1
|
Mangin T, Blanchard EK, Kelly KE. Effect of Three-Dimensional-Printed Thermoplastics Used in Sensor Housings on Common Atmospheric Trace Gasses. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2610. [PMID: 38676227 PMCID: PMC11053552 DOI: 10.3390/s24082610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Low-cost air quality sensors (LCSs) are becoming more ubiquitous as individuals and communities seek to reduce their exposure to poor air quality. Compact, efficient, and aesthetically designed sensor housings that do not interfere with the target air quality measurements are a necessary component of a low-cost sensing system. The selection of appropriate housing material can be an important factor in air quality applications employing LCSs. Three-dimensional printing, specifically fused deposition modeling (FDM), is a standard for prototyping and small-scale custom plastics production because of its low cost and ability for rapid iteration. However, little information exists about whether FDM-printed thermoplastics affect measurements of trace atmospheric gasses. This study investigates how five different FDM-printed thermoplastics (ABS, PETG, PLA, PC, and PVDF) affect the concentration of five common atmospheric trace gasses (CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and VOCs). The laboratory results show that the thermoplastics, except for PVDF, exhibit VOC off-gassing. The results also indicate no to limited interaction between all of the thermoplastics and CO and CO2 and a small interaction between all of the thermoplastics and NO and NO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristalee Mangin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simon J, Schlapp-Hackl I, Sapkota J, Ristolainen M, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Towards Tailored Dialdehyde Cellulose Derivatives: A Strategy for Tuning the Glass Transition Temperature. ChemSusChem 2024; 17:e202300791. [PMID: 37923704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The derivatization of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) has received increasing attention in the development of sustainable thermoplastics. In this study, a series of dialcohol celluloses were generated by borohydride reduction, which exhibited glass transition temperature (Tg ) values ranging from 23 to 109 °C, depending on the initial degree of oxidation (DO) of the DAC intermediate. However, the DAC derivatives did not exhibit thermoplastic behavior when the DO of the modified DAC was below 26 %. The influence of introduced side chains was highlighted by comparing DAC-based thermoplastic materials obtained by either oximation or borohydride reduction. Our results provide insights into the generation of DAC-based thermoplastics and highlight a strategy for tailoring the Tg by adjusting the DO during the periodate oxidation step and selecting appropriate substituents in subsequent modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Inge Schlapp-Hackl
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Janak Sapkota
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Matti Ristolainen
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perez Bravo JJ, Gerbehaye C, Raquez JM, Mincheva R. Recent Advances in Solid-State Modification for Thermoplastic Polymers: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:667. [PMID: 38338411 PMCID: PMC10856226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review introduces groundbreaking insights in polymer science, specifically spotlighting a novel review of the solid-state modification (SSM) approach of thermoplastic polymers, a method not extensively explored. Unlike traditional melt polymer modification, SSM stands out by incorporating monomers or oligomers into the amorphous phase of polymers through innovative exchange reactions. The background of the study places thermoplastics within the context of their increased use over the past century, highlighting their versatility in various applications and the associated environmental and health concerns due to certain additives. The results section outlines the unique aspects of SSM and its increasing recognition for its potential to enhance material performance in areas such as catalysts and composites. It also discusses the application of SSM in modifying different thermoplastic polymers, highlighting various studies demonstrating the method's effectiveness in altering polymer properties. Finally, this work emphasizes SSM's importance in environmental sustainability and its potential in the recycling and upcycling of plastic materials. It acknowledges the challenges and future perspectives in the field, particularly regarding the scalability of SSM techniques for industrial applications and their role in advancing a circular economy in the polymer industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 23, Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.J.P.B.)
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 23, Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.J.P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Clarke AJ, Dickson A, Dowling DP. Fabrication and Performance of Continuous 316 Stainless Steel Fibre-Reinforced 3D-Printed PLA Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:63. [PMID: 38201728 PMCID: PMC10780637 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of 3D printing continuous stainless steel fibre-reinforced polymer composites. The printing study was carried out using 316L stainless steel fibre (SSF) bundles with an approximate diameter of 0.15 mm. This bundle was composed of 90 fibres with a 14 μm diameter. This fibre bundle was first coated with polylactic acid (PLA) in order to produce a polymer-coated continuous stainless steel filament, with diameters tailored in the range from 0.5 to 0.9 mm. These filaments were then used to print composite parts using the material extrusion (MEX) technique. The SSF's volume fraction (Vf) was controlled in the printed composite structures in the range from 4 to 30 Vf%. This was facilitated by incorporating a novel polymer pressure vent into the printer nozzle, which allowed the removal of excess polymer. This thus enabled the control of the metal fibre content within the printed composites as the print layer height was varied in the range from 0.22 to 0.48 mm. It was demonstrated that a lower layer height yielded a more homogeneous distribution of steel fibres within the PLA polymer matrix. The PLA-SSF composites were assessed to evaluate their mechanical performance, volume fraction, morphology and porosity. Composite porosities in the range of 2-21% were obtained. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the stainless steel composites exhibited a twofold increase in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and a fourfold increase in its tensile strength compared with the PLA-only polymer prints. When comparing the 4 and 30 Vf% composites, the latter exhibited a significant increase in both the tensile strength and modulus. The ILSS values obtained for the steel composites were up to 28.5 MPa, which is significantly higher than the approximately 13.8 MPa reported for glass fibre-reinforced PLA composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Clarke
- I-Form Centre, School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Andrew Dickson
- Infraprint, Nova UCD, Belfield, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Denis P. Dowling
