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Bratzel F, Heller S, Cyrannek N, Paule J, Leme EMC, Loreth A, Nowotny A, Kiefer M, Till W, Barfuss MHJ, Lexer C, Koch MA, Zizka G. The low-copy nuclear gene Agt1 as a novel DNA barcoding marker for Bromeliaceae. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:111. [PMID: 32164546 PMCID: PMC7068990 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiosperm family Bromeliaceae comprises over 3.500 species characterized by exceptionally high morphological and ecological diversity, but a very low genetic variation. In many genera, plants are vegetatively very similar which makes determination of non flowering bromeliads difficult. This is particularly problematic with living collections where plants are often cultivated over decades without flowering. DNA barcoding is therefore a very promising approach to provide reliable and convenient assistance in species determination. However, the observed low genetic variation of canonical barcoding markers in bromeliads causes problems. RESULT In this study the low-copy nuclear gene Agt1 is identified as a novel DNA barcoding marker suitable for molecular identification of closely related bromeliad species. Combining a comparatively slowly evolving exon sequence with an adjacent, genetically highly variable intron, correctly matching MegaBLAST based species identification rate was found to be approximately double the highest rate yet reported for bromeliads using other barcode markers. CONCLUSION In the present work, we characterize Agt1 as a novel plant DNA barcoding marker to be used for barcoding of bromeliads, a plant group with low genetic variation. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive marker sequence dataset for further use in the bromeliad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bratzel
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Department for Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Heller
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Cyrannek
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Juraj Paule
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elton M C Leme
- Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 811 South Palm Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Anna Loreth
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Department for Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Nowotny
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Department for Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Department for Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Till
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael H J Barfuss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Department for Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Zizka
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Manhães VDC, de Miranda FD, Clarindo WR, Carrijo TT. Genetic diversity and karyotype of Pitcairnia azouryi: an endangered species of Bromeliaceae endemic to Atlantic Forest inselbergs. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:179-189. [PMID: 31587186 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant species of various families, such as those of Bromeliaceae, occur on inselbergs where they are subject to geographic isolation and environmental conditions that can lead to genetic erosion. This, in turn, can result in the loss of natural populations due to homozygosis, or changes in ploidy that may lead to reproductive isolation. The genetic diversity of five natural populations of Pitcairnia azouryi was measured using nine microsatellite markers transferred from P. albiflos and P. geyskesii. Chromosome numbers and nuclear DNA content were also evaluated. The results indicated moderate genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.188), and significant gene flow (Nm = 1.073) in four of the five populations. P. azouryi has, predominantly, 2n = 50 chromosomes and DNA content of 2C = 1.16 pg, but the tetraploid condition was found (2n = 100 and 2C = 2.32 pg) in seedlings of an individual of the most geographically isolated population. The moderate level of genetic structuring observed for P. azouryi seems to be related to its disjoint geographical distribution and the locally aggregated spatial structure of the populations, which are isolated from each other, hindering the inter and intrapopulational gene flow. This interpretation was also evidenced by the mantel test (r = 0.777, P < 0.05). The occurrence of diploid individuals with tetraploid seedlings is indicative of events of eupolyploidization, possibly due to the environmental conditions of this geographically isolated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor da Cunha Manhães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Alto Universitário s.n., Guararema, Alegre, ES, CEP 29500-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Demolinari de Miranda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Alto Universitário s.n., Guararema, Alegre, ES, CEP 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Wellington Ronildo Clarindo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Alto Universitário s.n., Guararema, Alegre, ES, CEP 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tavares Carrijo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Alto Universitário s.n., Guararema, Alegre, ES, CEP 29500-000, Brazil
