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Lloyd KA, Parsons BN, Burkitt MD, Moore AR, Papoutsopoulou S, Boyce M, Duckworth CA, Exarchou K, Howes N, Rainbow L, Fang Y, Oxvig C, Dodd S, Varro A, Hall N, Pritchard DM. Netazepide Inhibits Expression of Pappalysin 2 in Type 1 Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:113-132. [PMID: 32004755 PMCID: PMC7215182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria, hypergastrinemia is associated with the development of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs). Twelve months of treatment with netazepide (YF476), an antagonist of the cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR or CCK2R), eradicated some type 1 gNETs in patients. We investigated the mechanisms by which netazepide induced gNET regression using gene expression profiling. METHODS We obtained serum samples and gastric corpus biopsy specimens from 8 patients with hypergastrinemia and type 1 gNETs enrolled in a phase 2 trial of netazepide. Control samples were obtained from 10 patients without gastric cancer. We used amplified and biotinylated sense-strand DNA targets from total RNA and Affymetrix (Thermofisher Scientific, UK) Human Gene 2.0 ST microarrays to identify differentially expressed genes in stomach tissues from patients with type 1 gNETs before, during, and after netazepide treatment. Findings were validated in a human AGSGR gastric adenocarcinoma cell line that stably expresses human CCK2R, primary mouse gastroids, transgenic hypergastrinemic INS-GAS mice, and patient samples. RESULTS Levels of pappalysin 2 (PAPPA2) messenger RNA were reduced significantly in gNET tissues from patients receiving netazepide therapy compared with tissues collected before therapy. PAPPA2 is a metalloproteinase that increases the bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) by cleaving IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). PAPPA2 expression was increased in the gastric corpus of patients with type 1 gNETs, and immunohistochemistry showed localization in the same vicinity as CCK2R-expressing enterochromaffin-like cells. Up-regulation of PAPPA2 also was found in the stomachs of INS-GAS mice. Gastrin increased PAPPA2 expression with time and in a dose-dependent manner in gastric AGSGR cells and mouse gastroids by activating CCK2R. Knockdown of PAPPA2 in AGSGR cells with small interfering RNAs significantly decreased their migratory response and tissue remodeling in response to gastrin. Gastrin altered the expression and cleavage of IGFBP3 and IGFBP5. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of human gNETS and mice, we found that gastrin up-regulates the expression of gastric PAPPA2. Increased PAPPA2 alters IGF bioavailability, cell migration, and tissue remodeling, which are involved in type 1 gNET development. These effects are inhibited by netazepide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Lloyd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony N Parsons
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Burkitt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Moore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Boyce
- Trio Medicines, Ltd, Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Klaire Exarchou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Howes
- Liverpool University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lucille Rainbow
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steven Dodd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Earlham Institute, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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2
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Morgensztern D, Besse B, Greillier L, Santana-Davila R, Ready N, Hann CL, Glisson BS, Farago AF, Dowlati A, Rudin CM, Le Moulec S, Lally S, Yalamanchili S, Wolf J, Govindan R, Carbone DP. Efficacy and Safety of Rovalpituzumab Tesirine in Third-Line and Beyond Patients with DLL3-Expressing, Relapsed/Refractory Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Results From the Phase II TRINITY Study. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6958-6966. [PMID: 31506387 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is highly responsive to first-line therapy, virtually all patients develop resistance with short survival. Rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T) is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting delta-like 3 protein (DLL3). This open-label, single-arm, phase II study (TRINITY) assessed safety and efficacy of Rova-T in patients with DLL3-expressing SCLC in the third-line and beyond (3L+) setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with DLL3-expressing SCLC (determined by mouse antibody immunohistochemistry [IHC] assay), and ≥2 prior regimens, received 0.3 mg/kg Rova-T once every 6 weeks for two cycles. During study, a rabbit antibody IHC assay was developed and used for the final analysis, with DLL3-positive and DLL3-high defined as ≥25% and ≥75% of tumor cells positive for DLL3, respectively. The primary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Among 339 patients enrolled, 261 (77%) had two prior lines of therapy and 78 (23%) had ≥3. DLL3-high and DLL3-positive tumors by rabbit IHC were seen in 238 (70%) and 287 (85%) patients, respectively. The remaining 52 (15%) were DLL3-negative only by rabbit IHC or had missing results. ORR was 12.4%, 14.3%, and 13.2% in all, DLL3-high, and DLL3-positive patients, respectively. Median OS was 5.6 months in all patients and 5.7 months in DLL3-high patients. The most common adverse events (AE) were fatigue, photosensitivity reaction, and pleural effusion. Grade 3-5 AEs were seen in 213 (63%) patients. CONCLUSIONS Rova-T is the first targeted agent in SCLC to use DLL3, a novel biomarker. However, results demonstrate modest clinical activity in 3L+ SCLC, with associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Sud University, Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Greillier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Neal Ready
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Anna F Farago
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Sylvestre Le Moulec
- Institut Bergonié Centre Régional de Lutte Contre Le Cancer de Bordeaux et Sud Ouest, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Jürgen Wolf
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Kahl BS. Loncastuximab tesirine in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2018; 16:732-734. [PMID: 30543588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Kahl
- Lymphoma Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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4
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Stinchcombe TE. Current Treatments for Surgically Resectable, Limited-Stage, and Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2017; 22:1510-1517. [PMID: 28778960 PMCID: PMC5728020 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has declined in the U.S. as the prevalence of tobacco use has declined. However, a significant number of people in the U.S. are current or former smokers and are at risk of developing SCLC. Routine histological or cytological evaluation can reliably make the diagnosis of SCLC, and immunohistochemistry stains (thyroid transcription factor-1, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56) can be used if there is uncertainty about the diagnosis. Rarely do patients present with SCLC amendable to surgical resection, and evaluation requires a meticulous workup for extra-thoracic metastases and invasive staging of the mediastinum. Resected patients require adjuvant chemotherapy and/or thoracic radiation therapy (TRT), and prophylactic cranial radiation (PCI) should be considered depending on the stage. For limited-stage disease, concurrent platinum-etoposide and TRT followed by PCI is the standard. Thoracic radiation therapy should be started early in treatment, and can be given twice daily to 45 Gy or once daily to 60-70 Gy. For extensive-stage disease, platinum-etoposide remains the standard first-line therapy, and the standard second-line therapy is topotecan. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the activity of immunotherapy, and the response rate is approximately 10-30% with some durable responses observed. Rovalpituzumab tesirine, an antibody drug conjugate, has shown promising activity in patients with high delta-like protein 3 tumor expression (approximately 70% of patients with SCLC). The emergence of these and other promising agents has rekindled interest in drug development in SCLC. Several ongoing trials are investigating novel agents in the first-line, maintenance, and second-line settings. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This review will provide an update on the standard therapies for surgically resected limited-stage small cell lung cancer and extensive-stage small cell lung cancer that have been investigated in recent clinical trials.