- I-Form Centre, School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abyzova E, Petrov I, Bril’ I, Cheshev D, Ivanov A, Khomenko M, Averkiev A, Fatkullin M, Kogolev D, Bolbasov E, Matkovic A, Chen JJ, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Universal Approach to Integrating Reduced Graphene Oxide into Polymer Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4622. [PMID: 38139874 PMCID: PMC10747855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronics have sparked significant interest in the development of electrically conductive polymer-based composite materials. While efforts are being made to fabricate these composites through laser integration techniques, a versatile methodology applicable to a broad range of thermoplastic polymers remains elusive. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms driving the formation of such composites are not thoroughly understood. Addressing this knowledge gap, our research focuses on the core processes determining the integration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with polymers to engineer coatings that are not only flexible and robust but also exhibit electrical conductivity. Notably, we have identified a particular range of laser power densities (between 0.8 and 1.83 kW/cm2), which enables obtaining graphene polymer composite coatings for a large set of thermoplastic polymers. These laser parameters are primarily defined by the thermal properties of the polymers as confirmed by thermal analysis as well as numerical simulations. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that conductivity can be achieved by two mechanisms-rGO integration and polymer carbonization. Additionally, high-speed videos allowed us to capture the graphene oxide (GO) modification and melt pool formation during laser processing. The cross-sectional analysis of the laser-processed samples showed that the convective flows are present in the polymer substrate explaining the observed behavior. Moreover, the practical application of our research is exemplified through the successful assembly of a conductive wristband for wearable devices. Our study not only fills a critical knowledge gap but also offers a tangible illustration of the potential impact of laser-induced rGO-polymer integration in materials science and engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abyzova
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Petrov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Bril’
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Cheshev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Alexey Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Khomenko
- ILIT RAS−Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 140700 Shatura, Russia
| | - Andrey Averkiev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Fatkullin
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Kogolev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniy Bolbasov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Aleksandar Matkovic
- Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jin-Ju Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Raul D. Rodriguez
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniya Sheremet
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Le AD, Akué Asséko AC, Cosson B, Krawczak P. Investigating the Effect of Interface Temperature on Molecular Interdiffusion during Laser Transmission Welding of 3D-Printed Composite Parts. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6121. [PMID: 37763399 PMCID: PMC10533126 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of temperature on molecular interdiffusion at the interface during the laser transmission welding of 3D-printed continuous carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. In order to accurately measure the temperature at the weld interface, a series of thermocouples were embedded in the laser-absorbent composite part. Two different molecular interdiffusion models were implemented to calculate the degree of healing and to predict the effects of temperature on the welding process. The degree of healing and the weld line width were computed and compared with microscopy observations. The discrepancy between the two proposed numerical models was less than 6%. Both models showed good agreement with the experimental data, with an average error of 13.28% and 7.26%, respectively. The results revealed a significant correlation between the thermal history and molecular interdiffusion at the interface. Furthermore, the relationship between the welding parameters (laser beam scanning speed) and weld line width was established. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the laser welding of 3D-printed composites and offer insights to optimize the welding process for enhanced weld quality and superior mechanical properties in the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Chateau Akué Asséko
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, F-59653 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; (A.-D.L.); (B.C.)
| | | | - Patricia Krawczak
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, F-59653 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; (A.-D.L.); (B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Butenegro JA, Bahrami M, Swolfs Y, Ivens J, Martínez MÁ, Abenojar J. Novel Sustainable Composites Incorporating a Biobased Thermoplastic Matrix and Recycled Aerospace Prepreg Waste: Development and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3447. [PMID: 37631503 PMCID: PMC10459917 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials are widely used in engineering applications, but their production generates a significant amount of waste. This paper aims to explore the potential of incorporating mechanically recycled aerospace prepreg waste in thermoplastic composite materials to reduce the environmental impact of composite material production and promote the use of recycled materials. The composite material developed in this study incorporates a bio-based thermoplastic polymer, polyamide 11 (PA11), as the matrix material and recycled aerospace prepreg waste quasi-one-dimensionally arranged as reinforcement. Mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical characterizations were performed through tensile, flexural, and impact tests, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Compared to previous studies that used a different recycled CFRP in the shape of rods, the results show that the recycled prepregs are a suitable reinforcement, enhancing the reinforcement-matrix adhesion and leading to higher mechanical properties. The tensile results were evaluated by SEM, and the impact tests were evaluated by CT scans. The results demonstrate the potential of incorporating recycled aerospace prepreg waste in thermoplastic composite materials to produce high-performance and sustainable components in the aerospace and automotive industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Butenegro
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Yentl Swolfs
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Ivens
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Juana Abenojar
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tretyakov IV, Petrova TV, Kireynov AV, Korokhin RA, Platonova EO, Alexeeva OV, Gorbatkina YA, Solodilov VI, Yurkov GY, Berlin AA. Fracture of Epoxy Matrixes Modified with Thermo-Plastic Polymers and Winding Glass Fibers Reinforced Plastics on Their Base under Low-Velocity Impact Condition. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2958. [PMID: 37447603 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The work is aimed at studying the impact resistance of epoxy oligomer matrices (EO) modified with polysulfone (PSU) or polyethersulfone (PES) and glass fibers reinforced plastics (GFRP) based on them under low-velocity impact conditions. The concentration dependences of strength and fracture energy of modified matrices and GFRP were determined. It has been determined that the type of concentration curves of the fracture energy of GFRP depends on the concentration and type of the modifying polymer. It is shown that strength σ and fracture energy EM of thermoplastic-modified epoxy matrices change little in the concentration range from 0 to 15 wt.%. However, even with the introduction of 20 wt.