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Liu B, Gu H, Shi R, He X, Sun Z, Ren Q, Pan H. Streptomyces beigongshangae sp. nov., isolated from baijiu fermented grains, could transform ginsenosides of Panax notoginseng. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74. [PMID: 38767616 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-positive actinomycete, designated REN17T, was isolated from fermented grains of Baijiu collected from Sichuan, PR China. It exhibited branched substrate mycelia and a sparse aerial mycelium. The optimal growth conditions for REN17T were determined to be 28 °C and pH 7, with a NaCl concentration of 0 % (w/v). ll-Diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic amino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan and the polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified lipids and four unidentified glycolipids. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H2), MK-9 (H4), MK-9 (H6) and MK-9 (H8). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0. The 16S rRNA sequence of REN17T was most closely related to those of Streptomyces apricus SUN 51T (99.8 %), Streptomyces liliiviolaceus BH-SS-21T (99.6 %) and Streptomyces umbirnus JCM 4521T (98.9 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identify values between REN17T and its closest replated strain, of S. apricus SUN 51T, were 35.9, 88.9 and 87.3 %, respectively. Therefore, REN17T represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces beigongshangae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is REN17T (=GDMCC 4.193T=JCM 34712T). While exploring the function of the strain, REN17T was found to possess the ability to transform major ginsenosides of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Araliaceae) into minor ginsenoside through HPLC separation, which was due to the presence of β-glucosidase. The recombinant β-glucosidase was constructed and purified, which could produce minor ginsenosides of Rg3 and C-K. Finally, the enzymatic properties were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haoyue Gu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiahong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Zhanbin Sun
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing Ren
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hanxu Pan
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
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Supong K, Niemhom N, Suriyachadkun C, Phongsopitanun W, Tanasupawat S, Pittayakhajonwut P. Actinomycetospora termitidis sp. nov., an insect-derived actinomycete isolated from termite (Odontotermes formosanus). J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:299-305. [PMID: 38528114 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Strain Odt1-22T, an insect-derived actinomycete was isolated from a termite (Odontotermes formosanus) that was collected from Chanthaburi province, Thailand. Strain Odt1-22T was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, and produced bud-like spore chain on the substrate hypha. According to chemotaxonomic analysis, strain Odt1-22T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in peptidoglycan and the whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, and ribose. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The diagnostic phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain Odt1-22T was identified to the genus Actinomycetospora and showed high similarity values with A. chiangmaiensis DSM 45062 T (99.24%), A. soli SF1T (99.24%) and A. corticicola 014-5 T (98.17%). The genomic size of strain Odt1-22T was 6.6 Mbp with 73.8% G + C content and 6355 coding sequences (CDSs). The genomic analysis, strain Odt1-22T and closely related species A. chiangmaiensis DSM 45062 T, A. soli SF1T and A. corticicola DSM 45772 T displayed the values of average nucleotide identity-blast (ANIb) at 83.7-84.1% and MUMmer (ANIm) at 86.6-87.0%. Moreover, the results of digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Odt1-22T and related Actinomycetospora species were 45.8-50.5% that lower than the threshold value of commonly used to delineate separated species level. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data, strain Odt1-22T represented a novel species within the genus Actinomycetospora, for which the name Actinomycetospora termitidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is Odt1-22T (= TBRC 16192 T = NBRC 115965 T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomsan Supong
- Department of Plant Production and Landscape Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chanthaburi campus, Chanthaburi, 22210, Thailand.
