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Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020. [PMID: 31981224 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pubic Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020. [PMID: 31981224 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.v92.410.1002/jmv.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pubic Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Qin P, Du EZ, Luo WT, Yang YL, Zhang YQ, Wang B, Huang YW. Characteristics of the Life Cycle of Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) In Vitro: Replication Kinetics, Cellular Ultrastructure and Virion Morphology, and Evidence of Inducing Autophagy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050455. [PMID: 31109068 PMCID: PMC6563515 DOI: 10.3390/v11050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in affected piglets. The aim of this study was to establish the basic, in vitro characteristics of the life cycle such as replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure, virion morphology, and induction of autophagy of PDCoV. Time-course analysis of viral subgenomic and genomic RNA loads and infectious titers indicated that one replication cycle of PDCoV takes 5 to 6 h. Electron microscopy showed that PDCoV infection induced the membrane rearrangements with double-membrane vesicles and large virion-containing vacuoles. The convoluted membranes structures described in alpha- and beta-coronavirus were not observed. PDCoV infection also increased the number of autophagosome-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of cells, and the autophagy response was detected by LC3 I/II and p62 Western blot analysis. For the first time, this study presents the picture of the PDCoV infection cycle, which is crucial to help elucidate the molecular mechanism of deltacoronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - En-Zhong Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao, Qingdao 266114, China.
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Kirchdoerfer RN, Cottrell CA, Wang N, Pallesen J, Yassine HM, Turner HL, Corbett KS, Graham BS, McLellan JS, Ward AB. Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein. Nature 2016; 531:118-21. [PMID: 26935699 PMCID: PMC4860016 DOI: 10.1038/nature17200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HKU1 is a human betacoronavirus that causes mild yet prevalent respiratory disease, and is related to the zoonotic SARS and MERS betacoronaviruses, which have high fatality rates and pandemic potential. Cell tropism and host range is determined in part by the coronavirus spike (S) protein, which binds cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion. As the largest known class I fusion protein, its size and extensive glycosylation have hindered structural studies of the full ectodomain, thus preventing a molecular understanding of its function and limiting development of effective interventions. Here we present the 4.0 Å resolution structure of the trimeric HKU1 S protein determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. In the pre-fusion conformation, the receptor-binding subunits, S1, rest above the fusion-mediating subunits, S2, preventing their conformational rearrangement. Surprisingly, the S1 C-terminal domains are interdigitated and form extensive quaternary interactions that occlude surfaces known in other coronaviruses to bind protein receptors. These features, along with the location of the two protease sites known to be important for coronavirus entry, provide a structural basis to support a model of membrane fusion mediated by progressive S protein destabilization through receptor binding and proteolytic cleavage. These studies should also serve as a foundation for the structure-based design of betacoronavirus vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, 03755 New Hampshire USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 40, Room 2502, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland USA
- Present Address: † Present address: Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, QU-NRC, Zone 5, Room D130, Doha, Qatar.,
| | - Hannah L. Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Kizzmekia S. Corbett
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 40, Room 2502, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 40, Room 2502, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, 03755 New Hampshire USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
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Abstract
Purification of intact enveloped virus particles can be useful as a first step in understanding the structure and function of both viral and host proteins that are incorporated into the virion. Purified preparations of virions can be used to address these questions using techniques such as mass spectrometry proteomics. Recent studies on the proteome of coronavirus virions have shown that in addition to the structural proteins, accessory and non-structural virus proteins and a wide variety of host cell proteins associate with virus particles. To further study the presence of virion proteins, high-quality sample preparation is crucial to ensure reproducible analysis by the wide variety of methods available for proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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Neuman BW, Angelini MM, Buchmeier MJ. Does form meet function in the coronavirus replicative organelle? Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:642-7. [PMID: 25037114 PMCID: PMC7127430 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
