1
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Agnew C, Ayaz P, Kashima R, Loving HS, Ghatpande P, Kung JE, Underbakke ES, Shan Y, Shaw DE, Hata A, Jura N. Structural basis for ALK2/BMPR2 receptor complex signaling through kinase domain oligomerization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4950. [PMID: 34400635 PMCID: PMC8368100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon ligand binding, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors form active tetrameric complexes, comprised of two type I and two type II receptors, which then transmit signals to SMAD proteins. The link between receptor tetramerization and the mechanism of kinase activation, however, has not been elucidated. Here, using hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, combined with analysis of SMAD signaling, we show that the kinase domain of the type I receptor ALK2 and type II receptor BMPR2 form a heterodimeric complex via their C-terminal lobes. Formation of this dimer is essential for ligand-induced receptor signaling and is targeted by mutations in BMPR2 in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We further show that the type I/type II kinase domain heterodimer serves as the scaffold for assembly of the active tetrameric receptor complexes to enable phosphorylation of the GS domain and activation of SMADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Agnew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Risa Kashima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanna S Loving
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Prajakta Ghatpande
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Eric S Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | | | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Fortin J, Tian R, Zarrabi I, Hill G, Williams E, Sanchez-Duffhues G, Thorikay M, Ramachandran P, Siddaway R, Wong JF, Wu A, Apuzzo LN, Haight J, You-Ten A, Snow BE, Wakeham A, Goldhamer DJ, Schramek D, Bullock AN, Dijke PT, Hawkins C, Mak TW. Mutant ACVR1 Arrests Glial Cell Differentiation to Drive Tumorigenesis in Pediatric Gliomas. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:308-323.e12. [PMID: 32142668 PMCID: PMC7105820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are aggressive pediatric brain tumors for which there is currently no effective treatment. Some of these tumors combine gain-of-function mutations in ACVR1, PIK3CA, and histone H3-encoding genes. The oncogenic mechanisms of action of ACVR1 mutations are currently unknown. Using mouse models, we demonstrate that Acvr1G328V arrests the differentiation of oligodendroglial lineage cells, and cooperates with Hist1h3bK27M and Pik3caH1047R to generate high-grade diffuse gliomas. Mechanistically, Acvr1G328V upregulates transcription factors which control differentiation and DIPG cell fitness. Furthermore, we characterize E6201 as a dual inhibitor of ACVR1 and MEK1/2, and demonstrate its efficacy toward tumor cells in vivo. Collectively, our results describe an oncogenic mechanism of action for ACVR1 mutations, and suggest therapeutic strategies for DIPGs.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Glioma/drug therapy
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/pathology
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Lactones/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/metabolism
- SOXC Transcription Factors/genetics
- SOXC Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Fortin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Ruxiao Tian
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ida Zarrabi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Graham Hill
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Eleanor Williams
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Midory Thorikay
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Siddaway
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Jong Fu Wong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Annette Wu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lorraine N Apuzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Jillian Haight
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Annick You-Ten
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bryan E Snow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew Wakeham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David J Goldhamer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
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3
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Raffo-Romero A, Arab T, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Wisztorski M, Franck J, Aboulouard S, Le Marrec-Croq F, Sautiere PE, Vizioli J, Salzet M, Lefebvre C. ALK4/5-dependent TGF-β signaling contributes to the crosstalk between neurons and microglia following axonal lesion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6896. [PMID: 31053759 PMCID: PMC6499822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is closely influenced by glia, especially microglia which are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia in medicinal leech are the only cells able to migrate to the injury site within the 24 hours post-lesion. The microglia-neuron interactions constitute an important mechanism as there is neither astrocyte nor oligodendrocyte in the leech CNS. Given that axonal sprouting is impaired when microglia recruitment is inhibited, the crosstalk between microglia and neurons plays a crucial role in neuroprotection. The present results show that neurons and microglia both use ALK4/5 (a type of TGF-β receptor) signaling in order to maintain mutual exchanges in an adult brain following an axonal injury. Indeed, a TGF-β family member (nGDF) is immediately released by injured axons contributing to the early recruitment of ALK4/5+ microglia to the lesion site. Surprisingly, within the following hours, nGDF from microglia activates ALK4/5+ neurons to maintain a later microglia accumulation in lesion. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ALK4/5 signaling is essential throughout the response to the lesion in the leech CNS and gives a new insight in the understanding of this pathway. This latter is an important signal contributing to a correct sequential mobilization over time of microglia recruitment leading to axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Raffo-Romero
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanina Arab
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Van Camp
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Lemaire
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Franck
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francoise Le Marrec-Croq
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Eric Sautiere
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Salzet
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Lefebvre
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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4
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Jiang JK, Huang X, Shamim K, Patel PR, Lee A, Wang AQ, Nguyen K, Tawa G, Cuny GD, Yu PB, Zheng W, Xu X, Sanderson P, Huang W. Discovery of 3-(4-sulfamoylnaphthyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as potent and selective ALK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3356-3362. [PMID: 30227946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine LDN-193189 is a potent inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) but is nonselective for highly homologous ALK3 and shows only modest kinome selectivity. Herein, we describe the discovery of a novel series of potent and selective ALK2 inhibitors by replacing the quinolinyl with a 4-(sulfamoyl)naphthyl, yielding ALK2 inhibitors that exhibit not only excellent discrimination versus ALK3 but also high kinome selectivity. In addition, the optimized compound 23 demonstrates good ADME and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Jiang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA.
| | - Xiuli Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Paresma R Patel
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Arthur Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Amy Q Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Kimloan Nguyen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Gregory Tawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Health Building 2, Room, 7036, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Paul B Yu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn Biosciences 1219, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Philip Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA.