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Rudin CM, Pietanza MC, Bauer TM, Ready N, Morgensztern D, Glisson BS, Byers LA, Johnson ML, Burris HA, Robert F, Han TH, Bheddah S, Theiss N, Watson S, Mathur D, Vennapusa B, Zayed H, Lally S, Strickland DK, Govindan R, Dylla SJ, Peng SL, Spigel DR. Rovalpituzumab tesirine, a DLL3-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, in recurrent small-cell lung cancer: a first-in-human, first-in-class, open-label, phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol 2016; 18:42-51. [PMID: 27932068 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rovalpituzumab tesirine is a first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate directed against delta-like protein 3 (DLL3), a novel target identified in tumour-initiating cells and expressed in more than 80% of patients with small-cell lung cancer. We aimed to assess the safety and activity of rovalpituzumab tesirine in patients who progressed after one or more previous regimen. METHODS We conducted a phase 1 open-label study at ten cancer centres in the USA. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older and had histologically or cytologically confirmed small-cell lung cancer or large-cell neuroendocrine tumours with progressive measurable disease (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST], version 1.1) previously treated with one or two chemotherapeutic regimens, including a platinum-based regimen. We assigned patients to dose-escalation or expansion cohorts, ranging from 0·05 mg/kg to 0·8 mg/kg rovalpituzumab tesirine intravenously every 3 weeks or every 6 weeks, followed by investigation of the dose schedules 0·3 mg/kg and 0·4 mg/kg every 6 weeks and 0·2 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Primary objectives were to assess the safety of rovalpituzumab tesirine, including the maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxic effects. The primary activity endpoint was objective response by intention-to-treat analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01901653. The study is closed to enrolment; this report focuses on the cohort with small-cell lung cancer. FINDINGS Between July 22, 2013, and Aug 10, 2015, 82 patients were enrolled, including 74 patients with small-cell lung cancer and eight with large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, all of whom received at least one dose of rovalpituzumab tesirine. Dose-limiting toxic effects of rovalpituzumab tesirine occurred at a dose of 0·8 mg/kg every 3 weeks, including grade 4 thrombocytopenia (in two of two patients at that dose level) and grade 4 liver function test abnormalities (in one patient). The most frequent grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events in 74 patients with small-cell lung cancer were thrombocytopenia (eight [11%]), pleural effusion (six [8%]), and increased lipase (five [7%]). Drug-related serious adverse events occurred in 28 (38%) of 74 patients. The maximum tolerated dose of rovalpituzumab tesirine was 0·4 mg/kg every 3 weeks; the recommended phase 2 dose and schedule is 0·3 mg/kg every 6 weeks. At active doses of rovalpituzumab tesirine (0·2 mg/kg or 0·4 mg/kg every 3 weeks or 0·3 mg/kg or 0·4 mg/kg every 6 weeks), 11 (18%) of 60 assessable patients had a confirmed objective response. 11 (18%) of 60 assessable patients had a confirmed objective response, including ten (38%) of 26 patients confirmed to have high DLL3 expression (expression in 50% or more of tumour cells). INTERPRETATION Rovalpituzumab tesirine shows encouraging single-agent antitumour activity with a manageable safety profile. Further development of rovalpituzumab tesirine in DLL3-expressing malignant diseases is warranted. FUNDING Stemcentrx Inc.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzodiazepinones/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/immunology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Maximum Tolerated Dose
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/immunology
- Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/pathology
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd M Bauer
- Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA; Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neal Ready
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Lauren A Byers
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa L Johnson
- Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA; Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Howard A Burris
- Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA; Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Francisco Robert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae H Han
- Stemcentrx Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Noah Theiss
- Ventana Medical Systems Inc, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sky Watson
- Ventana Medical Systems Inc, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Hany Zayed
- Stemcentrx Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David R Spigel
- Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA; Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
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Aasarød KM, Ramezanzadehkoldeh M, Shabestari M, Mosti MP, Stunes AK, Reseland JE, Beisvag V, Eriksen EF, Sandvik AK, Erben RG, Schüler C, Boyce M, Skallerud BH, Syversen U, Fossmark R. Skeletal effects of a gastrin receptor antagonist in H+/K+ATPase beta subunit KO mice. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:251-62. [PMID: 27325243 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest an increased fracture risk in patients taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for long term. The underlying mechanism, however, has been disputed. By binding to the gastric proton pump, PPIs inhibit gastric acid secretion. We have previously shown that proton pump (H(+)/K(+)ATPase beta subunit) KO mice exhibit reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and inferior bone strength compared with WT mice. Patients using PPIs as well as these KO mice exhibit gastric hypoacidity, and subsequently increased serum concentrations of the hormone gastrin. In this study, we wanted to examine whether inhibition of the gastrin/CCK2 receptor influences bone quality in these mice. KO and WT mice were given either the gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist netazepide dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG) or only PEG for 1year. We found significantly lower bone mineral content and BMD, as well as inferior bone microarchitecture in KO mice compared with WT. Biomechanical properties by three-point bending test also proved inferior in KO mice. KO mice receiving netazepide exhibited significantly higher cortical thickness, cortical area fraction, trabecular thickness and trabecular BMD by micro-CT compared with the control group. Three-point bending test also showed higher Young's modulus of elasticity in the netazepide KO group compared with control mice. In conclusion, we observed that the gastrin receptor antagonist netazepide slightly improved bone quality in this mouse model, suggesting that hypergastrinemia may contribute to deteriorated bone quality during acid inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Aasarød
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Maziar Shabestari
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats P Mosti
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid K Stunes
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNTNU, Trondheim, Norway Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySt. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Centre of Molecular Inflammation ResearchNTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Schüler
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNTNU, Trondheim, Norway Department of EndocrinologySt. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNTNU, Trondheim, Norway Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySt. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Lu L, Chen J, Tang H, Bai L, Lu C, Wang K, Li M, Yan Y, Tang L, Wu R, Ye Y, Jin L, Liang Z. EGCG Suppresses ERK5 Activation to Reverse Tobacco Smoke-Triggered Gastric Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in BALB/c Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070380. [PMID: 27447666 PMCID: PMC4963860 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is an important risk factor of gastric cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a crucial pathophysiological process in cancer development. ERK5 regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition may be sensitive to cell types and/or the cellular microenvironment and its role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process remain elusive. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a promising chemopreventive agent for several types of cancers. In the present study we investigated the regulatory role of ERK5 in tobacco smoke-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the stomach of mice and the preventive effect of EGCG. Exposure of mice to tobacco smoke for 12 weeks reduced expression of epithelial markers E-cadherin, ZO-1, and CK5, while the expression of mesenchymal markers Snail-1, Vimentin, and N-cadherin were increased. Importantly, we demonstrated that ERK5 modulated tobacco smoke-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mice stomach, as evidenced by the findings that tobacco smoke elevated ERK5 activation, and that tobacco smoke-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition was reversed by ERK5 inhibition. Treatment of EGCG (100 mg/kg BW) effectively attenuated tobacco smoke-triggered activation of ERK5 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition alterations in mice stomach. Collectively, these data suggested that ERK5 was required for tobacco smoke-triggered gastric epithelial-mesenchymal transition and that EGCG suppressed ERK5 activation to reverse tobacco smoke-triggered gastric epithelial-mesenchymal transition in BALB/c mice. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of tobacco smoke-associated gastric tumorigenesis and the chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-associated gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Hua Tang
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Ling Bai
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Chun Lu