| | - Nantawan Niemhom
- Scientific Instruments Centre, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Suriyachadkun
- Thailand Bioresource Research Center (TBRC), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wongsakorn Phongsopitanun
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattama Pittayakhajonwut
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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Kammanee S, Muangham S, Butdee W, Klaysubun C, Igarashi Y, Duangmal K. Saccharopolyspora oryzae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of the wild rice species Oryza rufipogon. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:658-664. [PMID: 37596418 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel actinobacterium, designated as strain WRP15-2T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of rice plant (Oryza rufipogon). The strain was Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WRP15-2T fell into the genus Saccharopolyspora. The strain shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains Saccharopolyspora kobensis JCM 9109T (99.1%), Saccharopolyspora indica VRC122T (98.9%), and Saccharopolyspora antimicrobica DSM 45119T (98.7%). However, the digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values among these strains confirmed that the microorganism represented a novel member of the genus Saccharopolyspora. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain WRP15-2T possessed MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diaminopimelic acid and arabinose, galactose, and ribose as predominant whole-cell sugars. The detected phospholipids were dominated by phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16:0, C16:0, and iso-C15:0. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 69.5%. Based on these genotypic and phenotypic data, it is supported that strain WRP15-2T represents a novel species of the genus Saccharopolyspora, for which the name Saccharopolyspora oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WRP15-2T ( = TBRC 15728T = NBRC 115560T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikarn Kammanee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Supattra Muangham
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Waranya Butdee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chollachai Klaysubun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiro Igarashi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kannika Duangmal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Kanchanasin P, Sripreechasak P, Suriyachadkun C, Supong K, Pittayakhajonwut P, Somphong A, Tanasupawat S, Phongsopitanun W. Streptomyces macrolidinus sp. nov., a novel soil actinobacterium with potential anticancer and antimalarial activity. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 36748587 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel actinomycete, strain RY43-2T, belonging to the genus Streptomyces, was isolated from a peat swamp forest soil collected from Rayong Province, Thailand. The strain was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic. Ribose and glucose were detected in its whole-cell hydrolysates. The strain contained anteiso-C15:0, iso-C14:0 and iso-C16:0 as the predominant fatty acids, and MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8) as the major menaquinones. The phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, three unidentified ninhydrin-positive phospholipids and two unidentified phospholipids. Strain RY43-2T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity to Streptomyces misionensis JCM 4497T (98.9 %) and Streptomyces lichenis LCR6-01T (98.9 %). The draft genome of RY43-2T was 6.7 Mb with 6078 coding sequences with an average G+C content of 70.8 mol%. Genomic analysis revealed that the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values based on blast (ANIb) and MUMmer (ANIm) between strain RY43-2T and S. misionensis JCM 4497T were 80.1 and 86.1%, respectively. The ANIb and ANIm values between strain RY43-2T and S. lichenis LCR6-01T were 77.0 and 85.5%, respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were 25.2 and 23.0% in comparison with the draft genomes of S. misionensis JCM 4497T and S. lichenis LCR6-01T, respectively. The results of taxonomic analysis suggested that strain RY43-2T represented a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces macrolidinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RY43-2T (=TBRC 7286T=NBRC 115640T). Strain RY43-2T exhibited antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecium ATCC 51559, Colletotrichum capsici BMGC 106 and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BMGC 107 with the minimum inhibitory concentration values of 25.0, 12.5, and 6.25 µg ml-1. It also exhibited potent antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 with IC50 of 0.0031 µg ml-1. In addition, it showed cytotoxicity against Vero, KB, MCF-7 and NCI-H187 with IC50 values of 0.0347, 6.15, 3.36 and 0.0352 µg ml-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawina Kanchanasin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Paranee Sripreechasak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Suriyachadkun
- Thailand Bioresource Research Center (TBRC), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Khomsan Supong
- Department of Applied Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Twan-ok Chanthaburi campus, Chantaburi 22210, Thailand
| | - Pattama Pittayakhajonwut
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Achiraya Somphong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wongsakorn Phongsopitanun
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Yoon DJ, Cho ES, Hwang CY, Nam YD, Park SL, Lim SI, Seo MJ. Nocardioides luti sp. nov., belonging to the family Nocardioidaceae isolated from kaolinite, exhibiting the biosynthesis potential of alkylresorcinol. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:983-995. [PMID: 33864547 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel Gram-staining-positive, short rod-shaped, non-motile, and non-pigmented actinobacterial strain (KIGAM211T) was isolated from kaolinite, a soft white clay mineral, collected from Sancheong in the Republic of Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KIGAM211T was determined to belong to the genus Nocardioides and was most closely related to N. ungokensis UKS-03T (97.5% similarity). Cells could grow between 4 and 35 °C (optimum 30 °C), 0-3% (w/v) NaCl concentration (optimum 0%) and pH 5.5-8.5 (optimum 7.0) on R2A agar. Morphological appearance of colonies was cream-white, arranged singly or in groups. Biochemical characterization of strain KAGAM211T indicated that it could hydrolyze casein, gelatin, Tweens 40 and tyrosine. Furthermore, the strain was positive for both oxidase and catalase activity. Strain KIGAM211T was characterized chemotaxonomically by MK-8 (H4) as the predominant menaquinone and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) as the major polar lipids. Major fatty acids were iso-C16:0 and C18:1 ω9c. The Ortholog average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between strain KIGAM211T and its most closely related strains of the Nocardioides genus were < 82% and < 24%, respectively, suggesting that strain KIGAM211T represent a novel species. The whole genome size of KIGAM211T was 4.52 Mb, comprising a total of 4,294 genes with DNA G + C content of 72.3 mol%. The genome of strain KIGAM211T also comprises the biosynthetic gene cluster for alkylresorcinol as secondary metabolite. The results of physiological, taxonomical, phylogenetic, and whole genome analyses allowed for differentiation of strain KIGAM211T from the recognized Nocardioides species. Therefore, strain KIGAM211T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Nocardioides luti sp. nov. (type strain KIGAM211T = KCTC 49364T = JCM 33859T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Jun Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Sang Cho