If we use the analogy of a virus as a living entity, then the replicative organelle is the part of the body where its metabolic and reproductive activities are concentrated. Recent studies have illuminated the intricately complex replicative organelles of coronaviruses, a group that includes the largest known RNA virus genomes. This review takes a virus-centric look at the coronavirus replication transcription complex organelle in the context of the wider world of positive sense RNA viruses, examining how the mechanisms of protein expression and function act to produce the factories that power the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Neuman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Megan M Angelini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Buchmeier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Abstract
Intact, enveloped coronavirus particles vary widely in size and contour, and are thus refractory to study by traditional structural means such as X-ray crystallography. Electron microscopy (EM) overcomes some problems associated with particle variability and has been an important tool for investigating coronavirus ultrastructure. However, EM sample preparation requires that the specimen be dried onto a carbon support film before imaging, collapsing internal particle structure in the case of coronaviruses. Moreover, conventional EM achieves image contrast by immersing the specimen briefly in heavy-metal-containing stain, which reveals some features while obscuring others. Electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) instead employs a porous support film, to which the specimen is adsorbed and flash-frozen. Specimens preserved in vitreous ice over holes in the support film can then be imaged without additional staining. Cryo-EM, coupled with single-particle image analysis techniques, makes it possible to examine the size, structure and arrangement of coronavirus structural components in fully hydrated, native virions. Two virus purification procedures are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Cavanagh
- Div. Molecular Biology, Compton Laboratory, Institute Animal Health, Newbury, Berks., RG20 7NN United Kingdom
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Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses and infect a lot of species of mammals and birds. Five coronaviruses currently infect humans: HCoVs 229E and OC43, identified in the 1960s, SARS-CoV identified in March 2003 during the SARS epidemic, and the HCoVs NL63 and HKU1, identified in 2004 and 2005 respectively. The genome of the coronaviruses is a linear, non-segmented, positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecule of approximately 30kb. The evolution of these viruses occurs through some features: the generation of multiple mutants during the replication resulting on a quasispecies structure of the viral population, the demonstrated ability of coronaviruses to establish persistent infections, the flexibility of the genome due to a high frequency of homologue or heterologue recombinations, the ability to jump barrier species and to adapt to the new environment. Two epidemiologic pictures of HCoV infections have to be distinguished: as suggested by recent studies, HCoVs except SARS-CoV, are distributed worldwide and cocirculate during seasonal outbreaks. The distribution of the different HCoV species varies according to the geographic area and season. In contrast, the SARS-CoV is responsible of the first emerging infectious disease of this millennium, infecting more than 8000 people between November 2002 and July 2003. Its circulation has been stopped by drastic public health policy. Human coronaviruses may be also involved in enteric and neurologic diseases. The detection of these viruses is difficult and mainly based on molecular assays (RT-PCR). There is no established specific therapy to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vabret
- Laboratoire de virologie, EA 2128, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Caen, avenue Georges-Clemenceau, 14033 Caen cedex, France.
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Didenko LV, Bykovskiĭ AF, Karazhas NV, Drynov ID, Konstantinova ND, Rybalkina TN, Kornienko MN. [Detection of coronavirus in experimental pneumocystic pneumonia]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2008:8-11. [PMID: 18557357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (of ultrathin sections) was used to examine the biomass of lung tissue in the immunodeficiency minipigs experimentally infected with Pneumocystis carinii. The material was found to contain pneumocysts, bacteria, and coronaviruses. There was a clear coronavirus-pneumocyst structural relationship. The findings suggest the combined effect of microorganisms of different systematic groups on the development of a pathological process in the experimental infection etiologically determined by Pneumocystis carinii.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, including non human primates. While the diagnostics for gastrointestinal bacterial and parasitic pathogens and their etiological role in disease are well established, little is known about the epidemiology, prevalence and role of viral agents in diarrheal illness among monkeys. METHODS We collected fecal specimens from monkeys with diarrhea that were housed in two primate colonies, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Beijing, China and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Georgia, USA. We screened these fecal specimens for rotaviruses and enteric adenoviruses 40/41 by using commercial EIA kits (Rotaclone and Adenoclone), enteroviruses by RT-PCR and Southern blot hybridization, and picobirnaviruses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. Some of the specimens were examined by EM for coronaviruses and noroviruses. RESULTS Of the 92 specimens from China, we found 63 (68%) positive for viruses, including enteroviruses (52%), enteric adenoviruses (21%), rotaviruses (20%), and picobirnaviruses (2%). Coronaviruses were detected in some specimens. Mixed infection of two or more viral agents was seen in 23 (25%) specimens. In the US collection, we detected enteroviruses and enteric adenoviruses in 76% (45/59) and 14% (7/50) of the specimens, respectively. Electron microscopy showed norovirus-like particles in some specimens from both colonies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate endemic infections with enteric viruses in monkeys of both colonies. The availability of new simian rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses and the discovery of noroviruses and picobirnaviruses may allow us to develop better diagnostics for these agents and determine which of these agents are clearly associated with gastroenteritis in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wang