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5
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Hudson L, Mui J, Vázquez S, Carvalho DM, Williams E, Jones C, Bullock AN, Hoelder S. Novel Quinazolinone Inhibitors of ALK2 Flip between Alternate Binding Modes: Structure-Activity Relationship, Structural Characterization, Kinase Profiling, and Cellular Proof of Concept. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7261-7272. [PMID: 30085668 PMCID: PMC6109843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship and crystallographic data revealed that quinazolinone-containing fragments flip between two distinct modes of binding to activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2). We explored both binding modes to discover potent inhibitors and characterized the chemical modifications that triggered the flip in binding mode. We report kinase selectivity and demonstrate that compounds of this series modulate ALK2 in cancer cells. These inhibitors are attractive starting points for the discovery of more advanced ALK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hudson
- Institute
of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United
Kingdom
| | - James Mui
- Institute
of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United
Kingdom
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori
de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC),
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació,
and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat
de Barcelona, Av. Joan
XXIII s/n, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Diana M. Carvalho
- Institute
of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United
Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Williams
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jones
- Institute
of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United
Kingdom
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Institute
of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United
Kingdom
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6
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Abstract
CONTEXT Activin A increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 expression and cell invasion in human trophoblasts, but whether the expression of MMP2 is essential for the proinvasive effect of activin A has yet to be determined. Moreover, the identity of the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK; TGF-β type I receptors) and downstream transcription factors (eg, SNAIL and SLUG) mediating the effects of activin on MMP2 expression and trophoblast cell invasion remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of MMP2 in activin A-induced human trophoblast cell invasion as well as the involvement of ALK4 and SNAIL. DESIGN HTR8/SVneo immortalized human extravillous cytotrophoblast (EVT) cells and primary cultures of human first-trimester EVT cells were used as study models. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown approaches were used to investigate the molecular determinants of activin A-mediated functions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of mRNA and protein were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell invasiveness was measured by Matrigel-coated transwell assays. RESULTS Treatment of HTR8/SVneo cells with activin A increased the production of SNAIL, SLUG, and MMP2 without altering that of MMP9, TIMP1, TIMP2, TWIST, RUNX2, ZEB1, or ZEB2. Similarly, activin A up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of SNAIL and MMP2 in primary EVT cells. Knockdown of SNAIL attenuated activin A-induced MMP2 up-regulation in HTR8/SVneo and primary EVT cells. In HTR8/SVneo cells, activin A-induced production of SNAIL and MMP2 was abolished by pretreatment with the TGF-β type I receptor (ALK4/5/7) inhibitor SB431542 or siRNA targeting ALK4, SMAD2/3, or common SMAD4. Likewise, knockdown of ALK4 or SMAD4 abolished the stimulatory effects of activin A on SNAIL and MMP2 expression in primary EVT cells. Importantly, activin A-induced HTR8/SVneo and primary EVT cell invasion were attenuated by siRNA-mediated depletion of ALK4 or MMP2. CONCLUSION Activin A induces human trophoblast cell invasion by inducing SNAIL-mediated MMP2 expression through ALK4 in a SMAD2/3-SMAD4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Christian Klausen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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7
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Sanvitale CE, Kerr G, Chaikuad A, Ramel MC, Mohedas AH, Reichert S, Wang Y, Triffitt JT, Cuny GD, Yu PB, Hill CS, Bullock AN. A new class of small molecule inhibitor of BMP signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62721. [PMID: 23646137 PMCID: PMC3639963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factor signaling pathways are tightly regulated by phosphorylation and include many important kinase targets of interest for drug discovery. Small molecule inhibitors of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor kinase ALK2 (ACVR1) are needed urgently to treat the progressively debilitating musculoskeletal disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Dorsomorphin analogues, first identified in zebrafish, remain the only BMP inhibitor chemotype reported to date. By screening an assay panel of 250 recombinant human kinases we identified a highly selective 2-aminopyridine-based inhibitor K02288 with in vitro activity against ALK2 at low nanomolar concentrations similar to the current lead compound LDN-193189. K02288 specifically inhibited the BMP-induced Smad pathway without affecting TGF-β signaling and induced dorsalization of zebrafish embryos. Comparison of the crystal structures of ALK2 with K02288 and LDN-193189 revealed additional contacts in the K02288 complex affording improved shape complementarity and identified the exposed phenol group for further optimization of pharmacokinetics. The discovery of a new chemical series provides an independent pharmacological tool to investigate BMP signaling and offers multiple opportunities for pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Kerr
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Christine Ramel
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agustin H. Mohedas
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sabine Reichert
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - You Wang
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James T. Triffitt
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. Cuny
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul B. Yu