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Young Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Lim Park
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Il Lim
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung-Ji Seo
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
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He J, Meng Z, Lu D, Liu X, Lin H. Recognition of DAP and activation of NF-κB by cytosolic sensor NOD1 in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 110:75-85. [PMID: 33444736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a lower vertebrate, the immune defense mechanism of fish mainly depends on the innate immune system. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are an important class of pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system. In this study, NOD1 gene was cloned and characterized in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The ORF of Nile tilapia NOD1 gene was 2826 bp long and encoded 941 amino acid residues with a structure of CARD-NACHT-LRRs that was similar to the other counterparts in mammals and fishes. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis showed that NOD1 was conserved among different fishes and existed at least in the early stage of fish evolution. Expression pattern revealed that NOD1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in the tested tissues, while had high expression level in main immune organs and mucosal immune tissues (liver, head kidney, spleen, blood, gill, and intestine). Following Streptococcus agalactiae challenge, Nile tilapia NOD1 mRNA expression levels were altered in immune organs (liver, head kidney, spleen, blood), and the expression pattern was similar in liver, spleen and blood. Furthermore, the ligand recognition and signaling pathway of Nile tilapia NOD1 were also analyzed, it showed that NOD1 could recognize Tri-DAP intracellularly and activated NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, our results indicated that the Nile tilapia NOD1 may play an important role in innate immune system and provided a basis for the functional study of NOD1 in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zining Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Hudson AO, Harkness TCM, Savka MA. Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways. J Vis Exp 2016:53850. [PMID: 27403640 PMCID: PMC4993271 DOI: 10.3791/53850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional complementation assay (FCA) is an in vivo assay that is widely used to elucidate the function/role of genes/enzymes. This technique is very common in biochemistry, genetics and many other disciplines. A comprehensive overview of the technique to supplement the teaching of biochemical pathways pertaining to amino acids, peptidoglycan and the bacterial stringent response is reported in this manuscript. Two cDNAs from the model plant organism Arabidopsis thaliana that are involved in the metabolism of lysine (L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase (dapL) and tyrosine aminotransferase (tyrB) involved in the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine are highlighted. In addition, the bacterial peptidoglycan anabolic pathway is highlighted through the analysis of the UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate-meso-2,6-diaminopimelate ligase (murE) gene from the bacterium Verrucomicrobium spinosum involved in the cross-linking of peptidoglycan. The bacterial stringent response is also reported through the analysis of the rsh (relA/spoT homolog) bifunctional gene responsible for a hyper-mucoid phenotype in the bacterium Novosphingobium sp. Four examples of FCA are presented. The video will focus on three of them, namely lysine, peptidoglycan and the stringent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- André O Hudson
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology;
| | - Taylor C M Harkness
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Michael A Savka
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology
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Abstract
A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, endospore-forming bacterial strain, designated NB22(T), was isolated from soil of a lettuce field in Kyonggi province, South Korea, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. This novel isolate grew optimally at 30-37°C and pH 8-9. It grew in the presence of 0-4% NaCl (optimum, 1-2%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NB22(T) was closely related to members of the genus Bacillus and fell within a coherent cluster comprising B. siralis 171544(T) (98.1%) and B. korlensis ZLC-26(T) (97.3%). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to other Bacillus species with validly published names were less than 96.4%. Strain NB22(T) had a genomic DNA G+C content of 36.3 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15:0), anteiso-C(15:0), C(14:0), and C(16:0). These chemotaxonomic results supported the affiliation of strain NB22(T) to the genus Bacillus, and the low DNA-DNA relatedness values and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain NB22(T) from recognized Bacillus species. On the basis of the evidence presented, strain NB22(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus kyonggiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NB22(T) (=KEMB 5401-267(T) =JCM 17569(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, Granduate School of Kyonggi University, Suwon, 443-760, Republic of Korea