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xinming Tu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Humphrey
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Harold McClure
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Roger I. Glass
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and partially characterize a coronaviruslike virus isolated from naturally infected pigeons. ANIMALS 50 specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs, 30 White Leghorn SPF chickens, and 12 clinically normal pigeons. PROCEDURES Pancreatic tissue specimens from sick pigeons were inoculated into SPF embryonated chicken eggs for viral isolation and investigation of morphologic and hemagglutinating properties of the isolate, called PSH050513. Furthermore, virulence studies in SPF chickens and experimental pigeons were performed. The spike (S) glycoprotein gene of PSH050513 was further sequenced and analyzed. RESULTS PSH050513 was isolated and identified from the experimentally infected pigeons by a routine method, which was in accordance with Koch's postulates. The complete S protein (1,167 amino acids) was compared with published S protein sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. A high degree of sequence identity (79.3% to 99.6%) was observed between the S protein sequence of PSH050513 and published sequences of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); only limited identity (< 37.8%) was observed with turkey coronavirus and mammalian coronaviruses. Furthermore, when the virus was inoculated into SPF chickens, pancreatitis developed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PSH050513 has been tentatively identified as a novel member of group 3 coronaviruses that have close genetic relationships with IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Qian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2678 Qixin Rd, Shanghai 201101, P. R. China
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12
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Abstract
From the mid-1960s onwards, it was believed that only two human coronavirus species infect humans: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. Then, in 2003, a novel member of the coronavirus family was introduced into the human population: SARS-CoV, causing an aggressive lung disease. Fortunately, this virus was soon expelled from the human population, but it quickly became clear that the human coronavirus group contains more members then previously assumed, with HCoV-NL63 identified in 2004. Despite its recent discovery, ample results from HCoV-NL63 research have been described. We present an overview of the publications on this novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia van der Hoek
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Abstract
A virus (AV71/99) was isolated from a green-cheeked Amazon parrot by propagation and passage in both primary embryo liver cells derived from blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) embryos and chicken embryo liver cells. Electron microscopic examination of cytopathic agents derived from both types of cell cultures suggested that it was a coronavirus. This was confirmed using a pan-coronavirus reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction that amplified part of gene 1 that encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The deduced sequence of 66 amino acids had 66 to 74% amino acid identity with the corresponding sequence of coronaviruses in groups 1, 2 and 3. Several other oligonucleotide primer pairs that give PCR products corresponding to genes 3, 5, N and the 3'-untranslated region of infectious bronchitis virus, turkey coronavirus and pheasant coronavirus (all in group 3) failed to do so with RNA from the parrot coronavirus. This is the first demonstration of a coronavirus in a psittacine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Gough
- Avian Virology, VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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14
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Prochukhanova AP, Golovanova AK, Sominina AA, Smirnova TD, Sirotkin AK, Zarubaev VV. [Ultrastructural changes in the cells of human embryo lung fibroblasts in the reproduction of the coronavirus HCoV/SPb/01/03]. Vopr Virusol 2005; 50:27-30. [PMID: 16408627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The reproduction of the new coronavirus HCoV/SPb/01/03 in the cultured human embryo lung fibroblasts (HELFBs) was electron microscopically studied. The virus was shown to replicate in the cultured HELFBs, by using for this a cell membrane system and causing profound changes in its morphology. After 24 hours of cell infection, there were mature and defective HCoVISPb/01/03 virions were detected in the vacuoles near the peripheral cisterns of the Golgi apparatus. Some of the vacuoles contained folded membranous structures along with virions.
