Does Self-View Mode Generate More Videoconferencing Fatigue in Women than Men? An Experiment Using EEG Signals

The ability to see or hide one's own image is a typical feature of videoconferencing platforms. Previous research, informed primarily by self-reported data, has suggested that enabling self-view mode is associated with videoconferencing fatigue, particularly for women. Our goal in this study is to test this assumption by gathering neurophysiological evidence. We conducted an experiment using electroencephalography (EEG) with 32 volunteers (16 men and 16 women), who each participated in a live video meeting with the self-view mode both on and off. Our findings confirm the effects of self-view on fatigue, with significantly greater alpha activity when self-view was on than when it was off. Alpha activity did not change significantly across a 20-minute session, and was not significantly different for men or women. Thus, our study does not replicate previous findings that women experience greater videoconferencing fatigue because of the increased self-awareness generated when viewing themselves on a screen. We discuss why our EEG findings may diverge from prior self-reported studies.

Supervised interprofessional student pain clinic program - efficacy with the utilization of zoom

Introduction

Current medical education curricula in pain management are insufficient to match the prevalence of chronic pain and the needs of patient populations. The Supervised Student Inter-professional Pain Clinic Program (SSIPCP) aims to train healthcare professional students to improve their abilities in chronic pain management in interprofessional (IP) teams. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoom was employed to allow the program to continue. In this study, survey data from students who participated during and before the COVID-19 pandemic were compared to determine if the program carried out via Zoom can maintain its effectiveness.

Methods

Student pre- and post-program survey data were entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then graphed and analyzed with Sigma Plot. Surveys assessed knowledge in chronic pain physiology and management, attitude towards IP practice, and perceived team skills in the form of questionnaires and open-ended questions. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests were used for two-group comparisons and two-way repeated ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak post-hoc tests were used for multiple group comparisons.

Results

Overall, students continued to exhibit significant improvement in major areas assessed even with the use of Zoom. Strengths of the programs were also shared across student cohorts regardless of Zoom usage. However, despite their improvements, students who utilized Zoom stated that they would have preferred in-person program activities.

Conclusion

Although students prefer in-person activities, the SSIPCP successfully trained healthcare students in chronic pain management and working in an IP team through Zoom.

An Asynchronous Curriculum: Learner Perspectives on Incorporating Asynchronous Learning Into In-Person and Virtual Emergency Residency Didactics

Background  Didactic education in emergency medicine (EM) residencies has been impacted both by the advent of asynchronous learning and by the shift toward virtual, web-based conference education due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of asynchronous education, but few have explored resident opinions about how asynchronous and virtual modifications on conference impact their educational experience.  Objective This study aimed to evaluate resident perceptions of both asynchronous and virtual modifications to a historically in-person didactic curriculum. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of residents of a three-year EM program at a large academic center where a 20% asynchronous curriculum was implemented in January 2020. A questionnaire was administered online with questions assessing how residents perceived their didactic curriculum with regard to convenience, retention of information, work/life balance, enjoyability, and overall preference. Questions compared resident opinions of in-person vs. virtual learning, as well as how the substitution of one hour of asynchronous learning impacted residents' perception of their didactics. Responses were reported on a five-point Likert-type scale.  Results A total of 32 out of 48 residents (67%) completed the questionnaire. When virtual conference was compared to in-person conference, residents favored virtual conference with regard to convenience (78.1%), work-life balance (78.1%), and overall preference (68.8%). They favored in-person conference (40.6%) or felt that the modalities were equivalent (40.6%) with regard to retention of information and favored in-person conference with regard to enjoyability (53.1%). Residents felt that the addition of asynchronous learning to their curriculum increased subjective convenience, work-life balance, enjoyability, retention of information, and overall preference, regardless of whether synchronous conference was virtual or in-person. All 32 responding residents were interested in seeing the asynchronous curriculum continue. Conclusion EM residents value the addition of asynchronous learning to both in-person and virtual didactic curricula. Additionally, virtual conference was favored over in-person conference with regard to work/life balance, convenience, and overall preference. As social distancing restrictions continue to ease post-COVID-19 pandemic, EM residencies may consider adding or maintaining asynchronous or virtual components to their synchronous conference schedule as a means to support resident wellness.