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Lim JM, Jeon CO, Lee JC, Ju YJ, Park DJ, Kim CJ. Bacillus koreensis sp. nov., a spore-forming bacterium, isolated from the rhizosphere of willow roots in Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56:59-63. [PMID: 16403867 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the rhizosphere of willow roots in Korea. The bacterium, designated strain BR030T, was a strictly aerobic, motile rod. The cell wall contained type A1gamma peptidoglycan with meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(14 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0). The major cellular phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and unknown phospholipids (PL1, PL2). The genomic DNA G+C content was 36 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain BR030T formed a distinct phyletic line within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus flexus DSM 1320T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.8 %. Sequence similarities to other type strains were lower than 96.2 %. On the basis of physiological and molecular properties, the isolate represents a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus koreensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BR030T (= KCTC 3914T = DSM 16467T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Min Lim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oeundong, Yusong, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Guan R, Roychowdhury A, Ember B, Kumar S, Boons GJ, Mariuzza RA. Structural basis for peptidoglycan binding by peptidoglycan recognition proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17168-73. [PMID: 15572450 PMCID: PMC535381 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407856101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immune system that bind and, in some cases, hydrolyze bacterial PGNs. We determined the crystal structure, at 2.30-A resolution, of the C-terminal PGN-binding domain of human PGRP-Ialpha in complex with a muramyl tripeptide representing the core of lysine-type PGNs from Gram-positive bacteria. The peptide stem of the ligand is buried at the deep end of a long binding groove, with N-acetylmuramic acid situated in the middle of the groove, whose shallow end can accommodate a linked N-acetylglucosamine. Although most interactions are with the peptide, the glycan moiety also seems to be essential for specific recognition by PGRPs. Conservation of key PGN-contacting residues shows that all PGRPs employ this basic PGN-binding mode. The structure pinpoints variable residues that likely mediate discrimination between lysine- and diaminopimelic acid-type PGNs. We also propose a mechanism for PGN hydrolysis by Zn(2+)-containing PGRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjin Guan
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Sitkin BV, Lysanskaia VI, Tsfasman IM, Stepnaia OA, Kulaev IS. [The structure of peptidoglycan from Lysobacter sp.--a producer of extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes]. Mikrobiologiia 2003; 72:136-7. [PMID: 12698805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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POWELL JF. The changes in the total vitamin B6 and the pyridoxal phosphate content of cells of Bacillus sphaericus during growth and sporulation: their possible relationships with alphaepsilon- diaminopimelic acid metabolism. Biochem J 2000; 70:91-6. [PMID: 13584306 PMCID: PMC1196630 DOI: 10.1042/bj0700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of 'Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus' based on its 16S rDNA sequence confirmed that the organism belongs to the family Pseudonocardiaceae. It contains glutamic acid, alanine and meso-diaminopimelic acid as cell wall amino acids, and menaquinone 9 (H4). Its taxonomic characteristics differ from those of the previously described organisms of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. On the basis of these morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, a new genus, Actinoalloteichus, is proposed, along with a new species, namely Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus sp. nov. The type strain is A. cyanogriseus IFO 14455T (= AS 4.1159T = JCM 6095T).
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WILLETT HP. The production of lysine from diaminopimelic acid by cell-free extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1998; 81:653-9. [PMID: 13844811 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1960.81.5.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Suit, Joan C. (The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston). Ribonucleic acid in a "membrane" fraction of Escherichia coli and its relation to cell-wall synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 84:1061-1070. 1962.-A small amount of ribonucleic acid (RNA) was found in a "membrane" fraction prepared from osmotically sensitized Escherichia coli. It exhibited an elevated metabolic activity in that it attained the highest specific activity of any RNA in subcellular fractions of logarithmic-phase cells or spheroplasts prepared from logarithmic-phase cells which had been allowed to incorporate P(32) briefly. The metabolic activity of this RNA, in terms of P(32) incorporation, was found to be independent of cell-wall synthesis in the diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-less mutant, E. coli W 173-25, but was inhibited by penicillin in both this strain and in E. coli B. The latter effect is considered to be a result of other complex inhibitions of cellular metabolism by the antibiotic. The development of sensitivity to osmotic shock, capability of recovery, and synthesis of macromolecules in penicillin-treated and DAP-starved cultures, under these conditions, is described.
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MEADOW P, WORK E. Biosynthesis of diaminopimelic acid and lysine in Escherichia coli. 2. Incorporation of [14C] diaminopimelic acid, lysine and glucose. Biochem J 1998; 72:400-7. [PMID: 13853909 PMCID: PMC1196946 DOI: 10.1042/bj0720400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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SHAFA F, SALTON MR. Release of compounds containing diaminopimelic acid from Vibrio metchnikovi treated with antibody and complement. Nature 1998; 184(Suppl 17):1341-2. [PMID: 14445361 DOI: 10.1038/1841341a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Two auxotrophic mutants of Escherichia coli have been shown to accumulate significant amounts of l-threonine in the culture medium. One mutant, 13071, is deficient in alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), and the other, 13070, is deficient in both DAP and methionine. Accumulation of l-threonine by 13071 in a synthetic medium with mannitol as the carbon source at 37 C incubation temperature was greatly influenced by initial DAP concentration. At an optimal level of DAP a yield of 1.5 g/liter l-threonine was obtained in 28 hr. l-Threonine accumulation by 13070 with sorbitol as the carbon source at 28 C incubation temperature was dependent upon the initial concentration of both DAP and methionine. At optimal levels of the two deficient amino acids, a yield of 2.0 g/liter l-threonine was obtained in 44 to 48 hr. By adding to the medium suitable quantities of beet molasses or sucrose supplemented with corn steep liquor the yield could be raised to almost 4 g/liter.l-Threonine of extremely high purity was isolated from fermentation broth from both mutants. The product was not contaminated with any detectable amounts of d-threonine or allothreonine.