% PSU into EO, the strength increases from 164 MPa to 200 MPa, and the fracture energy from 32 kJ/m2 to 39 kJ/m2. The effect of increasing the strength and fracture energy of modified matrices is retained in GFRP. The maximum increase in shear strength (from 72 MPa to 87 MPa) is observed for GFRP based on the EO + 15 wt.% PSU matrix. For GFRP based on EO + 20 wt.% PES, the shear strength is reduced to 69 MPa. The opposite effect is observed for the EO + 20 wt.% PES matrix, where the strength value decreases from 164 MPa to 75 MPa, and the energy decreases from 32 kJ/m2 to 10 kJ/m2. The reference value for the fracture energy of GFRP 615 is 741 kJ/m2. The maximum fracture energy for GFRP is based on EO + 20 wt.% PSU increases to 832 kJ/m2 for GFRP based on EO + 20 wt.% PES-up to 950 kJ/m2. The study of the morphology of the fracture surfaces of matrices and GFRP confirmed the dependence of impact characteristics on the microstructure of the modified matrices and the degree of involvement in the process of crack formation. The greatest effect is achieved for matrices with a phase structure "thermoplastic matrix-epoxy dispersion." Correlations between the fracture energy and strength of EO + PES matrices and GFRP have been established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Tretyakov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tuyara V Petrova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Kireynov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Korokhin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena O Platonova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Alexeeva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Gorbatkina
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy I Solodilov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb Yu Yurkov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Al Berlin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Banaszak A, Woźniak M, Dziurka D, Mirski R. Annual Plants and Thermoplastics in the Production of Polymer and Lignocellulose Boards. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4400. [PMID: 37374584 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of three-layer particleboards produced from annual plant straws and three polymers: polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polylactic acid (PLA). The rape straw (Brassica napus L. var. Napus) was used as an internal layer, while rye (Secale L.) or triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) was applied as an external layer in the obtained particleboards. The boards were tested for their density, thickness swelling, static bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and thermal degradation characteristics. Moreover, the changes in the structure of composites were determined by infrared spectroscopy. Among the straw-based boards with the addition of tested polymers, satisfactory properties were obtained mainly using HDPE. In turn, the straw-based composites with PP were characterized by moderate properties, while PLA-containing boards did not show clearly favorable properties either in terms of the mechanical or physical features. The properties of straw-polymer boards produced based on triticale straw were slightly better than those of the rye-based boards, probably due to the geometry of the strands, which was more favorable for triticale straw. The obtained results indicated that annual plant fibers, mainly triticale, can be used as wood substitutes for the production of biocomposites. Moreover, the addition of polymers allows for the use of the obtained boards in conditions of increased humidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Banaszak
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Dziurka
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
| | - Radosław Mirski
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martín Fernández F, Martín Sánchez MJ. Analysis of the Effect of the Surface Inclination Angle on the Roughness of Polymeric Parts Obtained with Fused Filament Fabrication Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030585. [PMID: 36771886 PMCID: PMC9919160 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to conduct a dimensional study, in terms of microgeometry, using parts from an additive manufacturing process with fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. As in most cases of additive manufacturing processes, curved surfaces were obtained via approximation of planes with different inclinations. The focus of this experimental study was to analyze the surface roughness of curve geometry from surface-roughness measurements of the plane surfaces that generate it. Three relevant manufacturing parameters were considered: layer height, nozzle diameter and material. Taguchi's experimental design based on the Latin square was applied to optimize the set of specimens used. For the manufactured samples, the surface-roughness parameters Ra (roughness average), Rq (root mean square roughness) and Rz (maximum height) were obtained in eight planes of different inclinations (0° to 90°). The results were analyzed using both a graphical model and an analysis of variance study (ANOVA), demonstrating the dependency relationships among the parameters considered and surface finish. The best surface roughness was reached at 85°, with a global average Ra value of 8.66 µm, increasing the average Ra value from 6.39 µm to 11.57 µm according to the layer height increase or decreasing it slightly, from 8.91 µm to 8.41 µm, in relation to the nozzle diameter increase. On the contrary, the worst surface roughness occurred at 20°, with a global average Ra value of 19.05 µm. Additionally, the theoretical profiles and those from the surface-roughness measurement were found to coincide greatly. Eventually, the eight regression curves from the ANOVA allowed prediction of outputs from future specimens tested under different conditions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gregory DA, Fricker ATR, Mitrev P, Ray M, Asare E, Sim D, Larpnimitchai S, Zhang Z, Ma J, Tetali SSV, Roy I. Additive Manufacturing of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Blends Using Fused Deposition Modelling for the Development of Biomedical Devices. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14010040. [PMID: 36662087 PMCID: PMC9865795 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades Additive Manufacturing has advanced and is becoming important for biomedical applications. In this study we look at a variety of biomedical devices including, bone implants, tooth implants, osteochondral tissue repair patches, general tissue repair patches, nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) and coronary artery stents to which fused deposition modelling (FDM) can be applied. We have proposed CAD designs for these devices and employed a cost-effective 3D printer to fabricate proof-of-concept prototypes. We highlight issues with current CAD design and slicing and suggest optimisations of more complex designs targeted towards biomedical applications. We demonstrate the ability to print patient specific implants from real CT scans and reconstruct missing structures by means of mirroring and mesh mixing. A blend of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a family of biocompatible and bioresorbable natural polymers and Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), a known bioresorbable medical polymer is used. Our characterisation of the PLA/PHA filament suggest that its tensile properties might be useful to applications such as stents, NGCs, and bone scaffolds. In addition to this, the proof-of-concept work for other applications shows that FDM is very useful for a large variety of other soft tissue applications, however other more elastomeric MCL-PHAs need to be used.