Approaching a New Normal: Lessons Learned Transitioning Family Education Programming to a Virtual Environment

The COVID-19 pandemic is highlighting deep-rooted health inequities. While the virus itself does not discriminate, gaps in access to services and disparities in health outcomes are prevalent. Concerns over worsening mental health outcomes and increases in family violence exist. Thus, service organizations have faced an unprecedented call to rethink services, with many transitioning to virtual programming to ensure the needs of their clients can be met. This brief highlights lessons learned as one organization pivoted to meet critical client needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests atypically high engagement and retention in family education and family violence reduction programming under Safer at Home orders when compared with pre-COVID engagement. Findings suggest key tenants for program success are tied to strong programming, staff engagement, and participation retention and satisfaction. Program adaptations create opportunities for increasing service equity, improving engagement and satisfaction, and improving family and mental health outcomes by maintaining connections, while providing a model for delivering services to reduce child maltreatment during times of social isolation and increased hardship.

An Analysis of Aesthetic Concerns Identified by Video Conferencing

Background During and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a significant increase in the demand for aesthetic procedures nationwide. We believe that one of the factors contributing to this increase was the use of video conferencing apps. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the aesthetic concerns that were identified by video conferencing. Methodology In Saudi Arabia, an observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April, 2022. An online survey was used to assess the aesthetic concerns raised by video conferencing. The survey addressed multiple aspects, including demographic data, information on video call utilization, the attentional focus of the participants during video calls, and new appearance concerns identified on video calls. Results The survey successfully captured 432 adult participants. More than 85% of participants disliked at least one character of their appearance during video conferencing. The skin color type (based on the Fitzpatrick scale), time spent on video calls, and visual focus during the virtual meeting were significantly correlated with self-perception of new disliked features. Conclusion Video conferencing showed a significant statistical correlation with identified disliked facial/body features in both genders. People with skin color type III were less likely to perceive a disliked feature through video conferencing applications. The likelihood of having a disliked feature was significantly higher among individuals who spent up to one hour per day using video calls. Additionally, those who mainly paid attention to their face or body during virtual meetings were more likely to have disliked features.

Looking beyond zoom fatigue: The relationship between video chatting and appearance satisfaction in men and women

OBJECTIVE

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a transition to the utilization of video chatting services as the main form of communication for work, family, and friends. However, the repercussions of this change are not fully known, and issues regarding appearance satisfaction are particularly salient. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between video chatting and appearance satisfaction in a sample of men and women.

METHOD

The current study utilizes cross-sectional data from 618 participants (Age: M = 33.2; 54.1% women) to evaluate whether average video chat usage predicts appearance satisfaction, and whether this association is dependent upon appearance comparison or self-objectification.

RESULTS

Results indicated that individuals who spent more time video chatting reported higher appearance satisfaction. Additionally, appearance comparison and self-objectification were not significant moderators, and the association between video chat usage and appearance satisfaction did not differ based on gender. Usage of the touch-up feature, gallery view, and amount of time spent looking at oneself were associated with appearance comparisons, while adjusting lighting and camera angles and amount of time spent looking at oneself were associated with self-objectification.

DISCUSSION

The results may indicate that while overall time spent video chatting may be associated with lower appearance concerns, examination of the usage of specific features on video chatting platforms may be important to assess in the future.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

This study demonstrates that overall time spent video chatting may be associated with lower appearance concerns. The usage, however, of specific features on video chatting platforms, such as touch-up feature, gallery view, and amount of time spent looking at oneself were associated with appearance comparisons. Additionally, adjusting lighting and camera angles, and amount of time spent looking at oneself are associated with self-objectification.

Parent-Infant Interaction Tasks Adapted for Remote Testing: Strengths, Challenges, and Recommendations

The closure of in-person laboratories and decreased safety of face-to-face interactions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic jeopardized the ability of many developmental researchers to continue data collection during this time. Disruptions in data collection are particularly damaging to longitudinal studies, in which the testing of different age groups occurs on a continuous basis, and data loss at one time point can have cascading effects across subsequent time points and threaten the viability of the study. In an effort to continue collecting data for a longitudinal study on emotion development started in-person pre-pandemic, we adapted two parent-infant interaction tasks (free-play task and toy removal task) for a remote testing framework. Our procedure for pivoting these tasks to a supervised, remote online testing framework is outlined and the associated strengths and challenges of testing in this format (e.g., feasibility and implementation, testing environment and task setup validity, and accessibility, recruitment, and diversity) are critically evaluated. Considerations for applying this framework to other behavioral tasks are discussed and recommendations are provided.