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Kehuan Wang
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Manli Li
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Yinmei Yan
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Ling Tang
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Yang Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Longtao Jin
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Bacia T, Purska-Rowińska E, Okuszko S. Clonazepam in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a clinical short and long term follow-up study. Monogr Neural Sci 2015; 5:153-9. [PMID: 7033770 DOI: 10.1159/000387498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One hundred sixty one epileptic patients, resistant to standard antiepileptic medication, were treatecd with clonazepam. In 19 cases clonazepam was given during the epileptic status. In 17 cases the status was stopped. In the remaining 142 patients clonazepam was given orally. The short term effect of the drug was analysed after 3 months of observation and the long term effect after a period of more than 1 year of observation. The authors compare the relationship between the clinical form of epilepsy, the EEG changes and the duration of disease with the long and short term therapeutic effect of clonazepam. The results obtained suggest: short term therapy is more successful than long term therapy, poor results or intolerance at the beginning of the treatment occur in about 20% of patients. The influence of clonazepam on epilepsy with focal seizures is relatively better than on generalized forms of epilepsy. "Old" cases of epilepsy are significantly more resistant to clonazepam medication. The same is true for diffuse brain damage.
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9
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Li S, Zhang Y, Xu W. Developments of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 13:2014-25. [PMID: 24160708 DOI: 10.2174/13895575113136660103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are a family of serine/threonine kinases with a highly conserved N-terminal Ser/Thr kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal region that play crucial roles in cell cycle progression. Plk1, playing a key role in multiple steps of mitotic progression, is the most studied member of the family. It is overexpressed in a wide spectrum of cancer types and is a promising target in oncology. Most of Plk1 inhibitors competitively bind to the ATP-binding site, which is characterized with unique features. Other inhibitors target regions outside the ATP pocket. In this review some pre-clinical or clinical Plk1 inhibitors are reported, focusing on SAR studies and biological activities, including the kinase activity, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. Those studies exhibited the inhibitors' significant therapeutic effects. Moreover, combination therapies of these Plk1 inhibitors with other anticancer drugs resulted with synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenfang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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10
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Moore AR, Boyce M, Steele IA, Campbell F, Varro A, Pritchard DM. Netazepide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, normalises tumour biomarkers and causes regression of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours in a nonrandomised trial of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76462. [PMID: 24098507 PMCID: PMC3788129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) causes hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinaemia, which can lead to enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 gastric NETs). Most behave indolently, but some larger tumours metastasise. Antrectomy, which removes the source of the hypergastrinaemia, usually causes tumour regression. Non-clinical and healthy-subject studies have shown that netazepide (YF476) is a potent, highly selective and orally-active gastrin/CCK-2 receptor antagonist. Also, it is effective in animal models of ECL-cell tumours induced by hypergastrinaemia. AIM To assess the effect of netazepide on tumour biomarkers, number and size in patients with type I gastric NETs. METHODS We studied 8 patients with multiple tumours and raised circulating gastrin and chromogranin A (CgA) concentrations in an open trial of oral netazepide for 12 weeks, with follow-up 12 weeks later. At 0, 6, 12 and 24 weeks, we carried out gastroscopy, counted and measured tumours, and took biopsies to assess abundances of several ECL-cell constituents. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 weeks, we measured circulating gastrin and CgA and assessed safety and tolerability. RESULTS Netazepide was safe and well tolerated. Abundances of CgA (p<0.05), histidine decarboxylase (p<0.05) and matrix metalloproteinase-7(p<0.10) were reduced at 6 and 12 weeks, but were raised again at follow-up. Likewise, plasma CgA was reduced at 3 weeks (p<0.01), remained so until 12 weeks, but was raised again at follow-up. Tumours were fewer and the size of the largest one was smaller (p<0.05) at 12 weeks, and remained so at follow-up. Serum gastrin was unaffected. CONCLUSION The reduction in abundances, plasma CgA, and tumour number and size by netazepide show that type 1 NETs are gastrin-dependent tumours. Failure of netazepide to increase serum gastrin further is consistent with achlorhydria. Netazepide is a potential new treatment for type 1 NETs. Longer, controlled trials are justified. TRIAL REGISTRATION European Union EudraCT database 2007-002916-24 https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2007-002916-24ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01339169 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01339169?term=yf476&rank=5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Moore
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Islay A. Steele
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapy remains an important modality for the treatment of neuropathic pain. However, as monotherapy current drugs are associated with limited efficacy and dose-related side effects. Combining two or more different drugs may improve analgesic efficacy and, in some situations, reduce overall side effects (e.g. if synergistic interactions allow for dose reductions of combined drugs). OBJECTIVES This review evaluated the efficacy, tolerability and safety of various drug combinations for the treatment of neuropathic pain. SEARCH METHODS We identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of various drug combinations for neuropathic pain from CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and handsearches of other reviews and trial registries. The most recent search was performed on 9 April 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA Double-blind, randomised studies comparing combinations of two or more drugs (systemic or topical) to placebo and/or at least one other comparator for the treatment of neuropathic pain. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data extracted from each study included: proportion of participants a) reporting ≥ 30% pain reduction from baseline OR ≥ moderate pain relief OR ≥ moderate global improvement; b) dropping out of the trial due to treatment-emergent adverse effects; c) reporting each specific adverse effect (e.g. sedation, dizziness) of ≥ moderate severity. The primary comparison of interest was between study drug(s) and one or both single-agent comparators. We combined studies if they evaluated the same drug class combination at roughly similar doses and durations of treatment. We used RevMan 5 to analyse data for binary outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We identified 21 eligible studies: four (578 participants) evaluated the combination of an opioid with gabapentin or pregabalin; two (77 participants) evaluated an opioid with a tricyclic antidepressant; one (56 participants) of gabapentin and nortriptyline; one (120 participants) of gabapentin and alpha-lipoic acid, three (90 participants) of fluphenazine with a tricyclic antidepressant; three (90 participants) of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blocker with an agent from a different drug class; five (604 participants) of various topical medications; one (313 participants) of tramadol with acetaminophen; and another one (44 participants) of a cholecystokinin blocker (L-365,260) with morphine. The majority of combinations evaluated to date involve drugs, each of which share some element of central nervous system (CNS) depression (e.g. sedation, cognitive dysfunction). This aspect of side effect overlap between the combined agents was often reflected in similar or higher dropout rates for the combination and may thus substantially limit the utility of such drug combinations. Meta-analysis was possible for only one comparison of only one combination, i.e. gabapentin + opioid versus gabapentin alone. This meta-analysis involving 386 participants from two studies demonstrated modest, yet statistically significant, superiority of a gabapentin + opioid combination over gabapentin alone. However, this combination also produced significantly more frequent side effect-related trial dropouts compared to gabapentin alone. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Multiple, good-quality studies demonstrate superior efficacy of two-drug combinations. However, the number of available studies for any one specific combination, as well as other study factors (e.g. limited trial size and duration), preclude the recommendation of any one specific drug combination for neuropathic pain. Demonstration of combination benefits by several studies together with reports of widespread clinical polypharmacy for neuropathic pain surely provide a rationale for additional future rigorous evaluations. In order to properly identify specific drug combinations which provide superior efficacy and/or safety, we recommend that future neuropathic pain studies of two-drug combinations include comparisons with placebo and both single-agent components. Given the apparent adverse impact of combining agents with similar adverse effect profiles (e.g. CNS depression), the anticipated development and availability of non-sedating neuropathic pain agents could lead to the identification of more favourable analgesic drug combinations in which side effects are not compounded.