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline S. Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Gregson CL, Hollingworth P, Williams M, Petrie KA, Bullock AN, Brown MA, Tobias JH, Triffitt JT. A novel ACVR1 mutation in the glycine/serine-rich domain found in the most benign case of a fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva variant reported to date. Bone 2011; 48:654-8. [PMID: 21044902 PMCID: PMC3160462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare, autosomal dominant condition, classically characterised by heterotopic ossification beginning in childhood and congenital great toe malformations; occurring in response to a c.617 G > A ACVR1 mutation in the functionally important glycine/serine-rich domain of exon 6. Here we describe a novel c.587 T > C mutation in the glycine/serine-rich domain of ACVR1, associated with delayed onset of heterotopic ossification and an exceptionally mild clinical course. Absence of great toe malformations, the presence of early ossification of the cervical spine facets joints, plus mild bilateral camptodactyly of the 5th fingers, together with a novel ACVR1 mutation, are consistent with the 'FOP-variant' syndrome. The c.587 T > C mutation replaces a conserved leucine with proline at residue 196. Modelling of the mutant protein reveals a steric clash with the kinase domain that will weaken interactions with FKBP12 and induce exposure of the glycine/serine-rich repeat. The mutant receptor is predicted to be hypersensitive to ligand stimulation rather than being constitutively active, consistent with the mild clinical phenotype. This case extends our understanding of the 'FOP-variant' syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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9
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Abstract
Individuals with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are born with malformations of the great toes and develop a heterotopic skeleton during childhood because of an identical heterozygous mutation in the glycine-serine activation domain of ACVR1, a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor. Substitution of adenine for guanine at nucleotide 617 replaces an evolutionarily conserved arginine with histidine at residue 206 of ACVR1 in all classically affected individuals, making this one of the most highly conserved disease-causing mutations in the human genome. To better understand the molecular constraints and physiological implications of this mutation, we performed in silico modeling of wild-type and mutant ACVR1. In both the wild-type ACVR1 model and template crystal structures (TbetaRI), the conserved arginine appears to form a salt bridge with an invariant aspartate residue. Although lysine, a conservative substitution in BMPRIA and BMPRIB, can be readily accommodated, histidine at residue 206 (like in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva) would participate in a salt bridge with the aspartate only at decreased intracellular pH and with extensive structural rearrangement. Protein modeling predicts that substitution with histidine, and only histidine, creates a pH-sensitive switch within the activation domain of the receptor that leads to ligand-independent activation of ACVR1 in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Arginine/chemistry
- Computer Simulation
- Histidine/chemistry
- Humans
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myositis Ossificans/genetics
- Myositis Ossificans/metabolism
- Point Mutation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Groppe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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10
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Chen K, Rund LA, Beever JE, Schook LB. Isolation and molecular characterization of the porcine transforming growth factor beta type I receptor (TGFBR1) gene. Gene 2006; 384:62-72. [PMID: 16950575 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) family is essential for normal growth and development of different organ systems. Here we describe the isolation and molecular characterization of the full-length cDNA and the determination of the genomic DNA sequence of the porcine TGFBR1 gene. The full-length TGFBR1 cDNA 1813 bp contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1512 bp encoding a TGFBR1 protein of 503 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight (Mw) of 56.4 kDa. A BAC clone harboring the porcine TGFBR1 gene was isolated and sequenced. The results of genomic and cDNA sequences of the porcine TGFBR1 gene demonstrated that it spans a transcription unit of 62,182 bp consisting of nine exons ranging from 125 to 354 bp, and eight introns ranging from 1003 to 29,441 bp. A shorter porcine TGFBR1 isoform resulting from the alternative splicing of exon 7 in porcine TGFBR1 cDNA was detected. The shorter TGFBR1 isoform contained a 1140 bp ORF encoding 379 amino acids with a calculated Mw of 41.7 kDa. The core promoter of porcine TGFBR1 gene lacks a TATA box but contains GC boxes and CAAT boxes. Multiple transcription initiation and termination sites were identified in untranslated regions (UTR) resulting in the size of 5'-UTR varying from 15 to 62 bp, and the length of 3'-UTR varying from 169 to 228 bp. Quantitative real time PCR results showed that the TGFBR1 transcript was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined (i.e. fat, adrenal, brain, spinal cord, muscle, mandibular lymph node, thymus, bone marrow, uterus, spleen, testis, kidney, liver, and ovary). A total of eighty-five gene polymorphisms (77 SNPs and 8 indels) were detected in the porcine TGFBR1 gene by utilizing a panel of DNA from eight diversified pig breeds (Yorkshire, Chinese Meishan, Berkshire, Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Large White and Pietrain). The minor allele frequencies of these nucleotide variations varied from 0.13 to 0.5 with an average of 0.26. In addition, seventeen microsatellites were identified throughout the genomic sequence of the porcine TGFBR1 gene.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- DNA, Complementary
- Exons
- Genome
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sus scrofa/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefei Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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11
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Singh KK, Rommel K, Mishra A, Karck M, Haverich A, Schmidtke J, Arslan-Kirchner M. TGFBR1andTGFBR2mutations in patients with features of Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:770-7. [PMID: 16799921 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by manifestations in the cardiovascular, skeletal, ocular, and other organ systems. MFS type1 (MFS1) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin (FBN1). Recently, the transforming growth factor-beta receptor-2 gene, TGFBR2, has been shown to be associated with a second type of this disorder with typically mild or absent ocular involvement (MFS type 2; MFS2). Several point mutations were found in the highly conserved serine/threonine kinase domain of TGFBR2. Mutations in both TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 are associated with Loeys-Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome (LDS). We searched for TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 mutations in 41 unrelated patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of Ghent nosology or with the tentative diagnosis of Marfan syndrome, in whom mutations in the FBN1 coding region were not identified. In TGFBR1, two mutations and two polymorphisms were detected. In TGFBR2, five mutations and six polymorphisms were identified. Reexamination of patients with a TGFBR1 or TGFBR2 mutation revealed extensive clinical overlap between patients with MFS1, MFS2, and LDS.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Alleles