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hobæk TC, Pranov HJ, Larsen NB. Immobilization of Active Antibodies at Polymer Melt Surfaces during Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204426. [PMID: 36298004 PMCID: PMC9606872 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the transfer and immobilization of active antibodies from a low surface- energy mold surface to thermoplastic replica surfaces using injection molding, and we investigate the process at molecular scale. The transfer process is highly efficient, as verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the mold and replica surfaces. AFM analysis reveals partial nanometer-scale embedding of the protein into the polymer matrix as a possible mechanism of permanent immobilization. Replicas with rabbit anti-mouse IgG immobilized as capture antibody at the hot polymer melt surface during injection molding show similar affinity for their antigen (mouse IgG) in sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as capture antibodies deposited by passive adsorption onto a bare thermoplastic replica. The transferred antibodies retain their functionality after incubation in serum-containing cell medium for >1 week. A mold coating time of 10 min prior to injection molding is sufficient for producing highly sensitive ELISA assays, thus enabling the short processing cycle times required for mass production of single-use biodevices relying on active immobilized antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thor Christian Hobæk
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Niels B. Larsen
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soldatova AE, Shamsutdinova RN, Plisko TV, Burts KS, Tsegelskaya AY, Khanin DA, Monakhova KZ, Kurkin TS, Bildyukevich AV, Kuznetsov AA. Synthesis of Aromatic Polyimides Based on 3,4'-Oxydianiline by One-Pot Polycondensation in Molten Benzoic Acid and Their Application as Membrane Materials for Pervaporation. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6845. [PMID: 36234186 PMCID: PMC9573634 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of aromatic polyimides based on the asymmetrical diamine 3,4'-oxydianiline and various tetracarboxylic acid dianhydrides, both "rigid" and "flexible" structure, have been synthesized using the original method of one-pot high-temperature catalytic polycondensation in molten benzoic acid. The synthesized polyimides were investigated using fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). It was found that the synthesized polyimides, depending on the used dianhydride, are characterized by different solubility in organic solvent and molten benzoic acid, molecular weight, glass transition temperature (Tg) from 198 to 270 °C, an amorphous or semi crystalline structure with the degree of crystallinity from 41 to 52%. The influence of the method of synthesis on the formation of the crystalline phase of polyimides was studied, and the obtained results were compared with the literature data. The effect of dianhydride chemical structure on the performance of polyimide in pervaporation more specifically, dehydratation of azeotropic isopropanol solution was investigated and compared with the commercially available polyetherimide Ultem 1000™. Membrane structure was studied using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that polyimide PI-DA is the most effective for separation of 88 wt.% isopropanol/12 wt.% water mixture compared to the polyimide PI-6FDA and commercial polyetherimide Ultem 1000™ demonstrating normalized permeation flux of 2.77 kg µm m-2 h-1 and separation factor of 264 (water content in permeate 97 wt.%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia E. Soldatova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St., 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Regina N. Shamsutdinova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St., 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Plisko
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Surganov St., 13, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Katsiaryna S. Burts
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Surganov St., 13, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Yu. Tsegelskaya
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St., 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Khanin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, bld. 1, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina Z. Monakhova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St., 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tikhon S. Kurkin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St., 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr V. Bildyukevich
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Surganov St., 13, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexander A. Kuznetsov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St., 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Trinh KTL, Thai DA, Lee NY. Bonding Strategies for Thermoplastics Applicable for Bioanalysis and Diagnostics. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1503. [PMID: 36144126 PMCID: PMC9501821 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary science that includes physics, chemistry, engineering, and biotechnology. Such microscale systems are receiving growing interest in applications such as analysis, diagnostics, and biomedical research. Thermoplastic polymers have emerged as one of the most attractive materials for microfluidic device fabrication owing to advantages such as being optically transparent, biocompatible, cost-effective, and mass producible. However, thermoplastic bonding is a key challenge for sealing microfluidic devices. Given the wide range of bonding methods, the appropriate bonding approach should be carefully selected depending on the thermoplastic material and functional requirements. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of thermoplastic fabricating and bonding approaches, presenting their advantages and disadvantages, to assist in finding suitable microfluidic device bonding methods. In addition, we highlight current applications of thermoplastic microfluidics to analyses and diagnostics and introduce future perspectives on thermoplastic bonding strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieu The Loan Trinh
- Department of Industrial Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| | - Duc Anh Thai
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Palacios-Ibáñez B, Relinque JJ, Moreno-Sánchez D, de León AS, Delgado FJ, Escobar-Galindo R, Molina SI. Synthesis and Characterisation of ASA-PEEK Composites for Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:496. [PMID: 35160484 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a series of polymer composites made from acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) and poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) were manufactured. ASA acts as a polymer matrix while PEEK is loaded in the form of micro-particles that act as a reinforcing filler. The composites were compounded by single screw extrusion and then, different specimens were manufactured either via injection moulding (IM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF). Two different types of PEEK (commercial and reused) in different concentrations (3 and 6 wt.%) were tested and their influence in the mechanical, structural, and thermal properties were studied. It was observed that reused PEEK enhanced the stiffness and tensile strength and thermal stability of the composites both, for injected and printed specimens. This evidences the suitability of these composites as potential candidates as novel materials with enhanced properties following an approach of circular economy.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ebrahiminejad V, Faraji Rad Z, Prewett PD, Davies GJ. Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2022; 13:629-640. [PMID: 35874440 PMCID: PMC9273988 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microneedle (MN) patches have considerable potential for medical applications such as transdermal drug delivery, point-of-care diagnostics, and vaccination. These miniature microdevices should successfully pierce the skin tissues while having enough stiffness to withstand the forces imposed by penetration. Developing low-cost and simple manufacturing processes for MNs is of considerable interest. This study reports a simple fabrication process for thermoplastic MNs from cycloolefin polymers (COP) using hot embossing on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft molds. COP has gained interest due to its high molding performance and low cost. The resin master MN arrays (9 × 9) were fabricated using two-photon polymerization (TPP). A previous gap in the detailed characterization of the embossing process was investigated, showing an average of 4.99 ± 0.35% longitudinal shrinkage and 2.15 ± 0.96% lateral enlargement in the molded MN replicas. The effects of bending, buckling, and tip blunting were then examined using compression tests and also theoretically. MN array insertion performance was studied in vitro on porcine back skin using both a prototype custom-made applicator and a commercial device. An adjustable skin stretcher mechanism was designed and manufactured to address current limitations for mimicking skin in vivo conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) was developed to simulate single MN insertion into a multilayered skin model and validated experimentally using a commercial Pen Needle as a model for the thermoplastic MNs. Margins of safety for the current MN design demonstrated its potential for transdermal drug delivery and fluid sampling. Experimental results indicated significant penetration improvements using the prototype applicator, which produced array penetration efficiencies as high as >92%, depending on the impact velocity setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ebrahiminejad
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Zahra Faraji Rad
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Philip D Prewett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Oxacus Ltd., Dorchester-on-Thames, OX10 7HN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Davies
- Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Scaffaro R, Di Bartolo A, Dintcheva NT. Matrix and Filler Recycling of Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3817. [PMID: 34771372 PMCID: PMC8587548 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are low-density, high-performance composite materials, which find important applications in the automotive, aerospace, and energy industry, to only cite a few. With the increasing concerns about sustainability and environment risks, the problem of the recycling of such complex composite systems has been emerging in politics, industry, and academia. The issue is exacerbated by the increased use of FRPs in the automotive industry and by the expected decommissioning of airplanes and wind turbines amounting to thousands of metric tons of composite materials. Currently, the recycling of FRPs downcycles the entire composite to some form of reinforcement material (typically for cements) or degrades the polymer matrix to recover the fibers. Following the principles of sustainability, the reuse and recycling of the whole composite-fiber and polymer-should be promoted. In this review paper, we report on recent research works that achieve the recycling of both the fiber and matrix phase of FRP composites, with the polymer being either directly recovered or converted to value-added monomers and oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scaffaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | | | - Nadka Tz. Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smaranda I, Nila A, Ganea P, Daescu M, Zgura I, Ciobanu RC, Trandabat A, Baibarac M. The Influence of the Ceramic Nanoparticles on the Thermoplastic Polymers Matrix: Their Structural, Optical, and Conductive Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162773. [PMID: 34451312 PMCID: PMC8402000 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper prepared composites under the free membranes form that are based on thermoplastic polymers of the type of polyurethane (TPU) and polyolefin (TPO), which are blended in the weight ratio of 2:1, and ceramic nanoparticles (CNs) such as BaSrTiO3 and SrTiO3. The structural, optical, and conductive properties of these new composite materials are reported. The X-ray diffraction studies highlight a cubic crystalline structure of these CNs. The main variations in the vibrational properties of the TPU:TPO blend induced by CNs consist of the following: (i) the increase in the intensity of the Raman line of 1616 cm-1; (ii) the down-shift of the IR band from 800 to 791 cm-1; (iii) the change of the ratio between the absorbance of IR bands localized in the spectral range 950-1200 cm-1; and (iv) the decrease in the absorbance of the IR band from 1221 cm-1. All these variations were correlated with a preferential adsorption of thermoplastic polymers on the CNs surface. A photoluminescence (PL) quenching process of thermoplastic polymers is demonstrated to occur in the presence of CNs. The anisotropic PL measurements have highlighted a change in the angle of the binding of the TPU:TPO blend, which varies from 23.7° to ≈49.3° and ≈53.4°, when the concentration of BaSrTiO3 and SrTiO3 CNs, respectively, is changed from 0 to 25 wt. %. Using dielectric spectroscopy, two mechanisms are invoked to take place in the case of the composites based on TPU:TPO blends and CNs, i.e., one regarding the type of the electrical conduction and another specifying the dielectric-dipolar relaxation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ion Smaranda
- Laboratory Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.S.); (A.N.); (P.G.); (M.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Andreea Nila
- Laboratory Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.S.); (A.N.); (P.G.); (M.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Paul Ganea
- Laboratory Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.S.); (A.N.); (P.G.); (M.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Monica Daescu
- Laboratory Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.S.); (A.N.); (P.G.); (M.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Irina Zgura
- Laboratory Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.S.); (A.N.); (P.G.); (M.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Romeo C. Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, Boulevard Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron 67, R070050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Alexandru Trandabat
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, Boulevard Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron 67, R070050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Mihaela Baibarac
- Laboratory Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (I.S.); (A.N.); (P.G.); (M.D.); (I.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 40-21-3690170