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Sonoshita M, Aoki M, Fuwa H, Aoki K, Hosogi H, Sakai Y, Hashida H, Takabayashi A, Sasaki M, Robine S, Itoh K, Yoshioka K, Kakizaki F, Kitamura T, Oshima M, Taketo MM. Suppression of colon cancer metastasis by Aes through inhibition of Notch signaling. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:125-37. [PMID: 21251616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for most cancer deaths. Here, we show that Aes (or Grg5) gene functions as an endogenous metastasis suppressor. Expression of Aes was decreased in liver metastases compared with primary colon tumors in both mice and humans. Aes inhibited Notch signaling by converting active Rbpj transcription complexes into repression complexes on insoluble nuclear matrix. In tumor cells, Notch signaling was triggered by ligands on adjoining blood vessels, and stimulated transendothelial migration. Genetic depletion of Aes in Apc(Δ716) intestinal polyposis mice caused marked tumor invasion and intravasation that were suppressed by Notch signaling inhibition. These results suggest that inhibition of Notch signaling can be a promising strategy for prevention and treatment of colon cancer metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzodiazepinones/pharmacology
- Benzodiazepinones/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Co-Repressor Proteins
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Silencing/physiology
- HCT116 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Intestinal Polyposis/drug therapy
- Intestinal Polyposis/metabolism
- Intestinal Polyposis/pathology
- Ligands
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control
- Nuclear Matrix/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sonoshita
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Birket-Smith E, Lund M, Mikkelsen B, Vestermark S, Olsen PZ, Holm P. A controlled trial on Ro 5-4023 (clonazepam) in the treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2009; 53:18-25. [PMID: 4586919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1973.tb02278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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16
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Eeg-Olofsson O. Experiences with Bivotril in treatment of epilepsy--particularly minor motor epilepsy--in mentally retarded children. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2009; 53:29-31. [PMID: 4519454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1973.tb02280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Mikkelsen B, Birket-Smith E. A clinical study of the benzodiazepine Ro 5-4023 (clonazepam) in the treatment of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2009; 53:91-6. [PMID: 4202699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1973.tb02290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Dumermuth G, Kovacs E. The effect of clonazepam (Ro 5-4023) in the syndrome of infantile spasms with hypsarrhythmia and in petit mal variant of Lennox syndrome. Preliminary report. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2009; 53:26-8. [PMID: 4357639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1973.tb02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hoyt SB, London C, Ok H, Gonzalez E, Duffy JL, Abbadie C, Dean B, Felix JP, Garcia ML, Jochnowitz N, Karanam BV, Li X, Lyons KA, McGowan E, Macintyre DE, Martin WJ, Priest BT, Smith MM, Tschirret-Guth R, Warren VA, Williams BS, Kaczorowski GJ, Parsons WH. Benzazepinone Nav1.7 blockers: potential treatments for neuropathic pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6172-7. [PMID: 17889534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzazepinones were synthesized and evaluated as hNa(v)1.7 sodium channel blockers. Several compounds from this series displayed good oral bioavailability and exposure and were efficacious in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Hoyt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Obame FN, Zini R, Souktani R, Berdeaux A, Morin D. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor-induced myocardial protection is mediated by inhibition of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:336-45. [PMID: 17640950 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.124255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) is a key event in ischemia-reperfusion injury and several ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), a mitochondrial outer membrane protein possibly associated with PTP, have been demonstrated as potent cardioprotective agents. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which the specific PBR ligand 4'-chlorodiazepam (CDZ) protected the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion. In either global or regional models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats, CDZ reduced infarct size in a dose-dependent manner (e.g., 11 +/- 1% of the area at risk at 10 mg/kg versus 31 +/- 3% in control; p < 0.05) and to a similar extent as ischemic or diazoxide-induced preconditioning. CDZ (10 mg/kg) reduced apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining), restored mitochondrial recovery, improved oxidative phosphorylation parameters, and reduced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization with inhibition of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor releases. CDZ increased the resistance of mitochondria to Ca2+-induced PTP opening. All these cardioprotective effects of CDZ were associated with an improved stabilization of the association of Bcl-2 with the mitochondrial membrane and inhibition of the association of a cytosolic fragment of Bax, occurring during ischemia-reperfusion, with the outer mitochondrial membrane. In addition, the PTP opener atractyloside (20 microM) and the Bcl-2 inhibitor ethyl-2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate (HA14-1) (20 microM) abrogated CDZ-induced reduction of infarct size. These results demonstrate that PBR occupancy by CDZ renders the heart more resistant to ischemia-reperfusion injury by limiting mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. This is due to a reorganization of the balance between pro- and antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family proteins at the level of mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Nsoure Obame
- INSERM U841, équipe 3, Facultéde Médecine de Paris XII, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, F-94010, Créteil, France
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Pepper C, Lowe H, Fegan C, Thurieau C, Thurston DE, Hartley JA, Delavault P. Fludarabine-mediated suppression of the excision repair enzyme ERCC1 contributes to the cytotoxic synergy with the DNA minor groove crosslinking agent SJG-136 (NSC 694501) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:253-9. [PMID: 17579621 PMCID: PMC2360304 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we set out to establish whether fludarabine could enhance the DNA interstrand crosslinking capacity of SJG-136 in primary human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells and thereby offer a rationale for its clinical use in combination with SJG-136. SJG-136 rapidly induced DNA crosslinking in primary CLL cells which was concentration-dependent. Further, the level of crosslinking correlated with sensitivity to SJG-136-induced apoptosis (P=0.001) and higher levels of crosslinking were induced by the combination of SJG-136 and fludarabine (P=0.002). All of the samples tested (n=40) demonstrated synergy between SJG-136 and fludarabine (mean combination index (CI)=0.54±0.2) and this was even retained in samples derived from patients with fludarabine resistance (mean CI=0.62±0.3). Transcription of the excision repair enzyme, ERCC1, was consistently increased (20/20) in response to SJG-136 (P<0.0001). In contrast, fludarabine suppressed ERCC1 transcription (P=0.04) and inhibited SJG-136-induced ERCC1 transcription when used in combination (P=0.001). Importantly, the ability of fludarabine to suppress ERCC1 transcription correlated with the degree of synergy observed between SJG-136 and fludarabine (r2=0.28; P=0.017) offering a mechanistic rationale for the synergistic interaction. The data presented here provides a clear indication that this combination of drugs may have clinical utility as salvage therapy in drug-resistant CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Benzodiazepinones/pharmacology