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/diagnosis
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/genetics
- Child
- Codon, Nonsense
- Cohort Studies
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Marfan Syndrome/diagnosis
- Marfan Syndrome/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Mutation, Missense
- Pedigree
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Syndrome
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12
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Abstract
We report for the first time the chemical synthesis of refolded CFC domain of mouse Cripto (mCFC) and of two variants bearing mutations on residues W107 and H104 involved in Alk4 binding. The domains undergo spontaneous and quantitative refolding in about 4 h, yet with very different kinetics. Disulfide linkages have been assessed by enzyme digestion and mass spectrometry analysis of resulting fragments, and the first experimental studies on structural organization have been conducted by circular dichroism spectroscopy under different pH conditions. Upon refolding, the domains considerably change their conformations, although they do not assume canonical structures, and become highly resistant to enzyme degradation. A comparative study of receptor binding shows that the CFC domain can bind Alk4 and confirms the importance of W107 and H104 for receptor recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marasco
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CNR, Sezione Biostrutture, Napoli, Italy
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13
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14
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Shore EM, Xu M, Feldman GJ, Fenstermacher DA, Cho TJ, Choi IH, Connor JM, Delai P, Glaser DL, LeMerrer M, Morhart R, Rogers JG, Smith R, Triffitt JT, Urtizberea JA, Zasloff M, Brown MA, Kaplan FS. A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Nat Genet 2006; 38:525-7. [PMID: 16642017 DOI: 10.1038/ng1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of skeletal malformations and progressive extraskeletal ossification. We mapped FOP to chromosome 2q23-24 by linkage analysis and identified an identical heterozygous mutation (617G --> A; R206H) in the glycine-serine (GS) activation domain of ACVR1, a BMP type I receptor, in all affected individuals examined. Protein modeling predicts destabilization of the GS domain, consistent with constitutive activation of ACVR1 as the underlying cause of the ectopic chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and joint fusions seen in FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Shore
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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15
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Maeda M, Shintani Y, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR. Src Activation Is Not Necessary for Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β-mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transitions (EMT) in Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:59-68. [PMID: 16267045 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503304200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are key events during embryonic development and cancer progression. It has been proposed that Src plays a major role in some EMT models, as shown by the overexpression of viral Src (v-Src) in epithelial cells. It is clear that Src family kinases can regulate the integrity of both adherens junctions and focal adhesions; however, their significance in EMT, especially in the physiological context, remains to be elucidated. Here we showed that Src is activated in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-mediated EMT in mammary epithelial cells and that the Src family kinase inhibitor, PP1, prevents EMT. However, neither a more specific Src family kinase inhibitor, SU6656, nor a dominant-negative Src inhibited TGF-beta1-mediated EMT, leading us to speculate that Src activation is not an essential component of TGF-beta1-mediated EMT. Unexpectedly, PP1 prevented Smad2/3 activation by TGF-beta1, whereas SU6656 did not. Most interestingly, an in vitro kinase assay showed that PP1 strongly inhibited the TGF-beta receptor type I, and to a lesser extent, the TGF-beta receptor type II. Taken together, our data indicated that PP1 interferes with TGF-beta1-mediated EMT not by inhibiting Src family kinases but by inhibiting the Smad pathway via a direct inhibition of TGF-beta receptor kinase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mesoderm/cytology
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mice
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Maeda
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-7696, USA
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16
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Mátyás G, Arnold E, Carrel T, Baumgartner D, Boileau C, Berger W, Steinmann B. Identification and in silico analyses of novelTGFBR1 andTGFBR2 mutations in Marfan syndrome-related disorders. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:760-9. [PMID: 16791849 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, heterozygous mutations in the genes encoding transforming growth factor beta receptors I (TGFBR1) and II (TGFBR2) have been reported in Loeys-Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome (LDS). In addition, dominant TGFBR2 mutations have been identified in Marfan syndrome type 2 (MFS2) and familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD). In the past, mutations of these genes were associated with atherosclerosis and several human cancers. Here, we report a total of nine novel and one known heterozygous sequence variants in the TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 genes in nine of 70 unrelated individuals with MFS-like phenotypes who previously tested negative for mutations in the gene encoding the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1 (FBN1). To assess the pathogenic impact of these sequence variants, in silico analyses were performed by the PolyPhen, SIFT, and Fold-X algorithms and by means of a 3D homology model of the TGFBR2 kinase domain. Our results showed that in all but one of the patients the pathogenic effect of at least one sequence variant is highly probable (c.722C > T, c.799A > C, and c.1460G > A in TGFBR1 and c.773T > G, c.1106G > T, c.1159G > A, c.1181G > A, and c.1561T > C in TGFBR2). These deleterious alleles occurred de novo or segregated with the disease in the families, indicating a causative association between the sequence variants and clinical phenotypes. Since TGFBR2 mutations found in patients with MFS-related disorders cannot be distinguished from heterozygous TGFBR2 mutations reported in tumor samples, we emphasize the importance of segregation analysis in affected families. In order to be able to find the mutation that is indeed responsible for a MFS-related phenotype, we also propose that genetic testing for sequence alterations in TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 should be complemented by mutation screening of the FBN1 gene.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aortic Dissection/diagnosis