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BECKER B, LECHEVALIER MP, GORDON RE, LECHEVALIER HA. RAPID DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN NOCARDIA AND STREPTOMYCES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF WHOLE-CELL HYDROLYSATES. Appl Microbiol 1996; 12:421-3. [PMID: 14215972 PMCID: PMC1058148 DOI: 10.1128/am.12.5.421-423.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell hydrolysates were prepared from 58 strains of nocardiae and streptomycetes. Strains morphologically intermediate between the two genera and morphological variants of the same strains were included. Paper chromatograms made from the whole-cell hydrolysates clearly demonstrated meso-diaminopimelic acid as a major constituent of cultures of Nocardia spp., and LL-diaminopimelic acid as a major constituent of cultures of Streptomyces spp. In cultures of ten strains of N. madurae and of three of N. pelletieri, meso-diaminopimelic acid predominated, thereby supporting the assignment of these species to the genus Nocardia.
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BECKER B, LECHEVALIER MP, LECHEVALIER HA. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELL-WALL PREPARATIONS FROM STRAINS OF VARIOUS FORM-GENERA OF AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES. Appl Microbiol 1996; 13:236-43. [PMID: 14325886 PMCID: PMC1058228 DOI: 10.1128/am.13.2.236-243.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-wall preparations were made from more than 140 strains of aerobic actinomycetes representing most of the form-genera that have been proposed. All cell-wall preparations contained as major constituents glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid. In addition, cell-wall preparations from various types of streptomycetes and strains of Microëllobosporia contained glycine and ll-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid; those from strains of most Actinoplanaceae and micromonosporae contained glycine and meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelic acid; those from strains of Thermoactinomyces, Microbispora, Dermatophilus, and nocardiae of the madurae-pelletieri group contained meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid; and those from strains of Thermomonospora, Micropolyspora, and most nocardiae contained meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose. All the strains used were also studied morphologically.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli murein can be biosynthetically modified. Amino acids at positions 3 and 4 (m-diaminopimelic acid and D-alanine, respectively) on the peptide moieties can be changed under appropriate growth conditions. The activity of E. coli LD-carboxypeptidase on biosynthetically modified substrates has been studied in vitro. The enzyme hydrolysed all tested disaccharide-tetrapeptide monomeric muropeptides modified at position 4. Monomers with m-lanthionine, but not with L-ornithine, instead of m-diaminopimelic acid at position 3 were accepted. However, neither cross-linked muropeptides nor macromolecular murein were substrates for the reaction. Our observations argue against a direct effect of LD-carboxypeptidase on macromolecular murein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Leguina
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, Facultad de Ciencias UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
A high-performance anion-exchange chromatography method with pulsed-amperometric detection has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of both amino acids and amino sugars and applied to the compositional analysis of peptidoglycan hydrolysates. Chromatography of the acid hydrolysis products was performed on a CarboPac PA-1 anion-exchange column, with pulsed-amperometric detection. Complete resolution of the two amino sugars (glucosamine and muramic acid) and eight of the nine amino acids (Ala, diaminobutyric acid, diaminopimelic acid, Glu, Gly, homoserine, Lys, Orn, and Ser) known to occur in various peptidoglycans was achieved within 70 min. Only homoserine and glycine (retention times 26.8 and 26.9 min, respectively) were not resolved by this procedure, but the simultaneous occurrence of these two amino acids in peptidoglycan is extremely rare. Reproducibility of the separations was shown to be very high and detection limits exceeded 10 pmol for glucosamine. This convenient and simple analysis was applied to the quantitation of many crude peptidoglycan samples isolated from the species of the Proteeae (Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella) for the determination of the extent of peptidoglycan O-acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Antibiotic selection is the most common selection system for plasmid-containing bacteria. This technique, nevertheless, can be a source of problems during the expression of heterologous genes in Escherichia coli. We have developed an alternative selection system based on the complementation of a chromosomal auxotrophic (dapD2) mutation by the corresponding wild type gene carried on a plasmid. We show that the system effectively selects for the presence of plasmid on solid and liquid medium. In addition, we have observed a loss of viability associated with high levels of gene expression and accumulation of a heterologous protein, but the selective power and improved intrinsic stability of the dap+ plasmid, compared to a beta-lactamase (bla) based vector, excludes overgrowth of the culture by plasmidless cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Degryse