- Benzodiazepinones/therapeutic use
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- DNA/drug effects
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Endonucleases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
- Vidarabine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pepper
- Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Mares P, Slamberová R. Efficacy of bretazenil against cortical epileptic afterdischarges increases during early ontogeny in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2006; 58:519-25. [PMID: 16963798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a benzodiazepine partial agonist bretazenil on cortical epileptic afterdischarges was studied in 12-, 18- or 25-day-old rat pups with implanted electrodes. Afterdischarges were induced by low-frequency stimulation of sensorimotor area four times in each animal and bretazenil (0.1; 1; 5; 10; or 25 mg/kg) and/or solvent were administered intraperitoneally between the first and second stimulation. Bretazenil was able to decrease the duration of afterdischarges as well as intensity of clonic seizures accompanying these afterdischarges in all age groups in a dose-dependent manner. The efficacy of bretazenil was age-dependent: the most marked effect on duration of afterdischarges was observed in 25-day-old rats. It is in sharp contrast with our earlier data for full agonists clonazepam and midazolam demonstrating the strongest action in the youngest group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mares
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Collet
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Dijon, France
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Farges RC, da Silva MBS, Fröde TS. Implication of glucocorticoid in anti-inflammatory effects of Ro5-4864 in mouse pleurisy induced by carrageenan. Life Sci 2006; 78:1814-22. [PMID: 16271371 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse pleurisy induced by carrageenan is used to determine the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2 (Ro5-4864). Pre-treatment with Ro5-4864 inhibits different inflammatory parameters, such as neutrophil influx, MPO activity and NO levels in the early phase (4 h), as well as mononuclear cells and ADA activity in the late phase (48 h) of pleurisy. dl-Aminoglutethimide, inhibitor of steroidal synthesis, reverted the effect of Ro5-4864 on these different inflammatory parameters. Our results suggest that anti-inflammatory action of Ro5-4864 may be partly due to its capacity to inhibit leukocyte migration, as well as leukocyte activation and formation of NO by a mechanism dependent on glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli Coimbra Farges
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Manconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Hening WA. Response to Clinical Corners case (Sleep Medicine 6/2: 83-4): Pregnancy associated with daytime sleepiness and nighttime restlessness. Sleep Med 2006; 6:477-8. [PMID: 16099714 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manconi
- Department of Neurology, Sleep Disorders Center, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS H S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Veryard C. AACR-NCI-EORTC--17th symposium: Molecular targets and cancer therapeutics. 14-18th November 2005, Philadelphia, PA, USA. IDrugs 2006; 9:1-3. [PMID: 16374720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Veryard
- Thomson Scientific, Middlesex House, 34-42 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JE, UK.
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Guichard SM, Macpherson JS, Thurston DE, Jodrell DI. Influence of P-glycoprotein expression on in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumour activity of the novel pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer SJG-136. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1811-8. [PMID: 16046116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SJG-136 is a novel pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer analogue that acts as a minor-groove interstrand DNA cross-linking agent. The present study investigated the impact of ABCB1 (mdr-1) expression on the activity of SJG-136 using both in vitro and in vivo systems. SJG-136 was highly potent in the colon cancer cell lines HCT-116, HT-29 and SW620 (IC50 0.1-0.3 nM). However, HCT-8 and HCT-15 cells expressing significant levels of mdr-1 were less sensitive (IC50 2.3 and 3.7 nM, respectively) using a SRB assay. The cytotoxicity was increased in HCT-15 and A2780(AD) in presence of 5 microg/ml verapamil. Mdr-1 mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR and correlated to SJG-136 IC50s (r2=0.86, P=0.0001). Isogenic 3T3 cells expressing mdr-1 cDNA (3T3 pHamdr-1) were less sensitive to SJG-136 than the parental 3T3 cells (IC50 208 and 6.3 nM, respectively). Finally, SJG-136 (120 microg/kg/d dx5) was highly active against A2780 xenografts (SGD=275) but not A2780(AD) xenografts (SGD=67).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Guichard
- Pharmacology and Drug Development Team, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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Veiga S, Azcoitia I, Garcia-Segura LM. Ro5-4864, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand, reduces reactive gliosis and protects hippocampal hilar neurons from kainic acid excitotoxicity. J Neurosci Res 2005; 80:129-37. [PMID: 15696538 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is a critical component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which is involved in the regulation of cell survival. Different forms of brain injury result in induction of the expression of the PBR in the areas of neurodegeneration, mainly in reactive glial cells. The consequences of induction of PBR expression after brain injury are unknown. To test whether PBR may be involved in the regulation of neuronal survival after injury, we have assessed the effect of two PBR ligands, Ro5-4864 and PK11195, on neuronal loss induced by kainic acid in the hippocampus. Systemic administration of kainic acid to male rats resulted in the induction of a reactive phenotype in astrocytes and microglia and in a significant loss of hilar neurons in the dentate gyrus. Administration of Ro5-4864, before the injection of kainic acid, decreased reactive gliosis in the hilus and prevented hilar neuronal loss. In contrast, PK11195 was unable to reduce reactive gliosis and did not protect hilar neurons from kainic acid. These findings suggest that the PBR is involved in control of neuronal survival and gliosis after brain injury and identify this molecule as a potential target for neuroprotective interventions.