- Aortic Dissection/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/diagnosis
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Computational Biology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Marfan Syndrome/diagnosis
- Marfan Syndrome/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Pedigree
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Mátyás
- University of Zurich, Institute of Medical Genetics, Division of Medical Molecular Genetics and Gene Diagnostics, Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Zúñiga JE, Groppe JC, Cui Y, Hinck CS, Contreras-Shannon V, Pakhomova ON, Yang J, Tang Y, Mendoza V, López-Casillas F, Sun L, Hinck AP. Assembly of TbetaRI:TbetaRII:TGFbeta ternary complex in vitro with receptor extracellular domains is cooperative and isoform-dependent. J Mol Biol 2005; 354:1052-68. [PMID: 16289576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) isoforms initiate signaling by assembling a heterotetrameric complex of paired type I (TbetaRI) and type II (TbetaRII) receptors on the cell surface. Because two of the ligand isoforms (TGFbetas 1, 3) must first bind TbetaRII to recruit TbetaRI into the complex, and a third (TGFbeta2) requires a co-receptor, assembly is known to be sequential, cooperative and isoform-dependent. However the source of the cooperativity leading to recruitment of TbetaRI and the universality of the assembly mechanism with respect to isoforms remain unclear. Here, we show that the extracellular domain of TbetaRI (TbetaRI-ED) binds in vitro with high affinity to complexes of the extracellular domain of TbetaRII (TbetaRII-ED) and TGFbetas 1 or 3, but not to either ligand or receptor alone. Thus, recruitment of TbetaRI requires combined interactions with TbetaRII-ED and ligand, but not membrane attachment of the receptors. Cell-based assays show that TbetaRI-ED, like TbetaRII-ED, acts as an antagonist of TGFbeta signaling, indicating that receptor-receptor interaction is sufficient to compete against endogenous, membrane-localized receptors. On the other hand, neither TbetaRII-ED, nor TbetaRII-ED and TbetaRI-ED combined, form a complex with TGFbeta2, showing that receptor-receptor interaction is insufficient to compensate for weak ligand-receptor interaction. However, TbetaRII-ED does bind with high affinity to TGFbeta2-TM, a TGFbeta2 variant substituted at three positions to mimic TGFbetas 1 and 3 at the TbetaRII binding interface. This proves both necessary and sufficient for recruitment of TbetaRI-ED, suggesting that the three different TGFbeta isoforms induce assembly of the heterotetrameric receptor complex in the same general manner.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/isolation & purification
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Smad2 Protein/analysis
- Smad2 Protein/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Zúñiga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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18
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Sun D, Whitty A, Papadatos J, Newman M, Donnelly J, Bowes S, Josiah S. Adopting a practical statistical approach for evaluating assay agreement in drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:508-16. [PMID: 16093560 DOI: 10.1177/1087057105275725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors assess the equivalence of 2 assays and put forward a general approach for assay agreement analysis that can be applied during drug discovery. Data sets generated by different assays are routinely compared to each other during the process of drug discovery. For a given target, the assays used for high-throughput screening and structure-activity relationship studies will most likely differ in their assay reagents, assay conditions, and/or detection technology, which makes the interpretation of data between assays difficult, particularly as most assays are used to measure quantitative changes in compound potency against the target. To better quantify the relationship of data sets from different assays for the same target, the authors evaluated the agreement between results generated by 2 different assays that measure the activity of compounds against the same protein, ALK5. The authors show that the agreement between data sets can be quantified using correlation and Bland-Altman plots, and the precision of the assays can be used to define the expectations of agreement between 2 assays. They propose a scheme for addressing issues of assay data equivalence, which can be applied to address questions of how data sets compare during the lead identification and lead optimization processes in which assays are frequently added and changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Sun
- Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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19
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Herpin A, Lelong C, Becker T, Rosa FM, Favrel P, Cunningham C. Structural and functional evidences for a type 1 TGF-beta sensu stricto receptor in the lophotrochozoan Crassostrea gigas suggest conserved molecular mechanisms controlling mesodermal patterning across bilateria. Mech Dev 2004; 122:695-705. [PMID: 15817226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 12/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily includes bone morphogenetic proteins, activins and TGF-betasensu stricto (s.s.). These ligands have been shown to play a key role in numerous biological processes including early embryonic development and immune regulation. They transduce their signal through a hetromeric complex of type I and type II receptors. Such receptors have been identified in ecdysozoans but none have been found as yet in the other major protostomal clade, the lophotrochozoans. Here, we report the identification of the first lophotrochozoan TGFbetas.s. type I receptor (Cg-TGFbetaRI) from the mollusk Crassostrea gigas. The phylogenetic and structural analyses as well as the expression pattern during early development suggest Cg-TGFbetaRI to belong to the TGFbetas.s./activin type I receptor clade and functional studies corroborate these deductions. The use of the zebrafish embryo as a reporter organism reveals that either Cg-TGFbetaRI or its dominant negative acting truncated form, when overexpressed during gastrulation, resulted in a range of phenotypes displaying severe disturbance of anterioposterior patterning due to a strong modulation of ventrolateral mesoderm patterning. Finally, a Cg-TGFbetaRI cytokine activity during immune regulation in C. gigas has been investigated by real-time PCR in haemocytes and mantle edge during an in vivo bacterial LPS challenge. One piece of evidence from this study suggests that the molecular mechanisms controlling mesodermal patterning and some immune regulations across all bilateria could be conserved through a functional TGF-beta s.s. pathway in lophotrochozoans.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activins/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Body Patterning