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Earles JM, Theroux-Rancourt G, Roddy AB, Gilbert ME, McElrone AJ, Brodersen CR. Beyond Porosity: 3D Leaf Intercellular Airspace Traits That Impact Mesophyll Conductance. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:148-162. [PMID: 30042212 PMCID: PMC6130031 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The leaf intercellular airspace (IAS) is generally considered to have high conductance to CO2 diffusion relative to the liquid phase. While previous studies accounted for leaf-level variation in porosity and mesophyll thickness, they omitted 3D IAS traits that potentially influence IAS conductance (gIAS). Here, we reevaluated the standard equation for gIAS by incorporating tortuosity, lateral path lengthening, and IAS connectivity. We measured and spatially mapped these geometric IAS traits for 19 Bromeliaceae species with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) or C3 photosynthetic pathways using x-ray microcomputed tomography imaging and a novel computational approach. We found substantial variation in porosity (0.04-0.73 m3 m-3), tortuosity (1.09-3.33 m2 m-2), lateral path lengthening (1.12-3.19 m m-1), and IAS connectivity (0.81-0.97 m2 m-2) across all bromeliad leaves. The revised gIAS model predicted significantly lower gIAS in CAM (0.01-0.19 mol m-2 s-1 bar-1) than in C3 (0.41-2.38 mol m-2 s-1 bar-1) plants due to a coordinated decline in these IAS traits. Our reevaluated equation also generally predicted lower gIAS values than the former one. Moreover, we observed high spatial heterogeneity in these IAS geometric traits throughout the mesophyll, especially within CAM leaves. Our data show that IAS traits that better capture the 3D complexity of leaves strongly influence gIAS and that the impact of the IAS on mesophyll conductance should be carefully considered with respect to leaf anatomy. We provide a simple function to estimate tortuosity and lateral path lengthening in the absence of access to imaging tools such as x-ray microcomputed tomography or other novel 3D image-processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mason Earles
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | | | - Adam B Roddy
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Matthew E Gilbert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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Poczai P, Hyvönen J. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the CAM epiphyte Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides, Bromeliaceae) and its comparative analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187199. [PMID: 29095905 PMCID: PMC5667773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) is an epiphytic bromeliad widely distributed throughout tropical and warm temperate America. This plant is highly adapted to extreme environmental conditions. Striking features of this species include specialized trichomes (scales) covering the surface of its shoots aiding the absorption of water and nutrients directly from the atmosphere and a specific photosynthesis using crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Here we report the plastid genome of Spanish moss and present the comparison of genome organization and sequence evolution within Poales. The plastome of Spanish moss has a quadripartite structure consisting of a large single copy (LSC, 87,439 bp), two inverted regions (IRa and IRb, 26,803 bp) and short single copy (SSC, 18,612 bp) region. The plastid genome had 37.2% GC content and 134 genes with 88 being unique protein-coding genes and 20 of these are duplicated in the IR, similar to other reported bromeliads. Our study shows that early diverging lineages of Poales do not have high substitution rates as compared to grasses, and plastid genomes of bromeliads show structural features considered to be ancestral in graminids. These include the loss of the introns in the clpP and rpoC1 genes and the complete loss or partial degradation of accD and ycf genes in the Graminid clade. Further structural rearrangements appeared in the graminids lacking in Spanish moss, which include a 28-kb inversion between the trnG-UCC-rps14 region and 6-kb in the trnG-UCC-psbD, followed by a third <1kb inversion in the trnT sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hyvönen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Dept. Biosci. (Plant Biology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Paule J, Wagner ND, Weising K, Zizka G. Ecological range shift in the polyploid members of the South American genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae). Ann Bot 2017; 120:233-243. [PMID: 28052858 PMCID: PMC5737899 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The distribution of polyploidy along a relatively steep Andean elevation and climatic gradient is studied using the genus Fosterella L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) as a model system. Ecological differentiation of cytotypes and the link of polyploidy with historical biogeographic processes such as dispersal events and range shift are assessed. Methods 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining of nuclei and flow cytometry were used to estimate the ploidy levels of 159 plants from 22 species sampled throughout the distribution range of the genus. Ecological differentiation among ploidy levels was tested by comparing the sets of climatic variables. Ancestral chromosome number reconstruction was carried out on the basis of a previously generated phylogeographic framework. Key Results This study represents the first assessment of intrageneric, intraspecific and partially intrapopulational cytotype diversity in a genus of the Bromeliaceae family. In Fosterella , the occurrence of polyploidy was limited to the phylogenetically isolated penduliflora and rusbyi groups. Cytotypes were found to be ecologically differentiated, showing that polyploids preferentially occupy colder habitats with high annual temperature variability (seasonality). The combined effects of biogeographic history and adaptive processes are presumed to have shaped the current cytotype distribution in the genus. Conclusions The results provide indirect evidence for both adaptive ecological and non-adaptive historical processes that jointly influenced the cytotype distribution in the predominantly Andean genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae). The results also exemplify the role of polyploidy as an important driver of speciation in a topographically highly structured and thus climatically diverse landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Paule
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natascha D. Wagner