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu Y, Fei M, Chen T, Li C, Wu S, Qiu R, Liu W. Photocuring Three-Dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Polymers Enabled by Hydrogen Bonds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:22946-22954. [PMID: 33960769 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The advent of 3D printing has led to a new era of highly customized products. Printing reprocessable thermoplastic polymers is limited to slow printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling. Photocuring 3D printing is a high-speed 3D printing technique suitable for photocurable thermosetting resins because the cross-linked 3D network could achieve rapid solid-liquid separation during printing. However, thermoplastics usually cannot be printed via photocuring 3D printers because rapid solid-liquid separation is hard to be achieved due to the diffusion/dissolution of linear molecular chains in their liquid precursor. Herein, we hypothesize that hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between monomers may accelerate polymerization and reduce solubility of the polymer in liquid precursors to achieve rapid solid-liquid separation. Using this strategy, a series of UV-curable methacrylic and acrylic monomers was selected as inks to demonstrate the role of H-bonds in photocuring 3D printing. The hypothesis was further verified by using blended inks of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NVP) and acrylic acid (AA) via experimental and molecular dynamic simulation. Oil palm occupies the top position of plantation species in southeastern Asian forests. Palm oil (PO) has the lowest price compared with other plant oils. Thus, a PO-based vinyl monomer was selected as the raw material for 3D printing thermoplastic polymers. Various biobased thermoplastics were successfully printed from the PO-based monomer and commercial monomers. The amide structure in the PO monomer formed H-bonds with polar monomers, including NVP and AA, resulting in printed 3D objects with surprising functionalities such as high stretchability and self-healing ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Wu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Mingen Fei
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Wu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Renhui Qiu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Wendi Liu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gunaydin A, Mugemana C, Grysan P, Eloy Federico C, Dieden R, Schmidt DF, Westermann S, Weydert M, Shaplov AS. Reinforcement of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Employing Poly(isobornyl methacrylate) (PIBOMA) as High Tg Thermoplastic Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101626. [PMID: 34067905 PMCID: PMC8157114 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of poly(isobornyl methacrylate)s (PIBOMA) having molar mass in the range of 26,000–283,000 g mol−1 was prepared either via RAFT process or using free radical polymerization. These linear polymers demonstrated high glass transition temperatures (Tg up to 201 °C) and thermal stability (Tonset up to 230 °C). They were further applied as reinforcing agents in the preparation of the vulcanized rubber compositions based on poly(styrene butadiene rubber) (SBR). The influence of the PIBOMA content and molar mass on the cure characteristics, rheological and mechanical properties of rubber compounds were studied in detail. Moving die rheometry revealed that all rubber compounds filled with PIBOMA demonstrated higher torque increase values ΔS in comparison with rubber compositions without filler, independent of PIBOMA content or molar mass, thus confirming its reinforcing effect. Reinforcement via PIBOMA addition was also observed for vulcanized rubbers in the viscoelastic region and the rubbery plateau, i.e. from −20 to 180 °C, by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Notably, while at temperatures above ~125 °C, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) rapidly loses its ability to provide reinforcement due to softening/melting, all PIBOMA resins maintained their ability to reinforce rubber matrix up to 180 °C. For rubber compositions containing 20 phr of PIBOMA, both tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with increasing PIBOMA molecular weight. In summary, PIBOMA, with its outstanding high Tg among known poly(methacrylates), may be used in the preparation of advanced high-stiffness rubber compositions, where it provides reinforcement above 120 °C and gives properties appropriate for a range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Gunaydin
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Mugemana
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Carlos Eloy Federico
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Reiner Dieden
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Stephan Westermann
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Marc Weydert
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg;
| | - Alexander S. Shaplov
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (A.G.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (C.E.F.); (R.D.); (D.F.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-2758884579
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mirski R, Banaszak A, Bekhta P. Selected Properties of Formaldehyde-Free Polymer-Straw Boards Made from Different Types of Thermoplastics and Different Kinds of Straw. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14051216. [PMID: 33806683 PMCID: PMC7961581 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the effects of different thermoplastics types and different kinds of straw on selected properties of polymer-straw boards. Polyethylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene of virgin and of recycled origin were used for bonding the boards. Three kinds of straw were used: rape (Brassica napus L. var. napus), triticale (Triticosecale Witt b m.), and rye (Secale L.). Five-layer polymer-straw boards were produced. The obtained boards differed in both the materials they were made of and the moisture content (7, 25, and 2% for the core, the middle, and the face layers, respectively), and 30% of straw particles were substituted with thermoplastics added to the face layers. It was found that properties of polymer-straw boards strongly depend on both the kind of straw and the type of polymer used. The best mechanical properties were obtained for rye straw and polystyrene or recycled polymers, whereas the best hydrophobic properties were observed for rape straw combined with recycled polyethylene or polypropylene. Although recycled polymers improved the hydrophobic properties of the boards, they impaired their mechanical properties in comparison with the reference ones. However, in terms of bending strength, they still met the requirements for heavy duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions (20 MPa for P7 boards according to EN 312).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mirski
- Department of Wood-Based Materials, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-061-848-7616
| | - Aleksandra Banaszak
- Department of Wood-Based Materials, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Pavlo Bekhta
- Department of Wood-Based Composites, Cellulose, and Paper, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Baibarac M, Nila A, Smaranda I, Stroe M, Stingescu L, Cristea M, Cercel RC, Lorinczi A, Ganea P, Mercioniu I, Ciobanu R, Schreiner C, Garcia RG, Bartha C. Optical, Structural, and Dielectric Properties of Composites Based on Thermoplastic Polymers of the Polyolefin and Polyurethane Type and BaTiO 3 Nanoparticles. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14040753. [PMID: 33562686 PMCID: PMC7915712 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, new films containing composite materials based on blends of thermoplastic polymers of the polyurethane (TPU) and polyolefin (TPO) type, in the absence and presence of BaTiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) with the size smaller 100 nm, were prepared. The vibrational properties of the free films depending on the weight ratio of the two thermoplastic polymers were studied. Our results demonstrate that these films are optically active, with strong, broad, and adjustable photoluminescence by varying the amount of TPU. The crystalline structure of BaTiO3 and the influence of thermoplastic polymers on the crystallization process of these inorganic NPs were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The vibrational changes induced in the thermoplastic polymer's matrix of the BaTiO3 NPs were showcased by Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy. The incorporation of BaTiO3 NPs in the matrix of thermoplastic elastomers revealed the shift dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) band depending on the BaTiO3 NP concentration, which was capable of covering a wide visible spectral range. The dependencies of the dielectric relaxation phenomena with the weight of BaTiO3 NPs in thermoplastic polymers blends were also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Baibarac