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15
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Hassler D, Braun R, Doerr HW. [Kawasaki syndrome: a coronavirus infection?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2005; 130:320. [PMID: 15756729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Aims: To analyse the lung pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and correlate the findings with the time sequence of the disease. Methods and results: Ten patients with a clinical diagnosis of SARS, and virological confirmation of SARS coronavirus infection were identified. Histology in most cases showed diffuse alveolar damage, from early to late phases, and the changes corresponded to the time sequence. Other variable features include multinucleated giant cells, pneumocytes with cytomegaly and variable amounts of inflammatory cells and foamy macrophages. One case showed superimposed bronchopneumonia. No viral inclusions were found. Coronavirus particles were identified in pneumocytes by electron microscopy. Conclusions: The predominant pathological process of SARS is diffuse alveolar damage and, in patients who die from the disease, there is evidence of organization and fibrosis. There are apparently no histological features specific for this disease, and the aetiological diagnosis depends on virological and ultrastructural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong.
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Bosch BJ, van der Zee R, de Haan CAM, Rottier PJM. The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. J Virol 2003; 77:8801-11. [PMID: 12885899 PMCID: PMC167208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.16.8801-8811.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1027] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus entry is mediated by the viral spike (S) glycoprotein. The 180-kDa oligomeric S protein of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 is posttranslationally cleaved into an S1 receptor binding unit and an S2 membrane fusion unit. The latter is thought to contain an internal fusion peptide and has two 4,3 hydrophobic (heptad) repeat regions designated HR1 and HR2. HR2 is located close to the membrane anchor, and HR1 is some 170 amino acids (aa) upstream of it. Heptad repeat (HR) regions are found in fusion proteins of many different viruses and form an important characteristic of class I viral fusion proteins. We investigated the role of these regions in coronavirus membrane fusion. Peptides HR1 (96 aa) and HR2 (39 aa), corresponding to the HR1 and HR2 regions, were produced in Escherichia coli. When mixed together, the two peptides were found to assemble into an extremely stable oligomeric complex. Both on their own and within the complex, the peptides were highly alpha helical. Electron microscopic analysis of the complex revealed a rod-like structure approximately 14.5 nm in length. Limited proteolysis in combination with mass spectrometry indicated that HR1 and HR2 occur in the complex in an antiparallel fashion. In the native protein, such a conformation would bring the proposed fusion peptide, located in the N-terminal domain of HR1, and the transmembrane anchor into close proximity. Using biological assays, the HR2 peptide was shown to be a potent inhibitor of virus entry into the cell, as well as of cell-cell fusion. Both biochemical and functional data show that the coronavirus spike protein is a class I viral fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
A case of an enteric coronavirus infection in a 6-week-old dromedary calf is described. The animal had diarrhea for 5 days and died despite symptomatic treatment. Numerous viral particles, approximately 140 nm in diameter, with club-like projections were detected in the feces by electron microscopy. These characteristics were consistent with a coronavirus. Immunohistochemical reactivity with 2 antigenic group II coronavirus-specific antibodies confirmed the presence of viral antigen in colonic epithelial cells. The death of the animal was attributed to a neutrophilic and emphysematous colitis that likely was caused by an infection with a Clostridium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wünschmann
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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21