- Cell Lineage
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Exons
- Female
- Gastrula/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- In Situ Hybridization
- Introns
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mollusca
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herpin
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, High Technology Centre, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
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20
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Ammanamanchi S, Brattain MG. Restoration of transforming growth factor-beta signaling through receptor RI induction by histone deacetylase activity inhibition in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32620-5. [PMID: 15155736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402691200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) response due to the dysregulation of TGF-beta receptors type I (RI) and type II (RII) is well known for its contribution to oncogenesis. Estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancer cells are refractory to TGF-beta-mediated growth control because of the reduced expression of TGF-beta receptors. Although RII is required for the binding of TGF-beta to RI, RI is responsible for directly transducing TGF-beta signals through the Smad protein family. Treatment of estrogen receptor-expressing MCF-7L and ZR75 breast cancer cells with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) led to a dramatic induction of RI. Accumulation of acetylated histones H3 and H4 was observed in the SAHA-treated cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis followed by PCR with RI promoter-specific primers indicated an accumulation of acetylated histones in chromatin associated with the RI gene, suggesting that histone deacetylation was involved in the transcriptional inactivation of RI. SAHA treatment stimulated RI promoter activity through the inhibition of Sp1/Sp3-associated HDAC activity. Histone acetyltransferase p300 stimulated RI promoter activity, thus further confirming the involvement of HDAC activity in the transcriptional repression of RI. Significantly, SAHA-mediated RI regeneration restored the TGF-beta response in breast cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Acetyltransferases/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Genes, Reporter
- Histone Acetyltransferases
- Histone Deacetylases/metabolism
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Precipitin Tests
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sp3 Transcription Factor
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Vorinostat
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Ammanamanchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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21
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Harrison RE, Flanagan JA, Sankelo M, Abdalla SA, Rowell J, Machado RD, Elliott CG, Robbins IM, Olschewski H, McLaughlin V, Gruenig E, Kermeen F, Halme M, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Laitinen T, Morrell NW, Trembath RC. Molecular and functional analysis identifies ALK-1 as the predominant cause of pulmonary hypertension related to hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Med Genet 2004; 40:865-71. [PMID: 14684682 PMCID: PMC1735342 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.12.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) receptor components ENDOGLIN and ALK-1 cause the autosomal dominant vascular disorder hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Heterozygous mutations of the type II receptor BMPR2 underlie familial primary pulmonary hypertension. OBJECTIVE To investigate kindreds presenting with both pulmonary hypertension and HHT. METHODS Probands and families were identified by specialist pulmonary hypertension centres in five countries. DNA sequence analysis of ALK-1, ENDOGLIN, and BMPR2 was undertaken. Cellular localisation was investigated by heterologous overexpression of mutant constructs in both BAEC and HeLa cells. The impact of a novel sequence variant was assessed through comparative analysis and computer modelling. RESULTS Molecular analysis of 11 probands identified eight missense mutations of ALK-1, one of which was observed in two families. Mutations were located within exons 5 to 10 of the ALK-1 gene. The majority of ALK-1 mutant constructs appeared to be retained within the cell cytoplasm, in the endoplasmic reticulum. A novel GS domain mutation, when overexpressed, reached the cell surface but is predicted to disrupt conformational changes owing to loss of a critical hydrogen bond. Two novel missense mutations were identified in ENDOGLIN. CONCLUSIONS The association of pulmonary arterial hypertension and HHT identifies an important disease complication and appears most common among subjects with defects in ALK-1 receptor signalling. Future studies should focus on detailed molecular analysis of the common cellular pathways disrupted by mutations of ALK-1 and BMPR2 that cause inherited pulmonary vascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/analysis
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type II
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Endoglin
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/chemistry
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/complications
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/diagnosis
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Harrison
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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22
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Abstract