Virtual Clinical Shadowing for Pre-Clinical Medical Students in an Emergency Medicine-Based Leadership Course

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic limited pre-clinical medical students from participating in traditional clinical in-person shadowing. Rather than eliminating clinical shadowing from an established leadership course, we describe the experience of six pre-clinical medical students shadowing physician preceptors remotely through virtual platforms. Methods: Six pre-clinical medical students enrolled in 2020's Weill Cornell Medicine's Healthcare Leadership and Management Scholars Program were prepared with training materials for on-camera patient care. Students shadowed emergency medicine (EM) physicians providing clinical care in one of our New York Presbyterian emergency departments (EDs) and through telemedicine. Pre- and postsurveys were provided to these students. Results: From three different U.S. time zones, students were safely able to shadow EM physicians. The educational fidelity was maintained in physician-student relationships, but revealed opportunities for improvement in students' clinical learning, in ED clinical care, and in telemedicine visits. Conclusions: Virtual clinical shadowing is a viable option for pre-clinical students, when in-person options are not available. With logistical adjustments, this medium may be a long-term educational option especially for telemedicine.

Technologies for teaching during a pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic has had a major impact on education. As a result of this crisis, instructors world-wide had to quickly adapt and shift to remote teaching. This paper presents and describes technologies (such as Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Virtual Worlds, etc.) to promote active student learning during a pandemic. It also provides general information about the coronavirus and the learning environment that it created.

Mobile Computational Photography: A Tour

The first mobile camera phone was sold only 20 years ago, when taking pictures with one's phone was an oddity, and sharing pictures online was unheard of. Today, the smartphone is more camera than phone. How did this happen? This transformation was enabled by advances in computational photography-the science and engineering of making great images from small-form-factor, mobile cameras. Modern algorithmic and computing advances, including machine learning, have changed the rules of photography, bringing to it new modes of capture, postprocessing, storage, and sharing. In this review, we give a brief history of mobile computational photography and describe some of the key technological components, including burst photography, noise reduction, and super-resolution. At each step, we can draw naive parallels to the human visual system.

How Will COVID-19 Change Forestry Education? A Study of US Forest Operations Instructors

The COVID-19 (COVID) pandemic affected nearly every aspect of higher education. It has been particularly disruptive to forest operations courses that rely heavily on field experiences. Dodson and Blinn (2021) surveyed US forest operations instructors at four-year institutions granting SAF-accredited forestry degrees to understand how they rapidly modified courses during spring 2020 to accommodate a move to fully remote instruction. Through an online survey and interviews, a follow-up study was conducted to understand how courses were modified when instructors had time to prepare and what, if any, of those modifications are likely to be retained upon a return to in-person instruction. Two main themes emerged from the survey and interviews: instructors will expand the range of tools and methods used to convey course content, and they have a renewed respect for the importance of field experience and personal interactions.

Electrically-Driven Zoom Metalens Based on Dynamically Controlling the Phase of Barium Titanate (BTO) Column Antennas

The zoom metalens has been a research hotspot for metasurfaces in recent years. There are currently a variety of zoom methods, including dual metalenses, micro-electromechanical system metalenses, polydimethylsiloxane metalenses and Alvarez metalenses. However, for most metalenses, zooming is achieved by manipulating the relative displacement of two or more metasurfaces. Therefore, these methods seem inadequate when faced with more precise zooming requirements, and the precise control of the phase distribution cannot be achieved. In this paper, we innovatively propose an electrically-driven zoom metalens (EZM) of one-dimensional based on dynamically controlling barium titanate (BaTiO₃, BTO) antennas. Using the electro-optic effect of BTO crystals, we can apply a voltage to change the refractive index of BTO nanopillars (n = 2.4-3.6), thereby accurately controlling the phase distribution of column antennas. The proposed EZM can achieve 5× zoom (f = 10-50 μm), with advantages, such as high-speed optical amplitude modulation, ultra-compactness, flexibility and replicability. It can be applied in fields that require ultra-compact beam focusing, zoom imaging, and microscopic measuring.

Near visual function measured with a novel tablet application in patients with astigmatism

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

While the clinical focus of performance metrics is traditionally based on visual acuity, research from the field of visual impairment has demonstrated that metrics such as reading speed and critical print size correlate much more strongly with subjective patient reported outcomes and assessed ability in real-world tasks.