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Kipar A, Kremendahl J, Jackson ML, Reinacher M. Comparative examination of cats with feline leukemia virus-associated enteritis and other relevant forms of feline enteritis. Vet Pathol 2001; 38:359-71. [PMID: 11467470 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-4-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cats with feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-associated enteritis (FAE), enteritis of other known viral etiology (parvovirus [PV], enteric coronavirus [CoV]), and enteritis of unknown etiology with histologic features similar to those of FAE and PV enteritis (EUE) and FeLV-negative and FeLV-positive cats without enterocyte alterations were examined. Amount and types of infiltrating leukocytes in the jejunum and activity and cellular constituents of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow were determined. PV and CoV infections were confirmed by immunohistologic demonstration of PV and CoV antigen, ultrastructural demonstration of viral particles in the intestinal content, and in situ hybridization for PV genome. FeLV infection was detected by immunohistology for gp70, p27, and p15E. Latent FeLV infection was excluded by polymerase chain reaction methods for exogenous FeLV DNA. Enterocyte lesions involved the crypts in cats with PV enteritis, FAE, and EUE and the villous tips in cats with CoV enteritis. Inflammatory infiltration was generally dominated by mononuclear cells and was moderate in the unaltered intestine and in cats with PV enteritis and marked in cats with FAE, CoV enteritis, and EUE. In cats with EUE, myeloid/histiocyte antigen-positive macrophages were relatively numerous, suggesting recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes. Lymphoid tissues were depleted in cats with PV enteritis and with EUE but were normal or hyperplastic in cats with FAE. Bone marrow activity was decreased in cats with PV enteritis; in cats with FAE or EUE and in FeLV-positive cats without enterocyte alterations, activity was slightly increased. In cats with FAE and PV enteritis, a T-cell-dominated response prevailed. EUE showed some parallels to human inflammatory bowel disease, indicating a potential harmful effect of infiltrating macrophages on the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
Brain tissue from 25 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) and as controls brain tissue from 36 patients without neurological disease was tested for the presence of human coronaviral RNA. Four PCR assays with primers specific for N-protein of human coronavirus strain 229E and three PCR assays with primers specific for the nucleocapsid protein of human coronavirus strain OC43 were performed. Sporadic positive PCR assays were observed in both patients and controls in some of the PCR assays. However, these results were not reproducible and there was no difference in the proportion of positive signals from the MS patients compared to controls. Evidence for a chronic infection with the human coronaviruses strain 229E or OC43 in brain tissue from patients with MS or controls has not been found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Dessau
- Department of Clinical Microbiology 75K2, Herlev University Hospital, Denmark.
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize clinical signs and lesions and identify the etiologic agent associated with epizootic catarrhal enteritis in domestic ferrets. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 119 ferrets with epizootic diarrhea of presumed viral cause and 5 control ferrets. PROCEDURE Clinical records and biopsy or necropsy specimens of ferrets with presumed epizootic catarrhal enteritis were reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for coronavirus antigen was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues from approximately 10% of affected ferrets to identify viral antigen and determine its distribution. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on fecal samples and sections of jejunum. Virus isolation studies as well as immunofluorescent tests for other similar viruses were performed. RESULTS Characteristic microscopic lesions consistent with intestinal coronavirus infection (vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of villus enterocytes; villus atrophy, fusion, and blunting; and lymphocytic enteritis) were consistently detected in affected ferrets. Coronavirus particles were identified in feces and jejunal enterocytes by use of transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining of jejunal sections revealed coronavirus antigens. Antigen staining was not detected in healthy ferrets or ferrets with other gastrointestinal tract diseases. Virus isolation was unsuccessful, and other similar viruses were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results strongly implicate a coronavirus as the causative agent of epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of a combination of historical, clinical, and microscopic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Williams
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA
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Miyazaki T, Okamoto H, Kageyama T, Kobayashi T. Viremia-associated ana-aki-byo, a new viral disease in color carp Cyprinus carpio in Japan. Dis Aquat Organ 2000; 39:183-192. [PMID: 10768286 DOI: 10.3354/dao039183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new virus disease that displays dermal ulceration and high mortality has been occurring since 1996 in color carp Cyprinus carpio reared in warm water in Japan. In histological examinations, initial erosive lesions displayed necrosis, hemorrhage and fibrin deposition in the dermal loose connective tissue and were accompanied by the partial destruction of the epidermis. Developed ulcerative lesions involved the lateral musculature with bacterial invasions. In visceral organs, necrotic cells were observed in the hematopoietic tissue, the spleen and the intestinal tissues as well as in cardiac muscle fibers which showed no signs of bacterial invasion. Electron microscopy revealed corona-like virus particles in these necrotic cells. The necrotic cells of the hematopoietic tissue and the spleen were accompanied by the formation of tubular structures and crystalline inclusions. The putative virus was isolated and cultured in epithelioma papillosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Carp experimentally inoculated with the cultured virus showed virus transmission, and the same pathological signs of the disease and mortalities as in natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyazaki
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
This is the first report of the isolation of a coronavirus from elk calves. Two fecal samples from elk calves with diarrhea were shown to be positive for coronavirus-like particles by electron microscopy, and the particles were propagated in the human rectal tumor-18 cell line. After 24 h, syncytia were observed, and cell culture supernatants from both samples showed hemagglutinating activity with mouse erythrocytes. Cells infected with both elk coronavirus (ECV) isolates reacted with Z3A5, a monoclonal antibody against the spike protein of bovine coronavirus (BCV), on an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The protein profiles of both ECV isolates were similar to that of BCV as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. On Northern blot analysis, the transcriptional pattern of ECV was typical of coronaviruses, with a nested set of transcripts with common 3' end sequences. Based on a published nucleoprotein gene sequence for BCV (Mebus isolate), we arbitrarily designed two primers for amplification by PCR. After cloning, the nucleoprotein was sequenced and a high degree of homology (99%) between the nucleoprotein gene sequences of ECV and BCV was observed. Thus, ECV is closely related genetically and antigenically to BCV and will be a new member of antigenic group 2 of the mammalian coronaviruses, which possess hemagglutinin-esterase protein.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cattle
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coronavirus/classification
- Coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus/ultrastructure
- Coronavirus Infections/classification
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus, Bovine/classification
- Deer/virology
- Diarrhea/veterinary
- Diarrhea/virology
- Erythrocytes
- Feces/virology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Genes, Viral
- Hemagglutination Tests
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- F Majhdi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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26
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Abstract
We evaluated the ability of human coronaviruses to infect primary cultures of human neural cells. Double immunofluorescence with antibodies to virus and cell markers showed infection of fetal astrocytes and of adult microglia and astrocytes by strain OC43. RNA amplification revealed infection of fetal astrocytes, adult microglia, and a mixed culture of adult oligodendrocytes and astrocytes by strain 229E. Infectious virus was released only from fetal astrocytes, with higher titers for OC43. Human coronaviruses have the capacity to infect some cells of the central nervous system, although infection of adult cells appears abortive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonavia
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, University of Quebec, Laval, Canada
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Schmidt W, Schneider T, Heise W, Weinke T, pple HJ, Stöffler-Meilicke M, Liesenfeld O, Ignatius R, Zeitz M, Riecken EO, Ullrich R. Stool viruses, coinfections, and diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. Berlin Diarrhea/Wasting Syndrome Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996; 13:33-8. [PMID: 8797684 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199609000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To examine the prevalence of stool viruses and their role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in HIV infection, we evaluated biopsies and repeated stool samples of 256 HIV-infected patients undergoing diagnostic endoscopy because of diarrhea (n = 136) or other symptoms (n = 120) for bacterial, protozoal, and viral enteropathogens. In 70% of the patients with diarrhea, at least one potential enteropathogen was detected. Stool virus was detected by electron microscopy in 17% (44 of 256), adenovirus in 6.6% (17 of 256), and coronavirus in 11.3% (29 of 256) of the patients. Adenovirus and coronavirus were detected more frequently in patients with diarrhea than in patients without diarrhea [adenovirus 10% (13 of 136) vs. 