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Abstract
Benzodiazepines remain widely used for the treatment of anxiety disorders despite a side-effect profile that includes sedation, myorelaxation, amnesia, and ataxia, and the potential for abuse. gamma-Aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor partial agonists, subtype-selective agents, and compounds combining both of these features are being developed in an attempt to achieve benzodiazepine-like efficacy without these potentially limiting side effects. This article reviews the nonclinical and clinical studies of "anxioselective" anxiolytics that target GABA(A) receptors and discusses potential mechanisms subserving an anxioselective profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Basile
- DOV Pharmaceutical, Inc., 433 Hackensack Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA.
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Etcheberrigaray R, Tan M, Dewachter I, Kuipéri C, Van der Auwera I, Wera S, Qiao L, Bank B, Nelson TJ, Kozikowski AP, Van Leuven F, Alkon DL. Therapeutic effects of PKC activators in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11141-6. [PMID: 15263077 PMCID: PMC503753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403921101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) characteristically presents with early memory loss. Regulation of K(+) channels, calcium homeostasis, and protein kinase C (PKC) activation are molecular events that have been implicated during associative memory which are also altered or defective in AD. PKC is also involved in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a central element in AD pathophysiology. In previous studies, we demonstrated that benzolactam (BL), a novel PKC activator, reversed K(+) channels defects and enhanced secretion of APP alpha in AD cells. In this study we present data showing that another PKC activator, bryostatin 1, at subnanomolar concentrations dramatically enhances the secretion of the alpha-secretase product sAPP alpha in fibroblasts from AD patients. We also show that BL significantly increased the amount of sAPP alpha and reduced A beta 40 in the brains of APP[V717I] transgenic mice. In a more recently developed AD double-transgenic mouse, bryostatin was effective in reducing both brain A beta 40 and A beta 42. In addition, bryostatin ameliorated the rate of premature death and improved behavioral outcomes. Collectively, these data corroborate PKC and its activation as a potentially important means of ameliorating AD pathophysiology and perhaps cognitive impairment, thus offering a promising target for drug development. Because bryostatin 1 is devoid of tumor-promoting activity and is undergoing numerous clinical studies for cancer treatment in humans, it might be readily tested in patients as a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
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Abstract
In this study, we documented the effects of different peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligands: PK 11195, Ro5-4864 and the newly described SSR 180575 on the development of pulmonary inflammation in vivo. To this aim, we used MRL/lpr mice that develop pathological signs similar to the human lupus erythematosus (LE) signs. We found that a chronic treatment (at 3 mg/kg per i.p. for 30 days) with PBR ligands had a significant beneficial therapeutic action and decreased the inflammatory pulmonary responses and alveolitis onset. When analyzing PBR expression in inflamed tissues, we observed that in addition to the infiltrated leukocytes, PBR was expressed in the bronchial epithelium, and especially we evidenced for the first time that PBR in expressed in Clara cells. Interestingly, we observed that PBR expression in those cells was reduced when MRL/lpr mice developed the pathology and restored upon PBR ligand treatment. These original findings support a role of PBR in pulmonary inflammatory process and suggest new therapeutic applications in auto immune disorders for specific potent PBR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Bribes
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo Recherche, 371, rue du Prof. Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France.
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38
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Abstract
The antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligands, Ro5-4864 (7-chloro-5- (4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2) and PK11195 (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide), were studied in an experimental model of carrageenan/LPS -induced arthritis in rats. These effects were compared with those of indomethacin and dexamethasone. Both pre and post-treatments with PK11195 were found to be anti-edematogenic and antinociceptive. The lower dose (0.01 mg/kg) exhibited the higher anti-edematogenic effect. On the other hand, the higher dose (0.5 mg/kg) produced antinociception, but with a decreased anti-edematogenic effect. Ro5-4864 produced a negligible antinociception and anti-edematogenic effect as pretreatment, but a pro-edematogenic effect when given as post-treatment. Dexamethasone and indomethacin presented parallel and dose-dependent antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects. In conclusion, PK11195 can effectively diminish arthritic nociception and edema elicited by LPS, but probably by mechanisms different from those of dexamethasone or indomethacin. RO5-4864 seemed to have opposite effect on this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisângela Bressan
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima, 82, 88015-420, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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McCleane GJ. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover study of the cholecystokinin 2 antagonist L-365,260 as an adjunct to strong opioids in chronic human neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2003; 338:151-4. [PMID: 12566175 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish if the cholecystokinin (CCK) 2 antagonist L-365,260 augments the analgesic effect of morphine in human subjects with chronic neuropathic pain. This is a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of 40 adult subjects taking morphine for neuropathic pain. Each received placebo, L-365,260 30 mg and L-365,260 120 mg in three divided doses daily separated by a washout period in random order. Pain, activity, sedation, sleep and side effects were recorded along with 12 lead ECGs, renal and liver function tests and full blood pictures. L-365,260 failed to augment the analgesic effect of morphine at any of the dose levels used. Side effects were minor. There were no changes in ECGs and biochemical indices were unaltered with its use. The CCK 2 antagonist L-365,260 does not augment the analgesic effect of morphine in subjects with chronic neuropathic pain. L-365,260 was well tolerated and side effects from its use were minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J McCleane
- Rampark Pain Centre, 2 Rampark, Dromore Road, BT66 7JH, N. Ireland, Lurgan, UK.
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40
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Abstract
To investigate the safety and tolerability of L-365,260 in human subjects taking morphine for intractable pain. An open label study of nine adult subjects. Two doses of L-365,260 were administered to all subjects separated by a 4 h interval (three received 10 mg, three 30 mg and three 60 mg). Haemodynamic and respiratory variables were recorded from immediately prior to first drug administration to T + 600 min. In addition, continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and serial 12 lead ECGs were recorded along with pain and side effect measurements. No major side effects were observed. L-365,260 was well tolerated. No abnormalities in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate or ECG measurements were recorded. Minor side effects were observed. L-365,260 can be safely administered at the doses investigated to human subjects receiving morphine for intractable pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J McCleane
- Rampark Pain Centre, 2 Rampark, Dromore Road, Lurgan BT66 7JH, Northern Ireland, UK.