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-3690170
| | - A. Nila
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - I. Smaranda
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - M. Stroe
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - L. Stingescu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - M. Cristea
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - R. C. Cercel
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - A. Lorinczi
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - P. Ganea
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.); (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - I. Mercioniu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials Laboratory, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - R. Ciobanu
- SC All Green SRL, 8 George Cosbuc, 700470 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.); (C.S.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, Bd. Professor Dimitrie Mangeron 67, 70050 Iasi, Romania
| | - C. Schreiner
- SC All Green SRL, 8 George Cosbuc, 700470 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.); (C.S.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, Bd. Professor Dimitrie Mangeron 67, 70050 Iasi, Romania
| | - R. G. Garcia
- Izertis, Parque Cientifico Tecnologico, Avda. Del Jardin Botanico, 1345 Edificio Intra, 33203 Gijon, Spain;
| | - C. Bartha
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Magnetism and Superconductivity Laboratory, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, R077125 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Campbell SB, Wu Q, Yazbeck J, Liu C, Okhovatian S, Radisic M. Beyond Polydimethylsiloxane: Alternative Materials for Fabrication of Organ-on-a-Chip Devices and Microphysiological Systems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:2880-2899. [PMID: 34275293 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the predominant material used for organ-on-a-chip devices and microphysiological systems (MPSs) due to its ease-of-use, elasticity, optical transparency, and inexpensive microfabrication. However, the absorption of small hydrophobic molecules by PDMS and the limited capacity for high-throughput manufacturing of PDMS-laden devices severely limit the application of these systems in personalized medicine, drug discovery, in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, and the investigation of cellular responses to drugs. Consequently, the relatively young field of organ-on-a-chip devices and MPSs is gradually beginning to make the transition to alternative, nonabsorptive materials for these crucial applications. This review examines some of the first steps that have been made in the development of organ-on-a-chip devices and MPSs composed of such alternative materials, including elastomers, hydrogels, thermoplastic polymers, and inorganic materials. It also provides an outlook on where PDMS-alternative devices are trending and the obstacles that must be overcome in the development of versatile devices based on alternative materials to PDMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Campbell
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Joshua Yazbeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Chuan Liu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Sargol Okhovatian
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tamburrino F, D'Antò V, Bucci R, Alessandri-Bonetti G, Barone S, Razionale AV. Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polymers for Aligner Manufacturing: In Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2020; 8:E47. [PMID: 32397575 DOI: 10.3390/dj8020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of metal-free thermoplastic materials plays a key role in the orthodontic digital workflow due to the increasing demand for clear aligner treatments. Three thermoplastic polymers commonly used to fabricate clear aligners, namely Duran®, Biolon® and Zendura®, were investigated to evaluate the effect of thermoforming (T.), storage in artificial saliva (S.A.S.) and their combination on their mechanical properties. Elastic modulus and yield stress of the specimens were characterized. Each material was characterized for each condition through tensile tests (ISO527-1). The results showed that thermoforming does not lead to a significant decrease in yield stress, except for Zendura® that showed about a 30% decrease. An increase of the elastic modulus of Duran® and Zendura®, instead, was observed after thermoforming. The same increase was noticed for the yield stress of Duran®. For S.A.S. specimens, the elastic modulus generally decreases compared to supplier condition (A.S.) and simply thermoformed material. A decrease of yield stress, instead, is significant for Zendura®. The results demonstrated that the impact of the operating conditions on the mechanical properties can vary according to the specific polymer. To design reliable and effective orthodontic treatments, the materials should be selected after their mechanical properties are characterized in the simulated intraoral environment.
Collapse
|
25
|
Karakoç A, Rastogi VK, Isoaho T, Tardy B, Paltakari J, Rojas OJ. Comparative Screening of the Structural and Thermomechanical Properties of FDM Filaments Comprising Thermoplastics Loaded with Cellulose, Carbon and Glass Fibers. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E422. [PMID: 31963245 PMCID: PMC7014061 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has been rapidly growing for a decade in both consumer and industrial products. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of the most widely used additive manufacturing methods, owes its popularity to cost effectiveness in material and equipment investment. Current efforts are aimed toward high load-bearing capacity at low material costs. However, the mechanical reliability of end-products derived from these compositions and their dependence on microstructural effects, have remained as major limitations. This is mainly owing to the unknown mechanics of the materials, including the reinforcing or filler components and their interphase/interface compatibility. For this reason, here we investigate the most relevant commercial polymeric materials used in composite filaments, associated phases and the characterization protocols that can guide component selection, screening and troubleshooting. We first present thermal analyses (thermogravimetric, TGA and differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) in relation to the constituent fractions and identify the type of polymer for uses in filaments production. The influence of various fillers is unveiled in terms of the crystallization behavior of derived 3D-printed parts. To understand the microstructural effects on the material strength, we carry out a series of tensile experiments on 3-D printed dog-bone shaped specimens following ISO standards. Simultaneously, real-time thermal energy dissipation and damage analyses are applied by using infrared measurements at fast frame rates (200 Hz) and high thermal resolution (50 mK). The failure regions of each specimen are examined via optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The results are used to reveal new insights into the size, morphology and distribution of the constituents and interphases of polymer filaments for FDM. The present study represents advancement in the field of composite filament fabrication, with potential impact in the market of additive manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alp Karakoç
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.K.); (T.I.); (B.T.); (J.P.); (O.J.R.)