3.3% (4 of 120), p = 0.0129; coronavirus 15% (21 of 136) vs. 6.6% (8 of 120), p = 0.0142]. Sixty-one percent of patients harboring stool virus were coinfected by another enteropathogen. Pathogens other than stool virus were detected more frequently in patients harboring adenovirus (82%) than in patients without stool virus (48%, p < 0.025). Adenovirus and coronavirus are frequently detected in stools of HIV- infected patients and may contribute to diarrhea. Adenovirus infection may facilitate the occurrence of other intestinal pathogens. Due to frequent coinfections, detection of stool viruses reduces the rate of diarrhea of unknown origin only by approximately 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Marshall JA, Doultree JC. Chronic excretion of coronavirus-like particles in laboratory guinea pigs. Lab Anim Sci 1996; 46:104-6. [PMID: 8699803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Marshall
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tsunemitsu H, el-Kanawati ZR, Smith DR, Reed HH, Saif LJ. Isolation of coronaviruses antigenically indistinguishable from bovine coronavirus from wild ruminants with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:3264-9. [PMID: 8586714 PMCID: PMC228685 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.12.3264-3269.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal feces from three sambar deer and one waterbuck in a wild animal habitat and one white-tailed deer on a wildlife farm in Ohio contained coronavirus particles which were agglutinated by antiserum to bovine coronavirus (BCV) in immune electron microscopy. Three coronavirus strains were isolated in human rectal tumor cells from the feces of the sambar and white-tailed deer and the waterbuck, respectively. Hemagglutination, receptor-destroying enzyme activity, indirect immunofluorescence, hemagglutination inhibition, virus neutralization, and Western blot (immunoblot) tests showed close biological and antigenic relationships among the isolates and with selected BCV strains. Gnotobiotic and colostrum-deprived calves inoculated with each of these isolates developed diarrhea and shed coronavirus in their feces and from their nasal passages. In a serological survey of coronavirus infections among wild deer, 8.7 and 6.6% of sera from mule deer in Wyoming and from white-tailed deer in Ohio, respectively, were seropositive against both of the isolates and selected BCV isolates by indirect immunofluorescence tests. These results confirm the existence of coronaviruses in wild ruminants and suggest that these species may harbor coronavirus strains transmissible to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsunemitsu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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Theil KW, McCloskey CM. Rotavirus shedding in feces of gnotobiotic calves orally inoculated with a commercial rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995; 7:427-32. [PMID: 8580160 DOI: 10.1177/104063879500700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to monitor by negative stain electron microscopy the shedding of rotavirus in the feces of gnotobiotic calves orally inoculated with a commercial modified live bovine rotavirus-bovine coronavirus vaccine. Negative stain electron microscopic examination detected vaccine rotavirus in only 1 of 41 daily fecal specimens collected from 3 gnotobiotic calves during the 2 weeks following oral inoculation with a US Department of Agriculture-licensed modified live bovine rotavirus-bovine coronavirus vaccine. In contrast, rotavirus was demonstrable by the same negative stain electron microscopic examination procedure in 17 of 19 fecal specimens collected from diarrheic gnotobiotic or colostrum-deprived calves during the first 8 days after inoculation with virulent bovine rotavirus field strains. Rotavirus was also detected by this procedure in 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay positive fecal specimens collected from naturally-infected diarrheic dairy calves. These results suggest that fecal shedding of vaccine rotavirus demonstrable by electron microscopic examination is uncommon following oral inoculation of calves with the bovine rotavirus-bovine coronavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Theil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691-4096, USA
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Abstract
Faecal samples from 112 dogs both with and without diarrhoea were screened for parvovirus by a haemagglutination titration test and then examined by electron microscopy for the presence of viruses and virus-like particles. On the basis of morphology eight distinct viruses or virus-like particles were identified. Particles identified were coronaviruses, coronavirus-like particles, rotavirus-like particles, papovavirus-like particles, torovirus-like particles, picornavirus-like particles, 27 nm virus-like particles with projections and parvovirus-like particles which did not cause haemagglutination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Finlaison