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41
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Abstract
We report the anticonvulsant action in DBA/2 mice of two mGlu Group III receptor agonists: (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine, (R,S)-PPG, a compound with moderate mGlu8 selectivity, and of (1S,3R,4S)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, ACPT-1, a selective agonist for mGlu4alpha receptors. Both compounds, given intracerebroventricularly at doses which did not show marked anticonvulsant activity, produced a consistent shift to the left of the dose-response curves (i.e. enhanced the anticonvulsant properties) of 1-(4'-aminophenyl)-3,5-dihydro-7,8-dimethoxy-4H-2,3-benzodiazepin-4-one hydrochloride, CFM-2, a noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist, and 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-1-phosphonic acid, CPPene, a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, in DBA/2 mice. In addition, (R,S)-PPG and ACPT-1 administered intracerebroventricularly prolonged the time course of the anticonvulsant properties of CFM-2 (33 micromol/kg, i.p.) and CPPene (3.3 micromol/kg, i.p.) administered intraperitoneally. We conclude that modest reduction of synaptic glutamate release by activation of Group III metabotropic receptors potentiates the anticonvulsant effect of AMPA and NMDA receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovambattista De Sarro
- Cattedra di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Campiani G, Ramunno A, Maga G, Nacci V, Fattorusso C, Catalanotti B, Morelli E, Novellino E. Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors: past, present, and future perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2002; 8:615-57. [PMID: 11945162 DOI: 10.2174/1381612024607207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Along with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have gained a definitive and important place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections, and are in rapid development. These compounds can be grouped into two classes: the first generation NNRTIs, mainly discovered by random screening, and the second generation NNRTIs, developed as a result of comprehensive strategies involving molecular modelling, rationale-based drug synthesis, biological and pharmacokinetic evaluations. The recent boom of NNRTIs is mainly due to their antiviral potency, high specificity and low toxicity. The rapid emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains induced by the first generation drugs is a disadvantage bypassed, in part, by the broad spectrum second generation NNRTIs. Starting from the first generation, this review will focus on the second generation NNRTIs dealing with the recent and most interesting published results, highlighting the guidelines for the development of a third generation of NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Campiani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Decaudin D, Castedo M, Nemati F, Beurdeley-Thomas A, De Pinieux G, Caron A, Pouillart P, Wijdenes J, Rouillard D, Kroemer G, Poupon MF. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands reverse apoptosis resistance of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2002; 62:1388-93. [PMID: 11888910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (mPBR) is involved in a functional structure designated as the permeability transition pore, which controls apoptosis. Binding of Fas/APO-1/CD95 triggers a prototypic apoptosis-inducing pathway. Using four different human tumor cell lines (T-cell Jurkat, neuroblastoma SHEP, osteosarcoma 143N2, and glioblastoma SNB79 cell lines), all of which express CD95 and mPBR, we investigated the potential role of mPBR ligands in CD95-induced apoptosis. We show that, in vitro, the three mPBR ligands tested (RO5-4864, PK11195, and diazepam) enhanced apoptosis induced by anti-CD95 antibody in Jurkat cells, as demonstrated by mitochondrial transmembrane potential drop and DNA fragmentation. In contrast, RO5-4864, but not PK11195 or diazepam, enhanced anti-CD95 apoptosis in all other cell lines. These effects were obtained in Bcl-2-overexpressing SHEP cell lines, but not in Bcl-X(L) SHEP cell lines. Enhancement of anti-CD95 antibody-induced apoptosis by RO5-4864 was characterized by an increased mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO proteins and an enhanced activation of caspases 9 and 3, suggesting a mitochondrion-dependent mechanism. Preincubation of cells with the different mPBR ligands or anti-CD95 did not affect the levels of expression of either mPBR or CD95. In vivo, we found that the RO5-4864 mPBR ligand significantly increased the growth inhibition induced by two chemotherapeutic agents, etoposide and ifosfamide, using two human small cell lung cancers xenografted into nude mice. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands may therefore act as chemosensitizing agents for the treatment of human neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Decaudin
- Department of Hematology, and UMR 147 CNRS, Section de Recherche, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
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44
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Abstract
PURPOSE Perimenstrual catamenial epilepsy may in part be due to withdrawal of the endogenous progesterone-derived neurosteroid allopregnanolone that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibition. Here we sought to determine whether the anticonvulsant potencies of neuroactive steroids, benzodiazepines, phenobarbital (PB), and valproate (VPA) are altered during the heightened seizure susceptibility accompanying neurosteroid withdrawal in a rat model of perimenstrual catamenial epilepsy. METHODS Test drugs were evaluated for their ability to alter the convulsant activity of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in young adult female rats, in pseudopregnant rats with prolonged exposure to high levels of progesterone (and its neurosteroid metabolites), and in pseudopregnant rats 24 h after acute withdrawal of neurosteroids by treatment with the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride. Test drugs were administered at doses equivalent to twice their ED50 values for protection against PTZ-induced clonic seizures in naive young adult female rats. RESULTS The anticonvulsant activity of allopregnanolone (5 mg/kg, s.c.), pregnanolone (5 mg/kg, s.c.), allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (15 mg/kg, s.c.), and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (10 mg/kg, s.c.) were enhanced by 34-127% after neurosteroid withdrawal. The anticonvulsant activity of PB (65 mg/kg, i.p.) was also enhanced by 24% in neurosteroid-withdrawn animals. In contrast, the anticonvulsant activity of diazepam (4 mg/kg, i.p.), bretazenil (0.106 mg/kg, i.p.), and VPA (560 mg/kg, i.p.) were reduced or unchanged in neurosteroid-withdrawn animals. CONCLUSIONS The anticonvulsant activity of neuroactive steroids is potentiated after neurosteroid withdrawal, supporting the use of such agents in the treatment of perimenstrual catamenial epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Reddy
- Epilepsy Research Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1408, USA
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Raghavendra V, Kaur G, Kulkarni SK. Anti-depressant action of melatonin in chronic forced swimming-induced behavioral despair in mice, role of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor modulation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 10:473-81. [PMID: 11115737 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(00)00115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible antidepressant effect of physiological and pharmacological doses of melatonin was investigated in the Porsolt forced swimming-induced behavioral despair test. The duration of immobility period of BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice during a 6-min swim test was measured at noon (11:00-12:00 h), early dark (20:00-21:00 h) and at midnight (1:00-2:00 h), respectively. The circadian time cycle did not alter the duration of immobility in either strains of mice. Similarly, exogenously administered melatonin (10-1000 microg/kg congruent with 50 nM to 5 microM/mouse), a dose that could act on high affinity melatonin receptors, did not modify the duration of immobility period at any of the time intervals studied in either strains of the mice. This suggested that neither circadian variation influenced the duration of immobility period of BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice nor at physiological doses melatonin showed any anti-depressant action. Acute administration of higher doses of melatonin (2.5-10 mg/kg) failed to induce any anti-depressant activity in mice which were subjected to forced swimming test for the first time. However, daily administration of melatonin (2.5-10 mg/kg) prior to swimming test significantly reversed the increase in immobility period that was observed on chronic exposure to swimming test. This effect was comparable with the effect of GABA-benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor agonists. Similarly, like GABAergic drugs, acute administration of melatonin also showed anti-depressant activity in a mice which were exposed to chronic forced swimming test. The anti-depressant action of melatonin was sensitive to reversal by peripheral BZ receptor antagonist, PK11195. Whereas, flumazenil failed to reverse the anti-depressant action of melatonin, thereby suggesting that central BZ receptor were not involved in its action. In conclusion the study showed that at pharmacological doses melatonin has anti-depressant action in chronic forced swimming-induced despair behavior by an action involving peripheral BZ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raghavendra