- Department of Molecular Biology, Transgene S.A., Strasbourg, France
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Lee TA, Forrest TM, Wilson GE, Hardy JK. The use of multiple mass spectral line pairs for enhanced precision in isotope enrichment studies of 15N-labeled amino acids. Anal Biochem 1990; 185:24-8. [PMID: 2111642 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for enhancing the precision in the calculation of isotope enrichment for 15N-labeled amino acids is presented. The method utilizes multiple line pairs for the calculation of isotope enrichment. Using multiple line pairs allows the evaluation of calibration curves for nonlinear behavior and permits differentiation among sites containing more than one labeled nitrogen. The increase in precision is related to the number of isotopically shifted line pairs used in calculating the isotopic enrichment and varies with the amino acid of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Ohio 44325
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Pisabarro AG, Cañada FJ, Vázquez D, Arriaga P, Rodríguez-Tébar A. Structural modification of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan induced by bicyclomycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1986; 39:914-21. [PMID: 3531129 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.39.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the modification of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan induced by bicyclomycin. For this purpose liquid chromatography for peptidoglycan analysis has been used. The main alteration found was an increase of diaminopimelyl-diaminopimelyl bridge containing subunits. Our results show that bicyclomycin impairs the normal breakage of that interpeptidic bond, whose cleavage is needed for the normal remodeling of peptidoglycan and cell growth. Based on the analysis of the possible structure of diaminopimelyl-diaminopimelyl bond and bicyclomycin, we propose a hypothesis on the mechanism of action of bicyclomycin.
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Abstract
Salivary gland homogenates from adult Aedes aegypti lyse Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells. The bacteriolytic factor is present in a cell type common to both male and female mosquitoes, as well as in the crop of sugar-feeding mosquitoes. The bacteriolytic factor releases digestion products from sacculi of Escherichia coli that are different from those of hen egg white lysozyme.
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Vacheron MJ, Guinand M, Françon A, Michel G. [Characterisation of a new endopeptidase from sporulating Bacillus sphaericus which is specific for the gamma-D-glutamyl-L-lysine and gamma-D-glutamyl-(L)meso-diaminopimelate linkages of peptidoglycan substrates (author's transl)]. Eur J Biochem 1979; 100:189-96. [PMID: 488088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb02048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new peptidase which splits substrates related to the peptidic chains of peptidoglycans was found in the cell cytoplasm of sporulating Bacillus sphaericus. This is a gamma-D-glutamyl-L-diaminoacid endopeptidase (endopeptidase II). It was shown to have substrate requirements different from those of the previously described gamma-D-glutamyl-(L)meso-diaminopimelate endopeptidase (endopeptidase I). The substrates for endopeptidase II are peptides of the general type: formula: (see text). Unsubstituted N-terminal L-alanine was a strict requirement for endopeptidase II activity. Specific activities were variable with the nature and the substitution of the diaminoacid C-terminal groups. The role of endopeptidase II in the biosynthesis of the spore cortex is discussed.
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Abstract
A high activity of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase was found in extracts of Bacillus sphaericus, Brevibacterium sp., Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Proteus vulgaris among bacteria tested. B. sphaericus IFO 3525, in which the enzyme is most abundant, was chosen to study the enzyme reaction. The enzyme was not induced by the addition of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate to the growth medium. The reaction product was isolated and identified as alpha-amino-epsilon-ketopimelate by a comparison of the properties of its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone with those of an authentic sample in silica gel thin-layer chromatography, absorption, infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and elemental analyses. The alpha-amino-epsilon-ketopimelate formed enzymatically was decarboxylated by H2O2 to yield L-alpha-aminoadipate. This suggests that the amino group with D-configuration in the substrate is oxidatively deaminated; the enzyme is a D-amino acid dehydrogenase. L-alpha-Amino-epsilon-ketopimelate undergoes spontaneous dehydration to the cyclic delta1-piperideine-2,6-dicarboxylate. The enzyme reaction is reversible, and meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate was formed in the reductive amination of L-alpha-epsilon-ketopimelate.