- Plant Molecular Systematics, Department of Sciences, University of Kassel, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Kurt Weising
- Plant Molecular Systematics, Department of Sciences, University of Kassel, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Zizka
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Blooi M, Laking AE, Martel A, Haesebrouck F, Jocque M, Brown T, Green S, Vences M, Bletz MC, Pasmans F. Host niche may determine disease-driven extinction risk. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181051. [PMID: 28704480 PMCID: PMC5509289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) drives declines and extinctions in amphibian communities. However, not all regions and species are equally affected. Here, we show that association with amphibian aquatic habitat types (bromeliad phytotelmata versus stream) across Central America results in the odds of being threatened by Bd being five times higher in stream microhabitats. This differential threat of Bd was supported in our study by a significantly lower prevalence of Bd in bromeliad-associated amphibian species compared to riparian species in Honduran cloud forests. Evidence that the bromeliad environment is less favorable for Bd transmission is exemplified by significantly less suitable physicochemical conditions and higher abundance of Bd-ingesting micro-eukaryotes present in bromeliad water. These factors may inhibit aquatic Bd zoospore survival and the development of an environmental reservoir of the pathogen. Bromeliad phytotelmata thus may act as environmental refuges from Bd, which contribute to protecting associated amphibian communities against chytridiomycosis-driven amphibian declines that threaten the nearby riparian communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Blooi
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra E. Laking
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Operation Wallacea, Hope House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Merlijn Jocque
- Operation Wallacea, Hope House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Tom Brown
- Operation Wallacea, Hope House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Green
- Operation Wallacea, Hope House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Zoology, Cornwall College Newquay, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Molly C. Bletz
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Goetze M, Zanella CM, Palma-Silva C, Büttow MV, Bered F. Incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization in the evolutionary history of closely related, endemic yellow-flowered Aechmea species of subgenus Ortgiesia (Bromeliaceae). Am J Bot 2017; 104:1073-1087. [PMID: 28710126 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The yellow-flowered Aechmea subgenus Ortgiesia (yfAsO) (Bromeliaceae) is a group of seven morphologically similar bromeliads found mostly in the southern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. The recent origin of this group probably contributes to its taxonomic complexity. The aims of this study were to investigate the levels of genetic diversity and structure at the population and species levels, to gain insight into the processes behind the diversification of the group, and to contribute to the establishment of species boundaries. METHODS We sequenced two noncoding regions of the chloroplast genome (rpl32-trnL and rps16-trnK) and the nuclear phyC gene in 204 and 153 individuals, respectively, representing the seven species of the group. Phylogeographical and population genetics approaches were used. KEY RESULTS Three of the seven yfAsO showed some degree of genetic differentiation among species. Divergence time for the group was dated to around 4 million years ago. Areas of conservation value were identified, and a scenario of multiple refugia in the southern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest during the Pleistocene climatic oscillations is suggested. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesized that incomplete lineage sorting and localized hybridization events are responsible for the low levels of genetic differentiation and the taxonomic complexity observed among and within the seven yfAsO species. Further studies on Aechmea comata and Aechmea kertesziae will be necessary to clarify the boundary between these two species. Most of the populations sampled showed high genetic diversity and/or unique haplotypes; they should be prioritized for conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Goetze
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15053 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila M Zanella
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15053 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Huntingdon Road, CB30LE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clarisse Palma-Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade, Avenida 24A 1515 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriam V Büttow
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15053 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Fepagro Serra do Nordeste, Distrito de Fazenda Souza 95125-000, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bered