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, India
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46
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Abstract
Although physiological functions of the CCK-B/gastrin receptor are well explored, little is known about its role during healing. Here, we evaluated the role of this receptor in the rat oxyntic mucosa following the introduction of a cryoulcer. In this model, we located and quantified CCK-B/gastrin receptors by reverse transcriptase PCR and receptor autoradiography. Rats with cryoulcers were treated with placebo, omeprazole, the CCK-B/gastrin receptor antagonist YF-476, omeprazole plus YF-476, gastrin-17, and gastrin 17 plus YF-476. During wound healing, CCK-B/gastrin receptors were specifically expressed and localized to the regenerative mucosal ulcer margin. This high expression was limited in time, and the pattern of expression of CCK-B/gastrin receptors correlated closely with the proliferative activity of the regenerative mucosa. Functionally, omeprazole and gastrin-17 caused profound hypergastrinemia, increased cell proliferation in the mucosal ulcer margin and accelerated the late ulcer healing phase. These effects were completely reversed by cotherapy with YF-476. These in vivo and vitro data suggest that CCK-B/gastrin receptors in regenerative rat gastric oxyntic mucosa enhance trophic effects during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmassmann
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Kovelowski CJ, Ossipov MH, Sun H, Lai J, Malan TP, Porreca F. Supraspinal cholecystokinin may drive tonic descending facilitation mechanisms to maintain neuropathic pain in the rat. Pain 2000; 87:265-273. [PMID: 10963906 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Complete or partial spinal section at T(8) has been shown to block tactile allodynia but not thermal hyperalgesia following L(5)/L(6) spinal nerve ligation (SNL), suggesting the supraspinal integration of allodynia in neuropathic pain. In the present study, the possibility of mediation of nerve injury-associated pain through tonic activity of descending nociceptive facilitation arising from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) was investigated. Specifically, the actions of brainstem cholecystokinin and the possible importance of sustained afferent input from injured nerve fibers were determined using pharmacological and physiological approaches in rats with SNL. Lidocaine given bilaterally into the RVM blocked tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in SNL rats and was inactive in sham-operated rats. Bilateral injection of L365,260 (CCK(B) receptor antagonist) into the RVM also reversed both tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Microinjection of CCK-8 (s) into the RVM of naive rats produced a robust tactile allodynic effect and a more modest hyperalgesia. CCK immunoreactivity was not significantly different between SNL and sham-operated rats. The anti-nociceptive effect of morphine given into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray region (PAG) was substantially reduced by SNL. The injection of L365,260 into the RVM or of bupivacaine at the site of nerve injury restored the potency and efficacy of PAG morphine in SNL rats. These results suggest that changes in supraspinal processing are likely to contribute to the observed poor efficacy of opioids in clinical states of neuropathic pain. These data also indicate that the activation of descending nociceptive facilitatory pathways is important in the maintenance of neuropathic pain, appears to be dependent on CCK release, and may be driven from sustained afferent input from injured nerves to brainstem sites. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that abnormal tonic activity of descending facilitation mechanisms may underlie chronic pain from peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kovelowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Lynch JJ, Houle MS, Stump GL, Wallace AA, Gilberto DB, Jahansouz H, Smith GR, Tebben AJ, Liverton NJ, Selnick HG, Claremon DA, Billman GE. Antiarrhythmic efficacy of selective blockade of the cardiac slowly activating delayed rectifier current, I(Ks), in canine models of malignant ischemic ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation 1999; 100:1917-22. [PMID: 10545437 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.18.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the lack of potent and selective inhibitors has hampered the physiological assessment of modulation of the cardiac slowly activating delayed rectifier current, I(Ks). The present study, using the I(Ks) blocker L-768,673, represents the first in vivo assessment of the cardiac electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects of selective I(Ks) blockade. METHODS AND RESULTS In an anesthetized canine model of recent (8.5+/-0.4 days) anterior myocardial infarction, 0.003 to 0.03 mg/kg L-768,673 IV significantly suppressed electrically induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias and reduced the incidence of lethal arrhythmias precipitated by acute, thrombotically induced posterolateral myocardial ischemia. Antiarrhythmic protection afforded by L-768,673 was accompanied by modest 7% to 10% increases in noninfarct zone ventricular effective refractory period, 3% to 5% increases in infarct zone ventricular effective refractory period, and 4% to 6% increases in QTc interval. In a conscious canine model of healed (3 to 4 weeks) anterior myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation was provoked by transient occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery during submaximal exercise. Pretreatment with 0.03 mg/kg L-768,673 IV elicited a modest 7% increase in QTc, prevented ventricular fibrillation in 5 of 6 animals, and suppressed arrhythmias in 2 additional animals. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that selective blockade of I(Ks) may be a potentially useful intervention for the prevention of malignant ischemic ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lynch
- Departments of Pharmacology, Laboratory Animal Medicine, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Celik T, Uzbay T, Cinar K, Bozkaya H, Uzunalimoglu O, Yurdaydin C. Combination treatment of hepatic encephalopathy due to thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in the rat with benzodiazepine and opioid receptor antagonists. J Hepatol 1999; 31:880-6. [PMID: 10580586 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with drugs acting on the target organ of this syndrome, the brain, is unsatisfactory. Combination treatment with different neurotransmitter receptor antagonists may be a rational option to optimize treatment. METHODS The effects of various doses of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-3505 and the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, alone or in combination, were tested on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide-induced hepatic failure in an open-field activity meter. Comparison of single and combination treatment was also done using a neurological test battery. In addition, we compared survival of treatment-responder rats with treatment non-responders. RESULTS Naloxone dose dependently increased ambulatory activity and improved neurological score. Ro 15-3505 also improved ambulatory activity and neurological score; however, the improvement was less evident at higher doses. Combination treatment was not superior to single treatment. Survival was increased in treatment-responder rats. CONCLUSIONS The failure of combination treatment with Ro 15-3505 and naloxone to further improve hepatic encephalopathy may suggest that the two neurotransmitter systems are interrelated or that hepatic encephalopathy may not be further improved by drugs acting on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Celik
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- N Watson
- Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, R2-101, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California, USA94303
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