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31
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Nesterenko OA, Nogina TM, Kvasnikov EI. [Chemotaxonomic markers of several coryneform bacteria and the "Rhodochrous" group]. Mikrobiologiia 1978; 47:1055-62. [PMID: 106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxonomic characters (the monosaccharide composition and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) of cell hydrolysates, the type of lipid LCN-A) were studied with bacteria of the "rhodochrous" complex and the Arthrobacter genus isolated from natural substrates as well as with collection strains of the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium. If arabinose, galactose and meso-DAP were present in cell hydrolysates of these bacteria, they always contained lipid LCN-A. Bacteria of the "rhodochrous" complex can be differentiated from Corynebacterium sensu stricto by location of lipid LCN-A spots on chromatograms, and from the genera Brevibacterium (B. linens) and Arthrobacter, by the presence of arabinose, meso-DAP and lipid LCN-A in the cells. The representatives of two latter genera do not contain arabinose and lipid LCN-A in their cells.
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Tomioka S, Matsuhashi M. Purification of penicillin-insensitive DD-endopeptidase, a new cell wall peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing enzyme in Escherichia coli, and its inhibition by deoxyribonucleic acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 84:978-84. [PMID: 365181 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schröder D, Wölfel L, Schroeter A, Mach F. [Lysine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginos PAO 1. I. Effect of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide on P. aeruginosa PAO 1 during the determination of DAP-decarboxylase activity]. Z Allg Mikrobiol 1978; 18:361-4. [PMID: 99887 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630180508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vacheron MJ, Guinand M, Arminjon F, Michel G. [Characterization and separation of exocellular gamma-D-glutamyl-(L)meso-diaminopimelate endopeptidase and LD-carboxypeptidase from Bacillus sphaericus 9602]. Biochimie 1977; 59:15-21. [PMID: 15631 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(77)80081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two exocellular enzymes have been characterized in the culture media of sporulating Bacillus sphaericus 9602 : a gamma-D-glutamyl-(L) meso-diaminopimelate endopeptidase and a L-lysyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase. These two enzymes and the corresponding membrane-bound peptidases found in Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus subtilis strains have similar activities. Their separation is described. Both enzymes were precipitated between 25 and 65 per cent (NH4)2SO4 saturation and a first chromatography was carried out on a column of DEAE-cellulose. The separation was performed by chromatography on hydroxyapatite, each enzyme was finally filtered through Ultrogel AcA 34. After separation, the endopeptidase activity and the carboxypeptidase activity increased respectively 93 and 11 fold. Both enzymes have a molecular weight near 200 000. By gel electrophoresis at pH 8.5, they were shown to have different mobilities : the carboxypeptidase is more anionic than the endopeptidase.
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Arminjon F, Guinand M, Michel G, Coyette J, Ghuysen JM. [Enzymatic preparation of peptides of the general type: L-Ala-D-Glu-L-mesodiaminopimelyl (L)-D (140) Ala by transfer reactions between non radioactive corresponding peptides and D-alanine (140)]. Biochimie 1976; 58:1167-72. [PMID: 827312 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane bound LD-transpeptidase of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 was used to catalyse transpeptidation reactions between non radioactive peptide donors of the general type: L-Ala-D-Glu (L)meso-A2pm(L)-D-Ala and D-(14C) alanine acceptor. The presence of one or two amide residues on the carboxyl groups of glutamic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid increases the transfer reactions and subsequently the yield in radioactive peptides L-Ala-D-Glu (L)meso-A2pm(L)-D-(14C) Ala.
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Katayama T, Matsuda T, Kato K, Kotani S. Isolation and purification of D-alanyl-meso-2, 6- diaminopimelic acid endopeptidase of Streptomyces L-3 enzyme using soluble substrates of known chemical structure from Lactobacillus plantarum cell wall digests. Biken J 1976; 19:75-91. [PMID: 1016217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
D-alanyl-meso-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid (D-Alanyl-meso-A2pm) endopeptidase was isolated and purified from a crude Streptomyces L-3 enzyme preparation by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing in a density gradient. During its purification, its hydrolytic activity was assayed on cell walls of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and soluble glycopeptides and peptides, of known chemical structures, prepared enzymatically from these cell walls. A fraction with an isoelectric point of pH 7.9 cleaved the bond between the carboxyl group of the D-alanine residue at the C-terminal in one peptide subunit and one of the two amino groups of the A2pm residue in the neighboring peptide subunit. Unlike the crude enzyme, the endopeptidase in this fraction showed no N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, A2pm carboxyamide amidase or proteinase(s) activity and it was immunologically homogeneous.
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Abstract
Spore cortex of conditional cortexless mutants of Bacillus sphaericus 9602 was not detectable by electron microscopy unless the medium was supplemented with meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid during sporulation. Other spore structures appeared normal. Spore shape was quite irregular in the absence of meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid.