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15053 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Zhao M, Geekiyanage N, Xu J, Khin MM, Nurdiana DR, Paudel E, Harrison RD. Structure of the epiphyte community in a tropical montane forest in SW China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122210. [PMID: 25856457 PMCID: PMC4391920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular epiphytes are an understudied and particularly important component of tropical forest ecosystems. However, owing to the difficulties of access, little is known about the properties of epiphyte-host tree communities and the factors structuring them, especially in Asia. We investigated factors structuring the vascular epiphyte-host community and its network properties in a tropical montane forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Vascular epiphytes were surveyed in six plots located in mature forests. Six host and four micro-site environmental factors were investigated. Epiphyte diversity was strongly correlated with host size (DBH, diameter at breast height), while within hosts the highest epiphyte diversity was in the middle canopy and epiphyte diversity was significantly higher in sites with canopy soil or a moss mat than on bare bark. DBH, elevation and stem height explained 22% of the total variation in the epiphyte species assemblage among hosts, and DBH was the most important factor which alone explained 6% of the variation. Within hosts, 51% of the variation in epiphyte assemblage composition was explained by canopy position and substrate, and the most important single factor was substrate which accounted for 16% of the variation. Analysis of network properties indicated that the epiphyte host community was highly nested, with a low level of epiphyte specialization, and an almost even interaction strength between epiphytes and host trees. Together, these results indicate that large trees harbor a substantial proportion of the epiphyte community in this forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia Office, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nalaka Geekiyanage
- Laboratory of Tropical Forest Resources and Environments, Division of Forest and Biomaterial Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia Office, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Dian Ridwan Nurdiana
- Cibodas Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ekananda Paudel
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia Office, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rhett Daniel Harrison
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia Office, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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Maia VH, da Mata CS, Franco LO, Cardoso MA, Cardoso SRS, Hemerly AS, Ferreira PCG. DNA barcoding Bromeliaceae: achievements and pitfalls. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29877. [PMID: 22253812 PMCID: PMC3252331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA barcoding has been successfully established in animals as a tool for organismal identification and taxonomic clarification. Slower nucleotide substitution rates in plant genomes have made the selection of a DNA barcode for land plants a much more difficult task. The Plant Working Group of the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended the two-marker combination rbcL/matK as a pragmatic solution to a complex trade-off between universality, sequence quality, discrimination, and cost. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS It is expected that a system based on any one, or a small number of plastid genes will fail within certain taxonomic groups with low amounts of plastid variation, while performing well in others. We tested the effectiveness of the proposed CBOL Plant Working Group barcoding markers for land plants in identifying 46 bromeliad species, a group rich in endemic species from the endangered Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Although we obtained high quality sequences with the suggested primers, species discrimination in our data set was only 43.48%. Addition of a third marker, trnH-psbA, did not show significant improvement. This species identification failure in Bromeliaceaecould also be seen in the analysis of the GenBank's matK data set. Bromeliaceae's sequence divergence was almost three times lower than the observed for Asteraceae and Orchidaceae. This low variation rate also resulted in poorly resolved tree topologies. Among the three Bromeliaceae subfamilies sampled, Tillandsioideae was the only one recovered as a monophyletic group with high bootstrap value (98.6%). Species paraphyly was a common feature in our sampling. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that although DNA barcoding is an important tool for biodiversity assessment, it tends to fail in taxonomy complicated and recently diverged plant groups, such as Bromeliaceae. Additional research might be needed to develop markers capable to discriminate species in these complex botanical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Hugo Maia
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Souza da Mata
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ozório Franco
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Aires Cardoso
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Sodré Cardoso
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Silva Hemerly
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Baresch A, Smith JAC, Winter K, Valerio AL, Jaramillo C. Karatophyllum bromelioides L.D. Gomez revisited: a probable fossil CAM bromeliad. Am J Bot 2011; 98:1905-1908. [PMID: 22034484 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The fossil leaf Karatophyllum bromelioides L. D. Gómez found in Costa Rica was proposed by Gómez (1972) to belong to the Bromeliaceae and to date from the middle Tertiary. If the age and affinity of this specimen were proven to be correct, it would constitute the oldest record of this large and ecologically diverse monocotyledonous family. KEY RESULTS Morphological features of the fossil (leaf dimensions, marginal spines, cuticular traces) indicate a close affinity with the extant bromeliad Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker. Leaf thickness (1.6 mm at maximum) suggests that K. bromelioides L. D. Gómez performed CAM photosynthesis. The geological information does not corroborate the estimated age and location of the specimen; the fossil is suggested to be of more recent origin. CONCLUSIONS The affinity of this fossil to Bromeliaceae was confirmed, but the uncertainties surrounding its age and collection locality mitigate against its use in inferences concerning the evolutionary history of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Baresch
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama.
