears to be associated with greater TEF and lower glucose responses, which may favor weight management and metabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02052076.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha H Alhussain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Moira A Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
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Morris CJ, Garcia JI, Myers S, Yang JN, Trienekens N, Scheer FA. The Human Circadian System Has a Dominating Role in Causing the Morning/Evening Difference in Diet-Induced Thermogenesis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2053-8. [PMID: 26414564 PMCID: PMC4602397 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is lower in the evening and at night than in the morning. This may help explain why meal timing affects body weight regulation and why shift work is a risk factor for obesity. The separate effects of the endogenous circadian system--independent of behavioral cycles--and of circadian misalignment on DIT are unknown. METHODS Thirteen healthy adults undertook a randomized crossover study with two 8-day laboratory visits: three baseline days followed either by repeated simulated night shifts including 12-h inverted behavioral cycles (circadian misalignment) or by recurring simulated day shifts (circadian alignment). DIT was determined for up to 114 min (hereafter referred to as "early DIT") following identical meals given at 8AM and 8PM in both protocols. RESULTS During baseline days, early DIT was 44% lower in the evening than morning. This was primarily explained by a circadian influence rather than any behavioral cycle effect; early DIT was 50% lower in the biological evening than biological morning, independent of behavioral cycle influences. Circadian misalignment had no overall effect on early DIT. CONCLUSIONS The circadian system plays a dominating role in the morning/evening difference in early DIT and may contribute to the effects of meal timing on body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Morris
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joanna I. Garcia
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Samantha Myers
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica N. Yang
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Noortje Trienekens
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Frank A.J.L. Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Abstract
Chewing has been associated with improved satiation and satiety, but little is known about the metabolic impact of gum chewing. We tested the hypothesis that gum chewing would increase energy expenditure (EE) and reduce respiratory exchange ratio (RER) before and after a controlled test meal. Seventeen males and 13 females (age 21.5 ± 6.6 years, body mass index 23.9 ± 2.8 kg/m(2)) participated in a randomized crossover study in which subjects chewed sugar-free gum for a total of 1 h (3 sessions of 20 min) on the test day (GC) and did not chew gum on a control day (NG). EE and RER were measured by indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast. Subjects consumed a breakfast shake containing 30% of their measured energy needs, and then postprandial EE and RER were measured for 3 h. Blood glucose (GLC) was measured in the fasting and postprandial states at regular intervals. Fasting EE was higher during GC (1.23 ± 0.04 kcal/min; 1 kcal = 4.2 kJ) than during NG (1.17 ± 0.04 kcal/min; p = 0.016). Postprandial EE was also higher during GC (1.46 ± 0.05 kcal/min) than during NG (1.42 ± 0.05 kcal/min; p = 0.037). Fasting and postprandial RER and GLC did not differ between GC and NG. The findings demonstrate that GC is associated with higher fasting and postprandial EE without altering blood glucose or substrate oxidation as measured by RER. These data suggest that gum chewing potentially could influence short-term energy balance in this population; however, longer-term research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Kresge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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20
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Kayaba M, Iwayama K, Ogata H, Seya Y, Kiyono K, Satoh M, Tokuyama K. The effect of nocturnal blue light exposure from light-emitting diodes on wakefulness and energy metabolism the following morning. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:354-61. [PMID: 25092557 PMCID: PMC4166587 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The control of sleep/wakefulness is associated with the regulation of energy metabolism. The present experiment was designed to assess the effect of nocturnal blue light exposure on the control of sleep/wakefulness and energy metabolism until next noon. METHODS In a balanced cross-over design, nine young male subjects sitting in a room-size metabolic chamber were exposed either to blue LEDs or to no light for 2 h in the evening. Wavelength of monochromatic LEDs was 465 nm and its intensity was 12.1 μW/cm(2). RESULTS During sleep, sleep architecture and alpha and delta power of EEG were similar in the two experimental conditions. However, the following morning, when subjects were instructed to stay awake in a sitting position, duration judged as sleep at stages 1 and 2 was longer for subjects who received than for those who received no light exposure. Energy metabolism during sleep was not affected by evening blue light exposure, but the next morning energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and the thermic effect of breakfast were significantly lower in subjects who received blue light exposure than in those who received no light exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to low intensity blue light in the evening, which does not affect sleep architecture and energy metabolism during sleep, elicits drowsiness and suppression of energy metabolism the following morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kayaba
- />Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaito Iwayama
- />Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogata
- />Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yumi Seya
- />Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ken Kiyono
- />Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Satoh
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- />Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Muller YL, Piaggi P, Hoffman D, Huang K, Gene B, Kobes S, Thearle MS, Knowler WC, Hanson RL, Baier LJ, Bogardus C. Common genetic variation in the glucokinase gene (GCK) is associated with type 2 diabetes and rates of carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1382-90. [PMID: 24728127 PMCID: PMC4052004 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucokinase (GCK) plays a role in glucose metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Rare mutations in GCK cause MODY. We investigated whether common variation (minor allele frequency ≥0.01) in GCK is associated with metabolic traits and type 2 diabetes. METHODS Four exonic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and three SNPs predicted to cause loss of promoter function were identified in whole-genome sequence data from 234 Pima Indians. These seven tag SNPs and rs4607517, a type 2 diabetes variant established in other studies, were analysed in 415 full-heritage non-diabetic Pima Indians characterised for metabolic traits, and 7,667 American Indians who had data on type 2 diabetes and BMI. RESULTS A novel 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) SNP, chr7:44184184-G/A, was associated with the rate of carbohydrate oxidation post-absorptively (β = 0.22 mg [kg estimated metabolic body size (EMBS)](-1) min(-1), p = 0.005) and during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (β = 0.24 mg [kg EMBS](-1) min(-1), p = 0.0002), the rate of carbohydrate oxidation in a respiratory chamber (β = 311 kJ/day, p = 0.03) and 24 h energy expenditure, which was attributable to the thermic effect of food (β = 520 kJ/day, p = 3.39 × 10(-6)). This 3'UTR SNP was also associated with diabetes (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.11, 1.65, p = 0.002), where the A allele (allele frequency 0.05) was associated with a lower rate of carbohydrate oxidation, lower 24 h energy expenditure and higher risk for diabetes. In a Cox proportional hazards model, a rate of insulin-stimulated carbohydrate oxidation lower than the mean rate at baseline predicted a higher risk for developing diabetes than for those above the mean (hazard rate ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.3, 3.6, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Common variation in GCK influences the rate of carbohydrate oxidation, 24 h energy expenditure and diabetes risk in Pima Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua L. Muller
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Duncan Hoffman
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Ke Huang
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Brittany Gene
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Sayuko Kobes
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Marie S. Thearle
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - William C. Knowler
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Robert L. Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Leslie J. Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Clifton Bogardus
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 445 North 5th street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
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