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Hirano N, Ono K, Nomura R, Tawara T. Isolation and characterization of sialodacryoadenitis virus (coronavirus) from rats by established cell line LBC. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1995; 42:147-54. [PMID: 8553708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1995.tb00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of sialoadenitis occurred in a laboratory rat colony and the causative agent was isolated from the affected salivary glands of diseased rats using the established cell line LBC. The isolate readily multiplied, producing clear cytopathic effects with syncytium formation, and it was identified virologically and serologically as rat sialodacryoadenitis virus. In attempts to isolate the virus by primary rat kidney (PRK) cells and suckling mice as well as LBC cells, the LBC cells showed higher susceptibility for the virus growth as compared with PRK cells or the brain of suckling mice. The isolation rate of virus was 100% (5/5) in LBC, 40% (2/5) in PRK cells and 60% (3/5) in suckling mice. After four passages in the LBC cells, the virus did not produce disease in adult rats, while the mouse brain-passaged virus did.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hirano
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Dea S, Sawyer N, Alain R, Athanassious R. Ultrastructural characteristics and morphogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus propagated in the highly permissive MARC-145 cell clone. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 380:95-8. [PMID: 8830552 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A Québec reference strain of PRRSV (IAF-KLOP) was successfully propagated in MARC-145 cells, a highly permissive cell clone to PRRSV derived from the MA-104 cell line. Purified extracellular virions appeared as pleomorphic but mostly spherical enveloped particles, 50-72 nm in diameter, with an isometric core about 25-30 nm. By indirect immunofluorescence, detection of viral antigens within the cytoplasm was possible as soon as 6 h.p.i. Nucleocapsids, budding at smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and enveloped viral particles that tended to accumulate in the lumen of ER or Golgi vesicles, were the main features of the viral morphogenesis. The virus apparently was released by exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dea
- Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Institut Armand Frappier, Univeresité du Québec, Laval, Canada
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Goncharuk EI, Shevtsova ZV, Rumel' NB, Krylova RI. [Spontaneous coronavirus infection in monkeys]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1994; Suppl 1:109-14. [PMID: 7856336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A high level of the spread of coronavirus (CV) infection among hamadryas baboons and macaques of different species (about 50%), both resident in the animal house and imported, has been established. The tropism of CV to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts has been demonstrated. The course of spontaneous CV infection is accompanied by enterocolitis and/or pneumonia with periodic exacerbations, or takes the inapparent form. Cases of virus persistence have also been noted. Infected macaques exhibited an increase in the titers of antibodies to their own CV strain isolated from these animals, as well as to antigenically related human CV strain 0043. Spontaneous CV infection in monkeys may be used for solving some obscure problems of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of CV infection in humans.
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D. Cavanagh, D. A. Brien, M. Brinton, L. Enjuanes, K. V. Holmes, M. C. Horzinek, M. M. C. Lai, H. Laude, P. G. W. Plagemann, S. Siddell, W. J. M. Spaan, F. Taguchi, P. J. Talbot. Revision of the taxonomy of the Coronavirus, Torovirus and Arterivirus genera. Arch Virol 1994; 135. [PMID: 8198447 DOI: 10.1007/BF01309782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Goncharuk EI, Shevtsova ZV, Rumel' NB, Fedorinov VV. [The properties of simian coronavirus]. Vopr Virusol 1993; 38:126-9. [PMID: 8073751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Properties of 20 coronavirus (CV) isolates obtained from spontaneously infected Papio hamadryas and rhesus monkeys were investigated. Two of them were selected as simian CV prototype strains-CVRM 281 (rhesus monkey) and CVP 250 (Papio hamadryas), and can be offered as candidates to the Coronaviridae family. They are closely related to each other, but differ in some biological properties and polypeptides. These strains belong to the 2nd antigen group of mammalian CV with the prototype strain HCV OC 43 but differ from the latter. The strain CVRM 281 induces experimental CV infection which can be used as a model for investigations of some obscure aspects of human infection. The properties of these viruses suggest their usefulness for diagnostic purposes.
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