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11
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Abstract
Hundreds of epiphytic bromeliads species are harvested from the wild for trade and for cultural uses, but little is known about the effects of this harvest. We assessed the potential demographic effects of harvesting from the wild on 2 epiphytic bromeliads: Tillandsia macdougallii, an atmospheric bromeliad (adsorbs water and nutrients directly from the atmosphere), and T. violaceae, a tank bromeliad (accumulates water and organic material between its leaves). We also examined an alternative to harvesting bromeliads from trees--the collection of fallen bromeliads from the forest floor. We censused populations of T. macdougallii each year from 2005 to 2010 and of T. violaceae from 2005 to 2008, in Oaxaca, Mexico. We also measured monthly fall rates of bromeliads over 1 year and monitored the survival of fallen bromeliads on the forest floor. The tank bromeliad had significantly higher rates of survival, reproduction, and stochastic population growth rates (λ(s) ) than the atmospheric bromeliad, but λ(s) for both species were <1, which suggests that the populations will decline even without harvest. Elasticity patterns differed between species, but in both, survival of large individuals had high elasticity values. No fallen bromeliads survived more than 1.5 years on the forest floor and the rate of bromeliad fall was comparable to current harvest rates. Low rates of population growth recorded for the species we studied and other epiphytic bromeliads and high elasticity values for the vital rates that were most affected by harvest suggest that commercial harvesting in the wild of these species is not sustainable. We propose the collection of fallen bromeliads as an ecologically and, potentially, economically viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetria Mondragón Chaparro
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos No. 1033, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca C.P. 71230, Mexico.
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12
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Givnish TJ, Barfuss MHJ, Van Ee B, Riina R, Schulte K, Horres R, Gonsiska PA, Jabaily RS, Crayn DM, Smith JAC, Winter K, Brown GK, Evans TM, Holst BK, Luther H, Till W, Zizka G, Berry PE, Sytsma KJ. Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny. Am J Bot 2011; 98:872-95. [PMID: 21613186 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Bromeliaceae form a large, ecologically diverse family of angiosperms native to the New World. We use a bromeliad phylogeny based on eight plastid regions to analyze relationships within the family, test a new, eight-subfamily classification, infer the chronology of bromeliad evolution and invasion of different regions, and provide the basis for future analyses of trait evolution and rates of diversification. METHODS We employed maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian approaches to analyze 9341 aligned bases for four outgroups and 90 bromeliad species representing 46 of 58 described genera. We calibrate the resulting phylogeny against time using penalized likelihood applied to a monocot-wide tree based on plastid ndhF sequences and use it to analyze patterns of geographic spread using parsimony, Bayesian inference, and the program S-DIVA. RESULTS Bromeliad subfamilies are related to each other as follows: (Brocchinioideae, (Lindmanioideae, (Tillandsioideae, (Hechtioideae, (Navioideae, (Pitcairnioideae, (Puyoideae, Bromelioideae))))))). Bromeliads arose in the Guayana Shield ca. 100 million years ago (Ma), spread centrifugally in the New World beginning ca. 16-13 Ma, and dispersed to West Africa ca. 9.3 Ma. Modern lineages began to diverge from each other roughly 19 Ma. CONCLUSIONS Nearly two-thirds of extant bromeliads belong to two large radiations: the core tillandsioids, originating in the Andes ca. 14.2 Ma, and the Brazilian Shield bromelioids, originating in the Serro do Mar and adjacent regions ca. 9.1 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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13
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de Carvalho KIM, Fernandes HB, Machado FDF, Oliveira IS, Oliveira FA, Nunes PHM, Lima JT, Almeida JRGS, Oliveira RCM. Antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult & Schult f. (Bromeliaceae) in rodents. Biol Res 2011; 43:459-465. [PMID: 21526273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the antiulcer activity of an ethanolic extract of Encholirium spectabile (ES-EtOH) by using different standard experimental models of induced acute gastric ulceration. ES-EtOH (100 mg/kg p.o) protected the gastric mucosa against ulceration that was induced by absolute ethanol (53%), ethanol/HCl (75%), ibuprofen (52 %) and ischemia/reperfusion (43 %). It also restored catalase activity and non-protein sulfhydryl group concentration in the gastric wall of mice that had been treated with ethanol. The pre-treatment of mice with N-nitro-L-arginine (70 mg/kg i.p.) abolished the protective activity of ES-EtOH, which indicates that prostaglandins, antioxidant compounds and nitric oxide synthase activity are involved in the gastroprotective activity of the extract.