BACKGROUND

More recently, digital device use has increasingly replaced many paper-based tasks. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the correlation between standard acuity/contrast metrics and functional reading ability compared to real-world performance on an iPad-based reading task with astigmatic patients corrected wearing toric and mean spherical equivalent contact lenses.

METHODS

Thirty-four adult participants, with -0.75 to -1.50-D of refractive astigmatism, were enrolled in a double-masked cross-over study and fitted with toric and spherical equivalent contact lenses, in random order. A digital application was developed to assess zoom, contrast modifications, the distance at which the tablet was held, blink rate, and time to complete the reading task. High and low contrast near logMAR visual acuity were measured along with reading performance (critical print size and optimal reading speed).

RESULTS

The amount participants chose to increase tablet font size (zoom) was correlated with their high-contrast visual acuity with toric correction (r = 0.434, p = 0.010). With best sphere correction, zoom was associated with reading speed (r = -0.450, p = 0.008) and working distance (r = 0.522, p = 0.002). Text zoom was also associated with horizontal (toric: r = 0.898, p < 0.001; sphere: r = 0.880, p < 0.001) and vertical scrolling (toric: r = 0.857, p < 0.001; sphere: r = 0.846, p < 0.001). There was a significant negative association between the selection of text contrast and zoom (toric: r = -0.417, p = 0.0141; sphere: r = -0.385, p = 0.025).

CONCLUSION

Real-world task performance allows more robust assessment of visual function than standard visual metrics alone. Digital technology offers the opportunity to better understand the impact of different vision correction options on real-world task performance.

Making virtual learning engaging and interactive

This article provides practical perspective and guidance for transitioning from in‐person to virtual learning. Student engagement is emphasized through providing synchronous and highly interactive virtual learning sessions. This approach not only improves student outcomes related to class, but also is related to strong student mental health. Technological considerations are explored surrounding how to select a video conferencing platform that will enable engagement. Key functionality recommended includes the ability to share audio and video of both instructor and students, virtual hand raising and other signaling capabilities, hosting of small group discussions within the larger class, concurrent chat capabilities, and the crowd‐sourcing of questions. The implications of this functionality from a learning perspective are discussed. Empathy and flexibility in accommodating diverse and evolving student scenarios is also discussed. The importance of setting norms and expectations provides a foundation for the class, both during class sessions as well as in providing a framework within which students conceptualize group work. This article ends by looking ahead at near‐term implications of teaching during a global pandemic.

Off the Shelf: Rapid Deployment of an Emergency Department Telemedicine Platform Using Readily Available Consumer Products

Background

For 20 years, telemedicine has been waiting in the wings for its time in the spotlight. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with its emphasis on personal protective equipment (PPE) and reducing high-risk contacts, was the catalyst needed to bring telemedicine into mainstream consciousness and acceptance.

Objectives

We first review some of the key factors that precipitated this abrupt alteration of the perception of telemedicine. We then detail the creation of a department-wide telemedicine network using off-the-shelf consumer products. Our goal was to very rapidly install a system that was familiar to end-users for the purpose of reducing high-risk contacts and conserving PPE. Sourcing from the consumer realm proved to be advantageous over enterprise-level equipment when these goals were desired.

Discussion

After a rollout of 1.5 weeks from zero to fully operational, we showed an immediate decrease in high-risk contacts and PPE use. All 80 rooms plus all triage areas in our department were outfitted with Apple iPads running Zoom. User adoption was high and telemedicine use increased from ∼17 to ∼90 instances a day, a 429% increase. We saw a decrease in high-risk contacts of about 75%, with a concomitant cost savings in PPE.

Conclusions

We propose that the use of consumer products sourced from local vendors is a viable solution for telemedicine systems focusing on speed, reducing costs, and ease of deployment. Future work will focus on studying its performance characteristics vs. other systems in an evolving landscape.