Activins, like other members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, initiate signaling by assembling a complex of two types of transmembrane serine/threonine receptor kinases classified as type II (ActRII or ActRIIB) and type I (ALK4). A kinase-deleted version of ALK4 can form an inactive complex with activin and ActRII/IIB and thereby acts in a dominant negative manner to block activin signaling. Using the complex structure of bone morphogenetic protein-2 bound to its type I receptor (ALK3) as a guide, we introduced extracellular domain mutations in the context of the truncated ALK4 (ALK4-trunc) construct and assessed the ability of the mutants to inhibit activin function. We have identified five hydrophobic amino acid residues on the ALK4 extracellular domain (Leu40, Ile70, Val73, Leu75, and Pro77) that, when mutated to alanine, have substantial effects on ALK4-trunc dominant negative activity. In addition, eleven mutants partially affected activin binding to ALK4. Together, these residues likely constitute the binding surface for activin on ALK4. Cross-linking studies measuring binding of 125I-activin-A to the ALK4-trunc mutants in the presence of ActRII implicated the same residues. Our results indicate that there is only a partial overlap of the binding sites on ALK4 and ALK3 for activin-A and bone morphogenetic protein-2, respectively. In addition three of the residues required for activin binding to ALK4 are conserved on the type I TGF-beta receptor ALK5, suggesting the corresponding region on ALK5 may be important for TGF-beta binding.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activins/metabolism
- Amino Acids/genetics
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/physiology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Kidney/cytology
- Lung/cytology
- Mink
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Growth Factor
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Harrison
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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24
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Itoh S, Thorikay M, Kowanetz M, Moustakas A, Itoh F, Heldin CH, ten Dijke P. Elucidation of Smad requirement in transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor-induced responses. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3751-61. [PMID: 12446693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208258200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) elicits cellular effects by activating specific Smad proteins that control the transcription of target genes. Whereas there is growing evidence that there are TGF-beta type I receptor-initiated intracellular pathways that are distinct from the pivotal Smad pathway, their physiological importance in TGF-beta signaling is not well understood. Therefore, we generated TGF-beta type I receptors (also termed ALK5s) with mutations in the L45 loop of the kinase domain, termed ALK5(D266A) and ALK5(3A). These mutants showed retained kinase activity but were unable to activate Smads. Characterization of their signaling properties revealed that the two L45 loop mutants did not mediate Smad-dependent transcriptional responses, TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition, and fibronectin and plasminogen activator-1 production in R4-2 mink lung epithelial cells lacking functional ALK5 protein. Mutation in the L45 loop region did not affect the binding of inhibitory Smads but did abrogate the weak binding of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and Disabled-2 to ALK5. This suggests that the L45 loop in the kinase domain is important for docking of other binding proteins. Interestingly, JNK MAP kinase activity was found to be activated by the ALK5(3A) mutant in various cell types. In addition, TGF-beta-induced inhibition of cyclin D1 expression and stimulation of PMEPA1 (androgen-regulated prostatic mRNA) expression were found to occur, albeit weakly, in an Smad-independent manner in normal murine mammary gland cells. However, the TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation was found to require an intact L45 loop and is likely to be dependent on the Smad pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type I/physiology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division/physiology
- DNA Primers
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Fibronectins/biosynthesis
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Mink
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Smad Proteins
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Itoh
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor, ALK-1, is expressed specifically on endothelial cells and is essential for angiogenesis, as demonstrated by its targeted deletion in mice and its mutation in the human disease hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Although ALK-1 and another endothelial-specific TGF-beta receptor, endoglin, both bind TGF-beta with identical isoform specificity and form a complex together, neither has been shown to signal in response to TGF-beta, and the mechanism by which these receptors signal in endothelial cells remains unknown. Here we report the identification of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor beta (LXRbeta) as a modulator/mediator of ALK-1 signaling. The cytoplasmic domain of ALK-1 specifically binds to LXRbeta in vitro and in vivo. Expression of activated ALK-1 results in translocation of LXRbeta from the nuclear compartment to the cytoplasmic compartment. The interaction of activated ALK-1 with LXRbeta in the cytoplasmic compartment results in the specific phosphorylation of LXRbeta by ALK-1, primarily on serine residues. LXRbeta subsequently modulates signaling by ALK-1 and the closely related TGF-beta receptor, ALK-2, as demonstrated by specific and potent inhibition of ALK-1- and ALK-2-mediated transcriptional responses, establishing LXRbeta as a potential modulator/mediator of ALK-1/ALK-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Mo
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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26
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Abstract
The EGF-CFC gene Cripto encodes an extracellular protein that has been implicated in the signaling pathway for the transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) ligand Nodal. Although recent findings in frog and fish embryos have suggested that EGF-CFC proteins function as coreceptors for Nodal, studies in cell culture have implicated Cripto as a growth factor-like signaling molecule. Here we reconcile these apparently disparate models of Cripto function by using a mammalian cell culture assay to investigate the signaling activities of Nodal and EGF-CFC proteins. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we found that Cripto has activities consistent with its being a coreceptor for Nodal. However, Cripto can also function as a secreted signaling factor in cell coculture assays, suggesting that it may also act as a coligand for Nodal. Furthermore, we found that the ability of Cripto to bind to Nodal and mediate Nodal signaling requires the addition of an O-linked fucose monosaccharide to a conserved site within EGF-CFC proteins. We propose a model in which Cripto has dual roles as a coreceptor as well as a coligand for Nodal and that this signaling interaction with Nodal is regulated by an unusual form of glycosylation. Our findings highlight the significance of extracellular modulation of ligand activity as an important means of regulating TGF beta signaling pathways during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Yan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Pediatric, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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27