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Schulte K, Silvestro D, Kiehlmann E, Vesely S, Novoa P, Zizka G. Detection of recent hybridization between sympatric Chilean Puya species (Bromeliaceae) using AFLP markers and reconstruction of complex relationships. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 57:1105-19. [PMID: 20832496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schulte
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, Sir Robert Norman Building (E2), James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Qld. 4870, Australia.
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Barbará T, Martinelli G, Palma-Silva C, Fay MF, Mayo S, Lexer C. Genetic relationships and variation in reproductive strategies in four closely related bromeliads adapted to neotropical 'inselbergs': Alcantarea glaziouana, A. regina, A. geniculata and A. imperialis (Bromeliaceae). Ann Bot 2009; 103:65-77. [PMID: 19074451 PMCID: PMC2707295 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) adapted to rock outcrops or 'inselbergs' in neotropical rain forests have been identified as suitable plant models for studying population divergence and speciation during continental plant radiations. Little is known about genetic relationships and variation in reproductive strategies within and among inselberg-adapted species, yet knowledge of these parameters is important for understanding divergence processes and for conservation planning. METHODS Nuclear microsatellites were used to assess the role of clonal reproduction, estimate genetic diversity and explore genetic relationships and variation in reproductive strategies for a total of 15 populations of four closely related Alcantarea inselberg species in south-eastern Brazil: A. glaziouana, A. regina, A. geniculata and A. imperialis. KEY RESULTS Clonal propagation is frequent in coastal populations of A. glaziouana and A. regina, but absent in the high-altitude species A. geniculata and A. imperialis. Considerable variation in clonal diversity, gene diversity (H(e)), allelic richness, and Wright's inbreeding coefficient (F(IS)) exists within and between species of Alcantarea. A Bayesian analysis of coastal inselberg species indicated pronounced genetic structure. A neighbor-joining analysis grouped populations of each species together with moderate bootstrap support, except for the high altitude species A. imperialis. CONCLUSIONS The coastal inselberg species A. glaziouana and A. regina tend to propagate asexually via vegetative clonal growth, and both reproductive strategies and breeding systems vary greatly between populations and species of Alcantarea. The microsatellite data indicate a history of hybridization and reticulation involving the high-altitude species A. geniculata and A. imperialis in areas of co-occurrence. The results highlight the need to understand similarities and differences in reproductive strategies both within and between related species for conservation planning and as a basis for understanding evolutionary processes in tropical radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Barbará
- Genetics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.