| | - Vibhore K. Rastogi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.K.); (T.I.); (B.T.); (J.P.); (O.J.R.)
| | - Tapani Isoaho
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.K.); (T.I.); (B.T.); (J.P.); (O.J.R.)
| | - Blaise Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.K.); (T.I.); (B.T.); (J.P.); (O.J.R.)
| | - Jouni Paltakari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.K.); (T.I.); (B.T.); (J.P.); (O.J.R.)
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.K.); (T.I.); (B.T.); (J.P.); (O.J.R.)
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and, Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mirski R, Bekhta P, Dziurka D. Relationships between Thermoplastic Type and Properties of Polymer-Triticale Boards. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1750. [PMID: 31731394 PMCID: PMC6918266 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of selected types of thermoplastics on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer-triticale boards. The investigated thermoplastics differed in their type (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS)), form (granulate, agglomerate) and origin (native, recycled). The resulting five-ply boards contained layers made from different materials (straw or pine wood) and featured different moisture contents (2%, 25%, and 7% for the face, middle, and core layers, respectively). Thermoplastics were added only to two external layers, where they substituted 30% of straw particles. This study demonstrated that, irrespective of their type, thermoplastics added to the face layers most favorably reduced the hydrophobic properties of the boards, i.e., thickness, swelling, and V100, by nearly 20%. The bending strength and modulus of elasticity were about 10% lower in the experimental boards than in the reference ones, but still within the limits set out in standard for P7 boards (20 N/mm2 according to EN 312).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mirski
- Department of Wood-Based Materials, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Pavlo Bekhta
- Department of Wood-Based Composites, Cellulose, and Paper, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Dorota Dziurka
- Department of Wood-Based Materials, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Deng S, Wu J, Dickey MD, Zhao Q, Xie T. Rapid Open-Air Digital Light 3D Printing of Thermoplastic Polymer. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1903970. [PMID: 31402545 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has witnessed a new era in which highly complexed customized products become reality. Realizing its ultimate potential requires simultaneous attainment of both printing speed and product versatility. Among various printing techniques, digital light processing (DLP) stands out in its high speed but is limited to intractable light curable thermosets. Thermoplastic polymers, despite their reprocessibility that allows more options for further manipulation, are restricted to intrinsically slow printing methods such as fused deposition modeling. Extending DLP to thermoplastics is highly desirable, but is challenging due to the need to reach rapid liquid-solid separation during the printing process. Here, a successful attempt at DLP printing of thermoplastic polymers is reported, realized by controlling two competing kinetic processes (polymerization and polymer dissolution) simultaneously occurring during printing. With a selected monomer, 4-acryloylmorpholine (ACMO), printing of thermoplastic 3D scaffolds is demonstrated, which can be further converted into various materials/devices utilizing its unique water-soluble characteristic. The ultralow viscosity of ACMO, along with surface oxygen inhibition, allows rapid liquid flow toward high-speed open-air printing. The process simplicity, enabling mechanism, and material versatility broaden the scope of 3D printing in constructing functional 3D devices including reconfigurable antenna, shape-shifting structures, and microfluidics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vera R, Anticó E, Eguiazábal JI, Aranburu N, Fontàs C. First Report on a Solvent-Free Preparation of Polymer Inclusion Membranes with an Ionic Liquid. Molecules 2019; 24:E1845. [PMID: 31091678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and environmentally-friendly procedure for the preparation of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing an ionic liquid is presented for the first time. Traditionally, PIMs are prepared by a solvent casting method with the use of harmful organic solvents. Here we report a new solvent-free procedure based on a thermal-compression technique which involve the melting of the components of the PIM and the application of a high pressure to the melted specimen to form a flat-sheet film. In our study, we have tested different polymers, such as two cellulose derivatives as well as two thermoplastic polymers, polyurethane (TPU) and poli ε-caprolactone (PCL). The ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) has been used to produce PIMs with a fixed composition of 70% polymer–30% IL (w/w). Both TPU and PCL polymers provide successful membranes, which have been thoroughly characterized. PIMs based on the polymer PCL showed a high stability. To test whether the properties of the IL were affected by the preparation conditions, the extraction ability of Aliquat 336 was investigated for both PCL and TPU membranes in terms of Cr(VI) extraction. Satisfactory values (90% extraction) were obtained for both membranes tested, showing this novel procedure as a green alternative for the preparation of PIMs with ILs.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Repair of physically separated thermoplastic polymers containing γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles without sacrificing their mechanical properties is achieved by applying an oscillating magnetic field. As γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles oscillate at the frequency of the magnetic field, localized amorphous flow occur, and a permanent repair of physically separated polymeric films is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin C Corten
- Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406 (USA)
| | - Marek W Urban
- Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|