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is involved in a wide range of biological functions including development, carcinogenesis, and immune regulation. Here we report the 1.1 A resolution crystal structure of human TGF-beta type II receptor ectodomain (TBRII). The overall structure of TBRII is similar to that of activin type II receptor ectodomain (ActRII) and bone morphogenic protein receptor type IA (BRIA). It displays a three-finger toxin fold with fingers formed by the beta strand pairs beta1-beta2, beta3-beta4, and beta5-beta6. The first finger in the TBRII is significantly longer than in ActRII and BRIA and folds tightly between the second finger and the C terminus. Surface charge distributions and hydrophobic patches predict potential TBRII binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Boesen
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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28
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Guimond A, Sulea T, Zwaagstra JC, Ekiel I, O'Connor-McCourt MD. Identification of a functional site on the type I TGF-beta receptor by mutational analysis of its ectodomain. FEBS Lett 2002; 513:147-52. [PMID: 11904140 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Six charged amino acid residues located in the ectodomain of the full-length type I transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor were individually mutated to alanine. Mutation of residues D47, D98, K102 and E104 resulted in functionally impaired receptors as demonstrated by a marked decrease in ligand-dependent signaling and ligand internalization relative to the wild-type receptor. The other two mutants (K39A and K87A) exhibited wild-type-like activity. Molecular modeling indicates that the four functionally important residues are located on the convex face of the ectodomain structure. Since mutation of these four residues affects signaling and ligand internalization but not ligand binding, we propose that this functional site is an interacting site between type I and II receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Guimond
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montréal, QC, Canada
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29
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Eickelberg O, Centrella M, Reiss M, Kashgarian M, Wells RG. Betaglycan inhibits TGF-beta signaling by preventing type I-type II receptor complex formation. Glycosaminoglycan modifications alter betaglycan function. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:823-9. [PMID: 11668175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a multifunctional growth factor with important roles in development, cell proliferation, and matrix deposition. It signals through the sequential activation of two serine/threonine kinase receptors, the type I and type II receptors. A third cell surface receptor, betaglycan, serves as a co-receptor for TGF-beta in some cell types, enhancing TGF-beta-mediated signaling. We have examined the function of betaglycan in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells that lack endogenous betaglycan. We demonstrate that the expression of betaglycan in LLC-PK1 cells results in inhibition of TGF-beta signaling as measured by reporter gene expression, thymidine incorporation, collagen production, and phosphorylation of the downstream signaling effectors Smad2 and Smad3. In comparison, the expression of betaglycan in L6 myoblasts enhances TGF-beta signaling, which is consistent with the published literature. The effects of betaglycan in LLC-PK1 cells are not mediated by ligand sequestration or increased production of a soluble form of the receptor, which has been reported to serve as a ligand antagonist. We demonstrate instead that in LLC-PK1 cells, unlike L6 cells, expression of betaglycan prevents association between the type I and type II TGF-beta receptors, which is required for signaling. This is a function of the glycosaminoglycan modifications of betaglycan. Betaglycan in LLC-PK1 cells exhibits higher molecular weight glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains than in L6 cells, and a GAG- betaglycan mutant does not inhibit TGF-beta signaling or type I/type II receptor association in LLC-PK1 cells. Our data indicate that betaglycan can function as a potent inhibitor of TGF-beta signaling by a novel mechanism and provide support for an essential but complex role for proteoglycan co-receptors in growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Eickelberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8019, USA
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30
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Tam BY, Larouche D, Germain L, Hooper NM, Philip A. Characterization of a 150 kDa accessory receptor for TGF-beta 1 on keratinocytes: direct evidence for a GPI anchor and ligand binding of the released form. J Cell Biochem 2001; 83:494-507. [PMID: 11596117 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a key modulator of epidermal development and homeostasis, and has been shown to potently regulate keratinocyte migration and function during wound repair. There are three cloned TGF-beta receptors termed type I, type II, and type III that are found on most cell types. The types I and II are the signaling receptors, while the type III is believed to facilitate TGF-beta binding to the types I and II receptors. Recently, we reported that in addition to these receptors, human keratinocytes express a 150 kDa TGF-beta 1 binding protein (r150) which forms a heteromeric complex with the TGF-beta signaling receptors. This accessory receptor was described as glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-specific anchored based on its sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PIPLC). In the present study, we demonstrate that the GPI-anchor is contained in r150 itself and not on a tightly associated protein and that it binds TGF-beta 1 with an affinity similar to those of the types I and II TGF-beta signaling receptors. Furthermore, the PIPLC released (soluble) form of this protein is capable of binding TGF-beta 1 independently from the signaling receptors. In addition, we provide evidence that r150 is released from the cell surface by an endogenous phospholipase C. Our observation that r150 interacts with the TGF-beta signaling receptors, together with the finding that the soluble r150 binds TGF-beta 1 suggest that r150 in either its membrane anchored or soluble form may potentiate or antagonize TGF-beta signaling. Elucidating the mechanism by which r150 functions as an accessory molecule in TGF-beta signaling may be critical to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of TGF-beta action in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Tam
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
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