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Grippa CR, Hoeltgebaum MP, Stürmer SL. Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in bromeliad species from the tropical Atlantic forest biome in Brazil. Mycorrhiza 2007; 17:235-240. [PMID: 17151876 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-006-0090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The mycorrhizal status of epiphytic, rupicolous, and terrestrial bromeliad species from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest has been examined. Roots of 13 species of bromeliads were analyzed for the presence of mycorrhizal structures such as arbuscules, hyphae, and vesicles as well as other fungal structures. Rhizosphere soil was sampled to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species associated only with terrestrial bromeliad species. Most specimens collected were epiphytic bromeliads in the genera Aechmea, Bilbergia, Nidularium, Tillandsia, and Vriesea. Differentiating structures of AMF were found in only three species of bromeliads. The pattern of mycorrhizal colonization was mainly internal, and external mycelium and arbuscules were observed only in the terrestrial Nidularium procerum. Root endophytes with dark brown septate mycelium, thin external hyphae, and Rhizoctonia-like sclerotia were also detected in some root segments. A total of ten spore morphotypes were recovered from the rhizosphere of N. procerum, with Acaulospora mellea, A. foveata, and Glomus sp. being the most common species recovered. Our study demonstrated that most of the epiphytic species are not associated with AMF. We attribute this mainly to the exposed bare root conditions found in epiphytic bromeliads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roberto Grippa
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCN), Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Cx.P. 1507, 89010-971, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcia Patricia Hoeltgebaum
- Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa Científica e Tecnológica do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC), Rodovia SC 401, Km 01, no. 600-ParqTec Alfa-módulo 12 A, 5° andar, 88030-000, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sidney Luiz Stürmer
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCN), Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Cx.P. 1507, 89010-971, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Rex M, Patzolt K, Schulte K, Zizka G, Vásquez R, Ibisch PL, Weising K. AFLP analysis of genetic relationships in the genus Fosterella L.B. Smith (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae). Genome 2007; 50:90-105. [PMID: 17546075 DOI: 10.1139/g06-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neotropical genus Fosterella L.B. Smith (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae) comprises about 30 species, with a centre of diversity in semiarid to humid habitats of the Andean slopes and valleys of Bolivia. Morphologic differentiation of species is difficult because of a paucity of diagnostic characters, and little is known about the infrageneric phylogeny. Here, we present the results of an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of 77 Fosterella specimens, covering 18 recognized species and 9 as-yet undescribed morphospecies. Eight primer combinations produced 310 bands, which were scored as presence/absence characters. Neighbour-joining tree reconstruction revealed 12 clusters (A–L) with various levels of support. Well-supported species groups were also recovered by a principal coordinates analysis. With few exceptions, morphologically defined species boundaries were confirmed by the molecular data. Phylogenetic relationships between species groups remained ambiguous, however, because of short internal branch lengths. The AFLP data were complemented by a survey of the leaf anatomy of 19 Fosterella species. Species concepts and assemblages are discussed in the context of molecular, morphologic, anatomic, ecologic, and biogeographic data. The data suggest that accidental long-distance dispersal and founder events have been important for Fosterella speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rex
- Plant Molecular Systematics, Institute of Biology, Dept. of Sciences, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
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18
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Duval MF, Buso GSC, Ferreira FR, Noyer JL, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, Hamon P, Ferreira ME. Relationships in Ananas and other related genera using chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. Genome 2004; 46:990-1004. [PMID: 14663518 DOI: 10.1139/g03-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity was examined using PCR-RFLP to study phylogenetic relationships in Ananas and related genera. One hundred fifteen accessions representing the seven Ananas species and seven other Bromelioideae including the neighboring monospecific genus Pseudananas, two Pitcairnioideae, and one Tillandsioideae were included in the study. Eight primers designed from cpDNA were used for generating fragments. Restriction by 18 endonucleases generated 255 variable fragments. Dissimilarities were calculated from the resulting matrix using the Sokal and Michener index and the neighbor-joining method was used to reconstruct the diversity tree. Phylogenetic reconstruction was attempted using Wagner parsimony. Phenetic and cladistic analyses gave consistent results. They confirm the basal position of Bromelia in the Bromelioideae. Ananas and Pseudananas form a monophyletic group, with three strongly supported sub-groups, two of which are geographically consistent. The majority of Ananas parguazensis accessions constitute a northern group restricted to the Rio Negro and Orinoco basins in Brazil. The tetraploid Pseudananas sagenarius joins the diploid Ananas fritzmuelleri to constitute a southern group. The third and largest group, which includes all remaining species plus some accessions of A. parguazensis and intermediate phenotypes, is the most widespread and its distribution overlaps those of the northern and southern groups. Ananas ananassoides is dominant in this sub-group and highly variable. Its close relationship to all cultivated species supports the hypothesis that this species is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pineapple. The data indicate that gene flow is common within this group and scarcer with both the first and second groups. Comparison of cpDNA data with published genomic DNA data point to the hybrid origin of Ananas bracteatus and support the autopolyploidy of Pseudananas. The Ananas-Pseudananas group structure and distribution are consistent and we propose a scenario based on the refugia hypothesis to explain our data. These results and hypotheses bring some interesting points to consider in the current discussion on Ananas taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Duval
- Embrapa-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil.