Learning Communities Engage Medical Students: A COVID-19 Virtual Conversation Series

Context Challenges to medical education have been pervasive during the COVID-19 pandemic, and medical students, in particular, have faced numerous obstacles as a result. One of the greatest losses for medical students was the inability to gather with their peers and a lost sense of community. The Learning Community (LC) program at Wayne State University School of Medicine (WSU SoM) expanded our offerings through the use of the Zoom platform to increase a sense of connectedness among medical students. The first initiative of its kind at WSU SoM, the Virtual Conversation series enabled students to share their pandemic challenges while also connecting with physicians on the COVID-19 frontlines.  Students were offered eight online sessions with physicians and residents who were able to share insight regarding (1) how to succeed as a medical student on rotation during COVID-19, (2) potential implications of the pandemic on residency applications, (3) the utility of telemedicine, (4) tips for patient encounters, and (5) realities of serving as a physician during a global health crisis.  Methods Residents and clinical physicians on the COVID-19 frontlines participated in 40-minute discussions with WSU SoM students through Zoom. Electronic Qualtrics surveys were distributed to medical student attendees of the Virtual Conversation series and responses were received via Likert scale, open text, and ranking questions. Results Qualtrics results demonstrated 55% of medical students (n=55) reported they learned new information about the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of physicians. Additionally, 62% of medical students described the Virtual Conversation series as 'extremely useful'. Conclusion The Virtual Conversation series emphasizing different medical aspects of COVID-19 provided a unique benefit to medical students' understanding of the current landscape of healthcare, the anticipation of their future roles as physicians, connectedness with their community, and opportunity to practice flexibility as they begin to apply online learning with real-world situations in the health system.

The Impact of Field of View on Understanding of a Movie Is Reduced by Magnifying Around the Center of Interest

Purpose

Magnification is commonly used to reduce the impact of impaired central vision. However, magnification limits the field of view (FoV) which may make it difficult to follow the story. Most people with normal vision look in about the same place at about the same time, the center of interest (COI), when watching “Hollywood” movies. We hypothesized that if the FoV was centered at the COI, then this view would provide more useful information than either the original image center or an unrelated view location (the COI locations from a different video clip) as the FoV reduced.

Methods

The FoV was varied between 100% (original) and 3%. To measure video comprehension as the FoV reduced, subjects described 30-second video clips in response to two open-ended questions. A computational, natural-language approach was used to provide an information acquisition (IA) score.

Results

The IA scores reduced as the FoV decreased. When the FoV was around the COI, subjects were better able to understand the content of the video clips (higher IA scores) as the FoV decreased than the other conditions. Thus, magnification around the COI may serve as a better video enhancement approach than simple magnification of the image center.

Conclusions

These results have implications for future image processing and scene viewing, which may help people with central vision loss view directed dynamic visual content (“Hollywood” movies).

Translational Relevance

Our results are promising for the use of magnification around the COI as a vision rehabilitation aid for people with central vision loss.

Single-center experience of using high definition (Hi-Def) imaging during neurointervention treatment of intracranial aneurysms using flow diverters

BACKGROUND

A new dual resolution imaging x-ray detector system (Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Tochigi, Japan) has a standard resolution 194 µm pixel conventional flat-panel detector (FPD) mode and a high-resolution 76 µm high-definition (Hi-Def) mode in a single unit. The Hi-Def mode enhances the visualization of the intravascular devices.

OBJECTIVE

We report the clinical experience and physician evaluation of this new detector system with Hi-Def mode for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms using a Pipeline embolization device (PED).

METHODS

During intervention at our institute, under large field of view (FOV) regular resolution FPD mode imaging, the catheter systems and devices were first guided to the proximity of the treatment area. Final placement and deployment of the PED was performed under Hi-Def mode guidance. A post-procedure 9-question physician survey was conducted to qualitatively assess the impact of Hi-Def mode visualization on physicians' intraoperative decision-making. One-sample t-test was performed on the responses from the survey. Dose values reported by the x-ray unit were also recorded.

RESULTS

Twenty-five cases were included in our study. The survey results indicated that, for each of the nine questions, the physicians in all cases indicated that the Hi-Def mode improved visualization compared with the FPD mode. For the 25 cases, the mean cumulative entrance air kerma was 2.35 Gy, the mean dose area product (DAP) was 173.71 Gy.cm², and the mean x-ray exposure time was 39.30 min.

CONCLUSIONS

The Hi-Def mode improves visualization of flow diverters and may help in achieving more accurate placement and deployment of devices.