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Abstract
Stable L-phase variants isolated from Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, when grown in osmotically stabilized media, do not synthesize peptidoglycan but have been found to accumulate the nucleotide precursors of this polymer. The enzymes involved in the synthesis of these precursors and the later membrane-bound stages of peptidoglycan synthesis have been investigated, and the L-phase variants have been shown to contain lesions, which provide a rational explanation for the absence of peptidoglycan and for the nature of the precursor accumulated. The majority of the L-phase variants contained a single enzymic defect, but two strains were isolated with double lesions. Five out of seven strains examined accumulated uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-MurAc-L-ala-D-glu and were unable to synthesize diaminopimelic acid as a consequence of a defect in aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity. Two strains were deficient in UDP-MurAc: L-alanine ligase and accumulated UDP-MurAc. One strain accumulated the complete nucleotide precursor UDP-MurAc-L-ala-D-glu-mA2pm-D-ala-D-ala and was deficient in phospho-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide translocase. A second strain also had this lesion, together with defective aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity. The other enzymes of peptidoglycan synthesis were present in the L-phase variants, with activities similar to those found in the parent bacilli grown under identical conditions. Membrane preparations from certain of the L-phase variants were also capable of synthesizing the secondary polymers poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid and teichuronic acid and also a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine.
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41
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Evans RA, Axford RF, Offer NW. A method for estimating the quantities of microbial and dietary proteins flowing in the duodenal digesta of ruminants. Proc Nutr Soc 1975; 34:65A-66A. [PMID: 1187629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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BREGMAN E, KIRSNER JB. Amino Acids of Colon and Rectum. Possible Involvement of Diaminopimelic Acid of Intestinal Bacteria in Antigenicity of Ulcerative Colitis Colon. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1965; 118:727-31. [PMID: 14264542 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-118-29952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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SCHWARZ U, WEIDEL W. [ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PENICILLIN. I. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PEPTIDES CONTAINING LOW MOLECULAR 2,6- DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID FROM PENICILLIN SPHEROPLASTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI B]. Z Naturforsch B 1965; 20:147-53. [PMID: 14345163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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44
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NICOT C, BRICAS E. [STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF A MONO-N-ACYLATED DERIVATIVE OF ALPHS-MESO, ALPHA'- DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 1965; 260:1302-4. [PMID: 14275980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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CIFERRI O, SALA F, POMA G. ON THE "ACTIVATION" OF MESO-ALPHA,EPSILON- DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID BY ESCHERICHIA COLI. Biochim Biophys Acta 1964; 87:508-10. [PMID: 14211648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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BRICAS E, NICOT C. Comportement de peptides de l'acide meso-a,a'-diaminopimélique au cours de leur chromatographie sur papier. J Chromatogr A 1964; 13:273-5. [PMID: 14110324 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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VINTER V. Spores of microorganisms. Chloramphenicol-sensitive and penicillin-resistant incorporation of14C- diaminopimelic acid into sporulating cells ofBacillus cereus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 19:307-8. [PMID: 13997403 DOI: 10.1007/bf02150422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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JUSIC D, ROY C, SCHOCHER AJ, WATSON RW. Chromatographic separation of isomeric dinitrophenyl derivatives of alpha-epsilon diaminopimelic acid. Can J Biochem Physiol 1963; 41:817-20. [PMID: 13958130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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NICOT C, BRICAS E. [Action of leucine-aminopeptidase on symmetrical peptides of meso-alpha,alpha'- diaminopimelic acid]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 1963; 256:1391-4. [PMID: 13938461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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Abstract
Altenbern, Robert
A. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Reversion of L forms and spheroplasts of
Proteus mirabilis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
269–272. 1963.—Spheroplasts or 3-B type L forms of
Proteus mirabilis
formed by growth in the presence of penicillin are able to revert to the bacillary form, as judged by regain of resistance to osmotic shock. Reversion takes place in the absence of exogenous nutrients, although at a lesser rate than that observed in a nitrogen-rich medium. Either chloramphenicol or 6-azauracil can completely inhibit reversion of spheroplasts in a penicillin-free medium. By direct measurement, there was no detectable change in total protein content throughout the period of reversion of a spheroplast suspension. Assay for acid-insoluble diaminopimelic acid (DAP) revealed that a large part of the DAP of the cell wall of normal cells was lost when the cells were converted to spheroplasts by exposure to penicillin. Upon transfer to penicillin-free medium, there was a rapid increase in acid-insoluble DAP in the wall of the reverting spheroplast. When spheroplasts were transferred to penicillin-free medium containing chloramphenicol, the acid-insoluble DAP in the wall of the spheroplast continued to decrease. The significance of these results in regard to sites of activity of the antibiotics involved is discussed.
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