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Crayn DM, Winter K, Smith JAC. Multiple origins of crassulacean acid metabolism and the epiphytic habit in the Neotropical family Bromeliaceae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3703-8. [PMID: 14982989 PMCID: PMC373526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400366101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large Neotropical family Bromeliaceae presents an outstanding example of adaptive radiation in plants, containing a wide range of terrestrial and epiphytic life-forms occupying many distinct habitats. Diversification in bromeliads has been linked to several key innovations, including water- and nutrient-impounding phytotelmata, absorptive epidermal trichomes, and the water-conserving mode of photosynthesis known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). To clarify the origins of CAM and the epiphytic habit, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences for 51 bromeliad taxa by using the plastid loci matK and the rps16 intron, combined with a survey of photosynthetic pathway determined by carbon-isotope ratios for 1,873 species representing 65% of the family. Optimization of character-states onto the strict consensus tree indicated that the last common ancestor of Bromeliaceae was a terrestrial C(3) mesophyte, probably adapted to moist, exposed, nutrient-poor habitats. Both CAM photosynthesis and the epiphytic habit evolved a minimum of three times in the family, most likely in response to geological and climatic changes in the late Tertiary. The great majority of epiphytic forms are now found in two lineages: in subfamily Tillandsioideae, in which C(3) photosynthesis was the ancestral state and CAM developed later in the most extreme epiphytes, and in subfamily Bromelioideae, in which CAM photosynthesis predated the appearance of epiphytism. Subsequent radiation of the bromelioid line into less xeric habitats has led to reversion to C(3) photosynthesis in some taxa, showing that both gain and loss of CAM have occurred in the complex evolutionary history of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Crayn
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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Sgorbati S, Labra M, Grugni E, Barcaccia G, Galasso G, Boni U, Mucciarelli M, Citterio S, Benavides Iramátegui A, Venero Gonzales L, Scannerini S. A survey of genetic diversity and reproductive biology of Puya raimondii (Bromeliaceae), the endangered queen of the Andes. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2004; 6:222-230. [PMID: 15045675 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-817802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Puya raimondii Harms is an outstanding giant rosette bromeliad found solely around 4000 m above sea level in the Andes. It flowers at the end of an 80 - 100-year or even longer life cycle and yields an enormous (4 - 6 m tall) spike composed of from 15,000 to 20,000 flowers. It is endemic and currently endangered, with populations distributed from Peru to the north of Bolivia. A genomic DNA marker-based analysis of the genetic structure of eight populations representative of the whole distribution of P. raimondii in Peru is reported in this paper. As few as 14 genotypes out of 160 plants were detected. Only 5 and 18 of the 217 AFLP marker loci screened were polymorphic within and among these populations, respectively. Four populations were completely monomorphic, each of the others displayed only one to three polymorphic loci. Less than 4 % of the total genomic variation was within populations and genetic similarity among populations was as high as 98.3 %. Results for seven cpSSR marker loci were in agreement with the existence of a single progenitor. Flow cytometry of seed nuclear DNA content and RAPD marker segregation analysis of progeny plantlets demonstrated that the extremely uniform genome of P. raimondii populations is not compatible with agamospermy (apomixis), but consistent with an inbreeding reproductive strategy. There is an urgent need for a protection programme to save not only this precious, isolated species, but also the unique ecosystem depending on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sgorbati
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università di Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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