The Design and Positioning Method of a Flexible Zoom Artificial Compound Eye

The focal lengths of the sub-eyes in a single-layer uniform curved compound eye are all the same, resulting in poor imaging quality for the compound eye. A non-uniform curved compound eye can effectively solve the problem of poor edge-imaging quality, however, it suffers from a large spherical aberration, and is unable to achieve zoom imaging. To solve these problems, a new type of aspherical artificial compound eye structure with variable focal length is proposed in this paper. The structure divides the surface compound eye into three fan-shaped areas with different focal lengths of the microlens in different areas, which allow the artificial compound eye to zoom in a certain range. The focal length and size of the microlens is determined by the area and the location of the microlens. The aspherical optimization of the microlens is calculated, and spherical aberration in each area is reduced to one percent of the initial value. Through simulation analysis, the designed artificial compound eye structure realizes focal length adjustment and effectively reduces the problem of the poor imaging quality of the curved compound eye edge. As a result, an aspherical artificial compound eye sample-where the number of sub-eyes is n = 61, and the diameter of the base is Φ = 8.66 mm-was prepared by using a molding method. Additionally, the mutual relationship between the eyes of the child was calibrated, and hence, a mathematical model for the simultaneous identification of multiple sub-eyes was established. This study set up an experimental artificial compound eye positioning system, and through a number of microlens capture target point settlement coordinates, achieved an error value of less than 10%.

Improving Light Distribution by Zoom Lens for Electricity Savings in a Plant Factory with Light-Emitting Diodes

The high energy consumption of a plant factory is the biggest issue in its rapid expansion, especially for lighting electricity, which has been solved to a large extent by light-emitting diodes (LED). However, the remarkable potential for further energy savings remains to be further investigated. In this study, an optical system applied just below the LED was designed. The effects of the system on the growth and photosynthesis of butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) were examined, and the performance of the optical improvement in energy savings was evaluated by comparison with the traditional LED illumination mode. The irradiation patterns used were LED with zoom lenses (Z-LED) and conventional non-lenses LED (C-LED). The seedlings in both treatments were exposed to the same light environment over the entire growth period. The improvement saved over half of the light source electricity, while prominently lowering the temperature. Influenced by this, the rate of photosynthesis sharply decreased, causing reductions in plant yield and nitrate content, while having no negative effects on morphological parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents. Nevertheless, the much higher light use efficiency of Z-LEDs makes this system a better approach to illumination in a plant factory with artificial lighting.

Digital clinical photography: practical tips

Photographs are the most preferred and easiest way of documentation of patient visual features. In aesthetic and cutaneous surgery, there is an increased need for proper photographic documentation, from a medicolegal view point. This article discusses the basic aspects of camera and photography which a dermatologist should be aware before he/she starts with clinical photography.

Soft copy display requirements for digital mammography

One of the advantages of digital mammography is to display mammograms on softcopy (electronic displays). Softcopy display of mammography is challenging because of the spatial and contrast resolution demands present in mammograms. We have designed and developed a softcopy mammography display application, Mammoview, which is capable of allowing radiologists to read mammograms as quickly and as accurately as they can on film alternators. We review the studies using Mammoview to elucidate the requirements of a successful softcopy display station. The design and development of the Mammoview softcopy display station are described in this article, and results of several studies using Mammoview are reported, including subjective feedback from Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) conference demonstrations, and clinical studies measuring performance in terms of speed and accuracy. Additional analysis of user interactions and user feedback is used to study the successes and shortcomings of mammography display stations like Mammoview. Overall, radiologist readings using Mammoview have been shown to be as fast and as accurate as readings using mammography film alternators. However, certain parts of the softcopy interface were more successful than their film counterparts, whereas others were less successful. Data analysis of the recorded human-computer interactions for the softcopy component of the clinical trial indicate statistically significant correlations between the difference in review time of softcopy versus alternator readings and three factors: the number of interactions, the reader, and the size of the image being reviewed. The first factor (number of interactions) suggests that simpler interfaces require less time to use; the second factor, the reader, supports previous findings that radiologists vary in how fast they read screening mammography studies; the third, size of image, suggests that the speed of softcopy review is increased relative to film readings when images are significantly larger than the display size. Feedback from radiologists using the system in clinical trials and at demonstration exhibits at RSNA indicated good acceptance of the interface and easy adaptation. Radiologists indicated that they felt comfortable using the interface, and that they would use such a softcopy interface in clinical practice. Finally, preliminary work suggests that the addition of a simple interaction to incorporate computer-aided detection (CAD) results would improve reading accuracy without significantly increasing reader times.