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Fu CN, Wicke S, Zhu AD, Li DZ, Gao LM. Distinctive plastome evolution in carnivorous angiosperms. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:660. [PMID: 38124058 PMCID: PMC10731798 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Independent origins of carnivory in multiple angiosperm families are fabulous examples of convergent evolution using a diverse array of life forms and habitats. Previous studies have indicated that carnivorous plants have distinct evolutionary trajectories of plastid genome (plastome) compared to their non-carnivorous relatives, yet the extent and general characteristics remain elusive. RESULTS We compared plastomes from 9 out of 13 carnivorous families and their non-carnivorous relatives to assess carnivory-associated evolutionary patterns. We identified inversions in all sampled Droseraceae species and four species of Utricularia, Pinguicula, Darlingtonia and Triphyophyllum. A few carnivores showed distinct shifts in inverted repeat boundaries and the overall repeat contents. Many ndh genes, along with some other genes, were independently lost in several carnivorous lineages. We detected significant substitution rate variations in most sampled carnivorous lineages. A significant overall substitution rate acceleration characterizes the two largest carnivorous lineages of Droseraceae and Lentibulariaceae. We also observe moderate substitution rates acceleration in many genes of Cephalotus follicularis, Roridula gorgonias, and Drosophyllum lusitanicum. However, only a few genes exhibit significant relaxed selection. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the carnivory of plants have different effects on plastome evolution across carnivorous lineages. The complex mechanism under carnivorous habitats may have resulted in distinctive plastome evolution with conserved plastome in the Brocchinia hechtioides to strongly reconfigured plastomes structures in Droseraceae. Organic carbon obtained from prey and the efficiency of utilizing prey-derived nutrients might constitute possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, 674100, Yunnan, China
| | - Susann Wicke
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Späth-Arboretum of the Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - An-Dan Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, 674100, Yunnan, China.
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2
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Mohn RA, Zenil-Ferguson R, Krueger TA, Fleischmann AS, Cross AT, Yang Y. Dramatic difference in rate of chromosome number evolution among sundew (Drosera L., Droseraceae) lineages. Evolution 2023; 77:2314-2325. [PMID: 37638607 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome number change is a driver of speciation in eukaryotic organisms. Carnivorous sundews in the plant genus Drosera L. exhibit single chromosome number variation both among and within species, especially in the Australian Drosera subg. Ergaleium D.C., potentially linked to atypical centromeres that span much of the length of the chromosomes. We critically reviewed the literature on chromosome counts in Drosera, verified the taxonomy and quality of the original counts, and reconstructed dated phylogenies. We used the BiChrom model to test whether rates of single chromosome number increase and decrease, and chromosome number doubling differed between D. subg. Ergaleium and the other subgenera and between self-compatible and self-incompatible lineages. The best model for chromosome evolution among subgenera had equal rates of chromosome number doubling but higher rates of single chromosome number change in D. subg. Ergaleium than in the other subgenera. Contrary to expectation, self-incompatible lineages had a significantly higher rate of single chromosome loss than self-compatible lineages. We found no evidence for an association between differences in single chromosome number changes and diploidization after polyploidy or centromere type. This study presents an exemplar for critically examining published cytological data and rigorously testing factors that may impact the rates of chromosome number evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Mohn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | | | - Thilo A Krueger
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Andreas S Fleischmann
- Botanische Staatssammlung München (SNSB-BSM), Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam T Cross
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- EcoHealth Network, Brookline, MA, United States
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Procko C, Wong WM, Patel J, Mousavi SAR, Dabi T, Duque M, Baird L, Chalasani SH, Chory J. Mutational analysis of mechanosensitive ion channels in the carnivorous Venus flytrap plant. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3257-3264.e4. [PMID: 37437572 PMCID: PMC10528943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
How the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) evolved the remarkable ability to sense, capture, and digest animal prey for nutrients has long puzzled the scientific community.1 Recent genome and transcriptome sequencing studies have provided clues to the genes thought to play a role in these tasks.2,3,4,5 However, proving a causal link between these and any aspect of the plant's hunting behavior has been challenging due to the genetic intractability of this non-model organism. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9 methods to generate targeted modifications in the Venus flytrap genome. The plant detects prey using touch-sensitive trigger hairs located on its bilobed leaves.6 Upon bending, these hairs convert mechanical touch signals into changes in the membrane potential of sensory cells, leading to rapid closure of the leaf lobes to ensnare the animal.7 Here, we generate mutations in trigger-hair-expressed MscS-like (MSL)-family mechanosensitive ion channel genes FLYCATCHER1 (FLYC1) and FLYCATCHER2 (FLYC2)5 and find that double-mutant plants have a reduced leaf-closing response to mechanical ultrasound stimulation. While we cannot exclude off-target effects of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, our genetic analysis is consistent with these and other functionally redundant mechanosensitive ion channels acting together to generate the sensory system necessary for prey detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Procko
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Wen Mai Wong
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seyed Ali Reza Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, 3528 General Atomics Ct., San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Tsegaye Dabi
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Marc Duque
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Sreekanth H Chalasani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
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Makowski W, Królicka A, Tokarz B, Miernicka K, Kołton A, Pięta Ł, Malek K, Ekiert H, Szopa A, Tokarz KM. Response of physiological parameters in Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis teratomas transformed with rolB oncogene. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:564. [PMID: 34844562 PMCID: PMC8628454 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant transformation with rol oncogenes derived from wild strains of Rhizobium rhizogenes is a popular biotechnology tool. Transformation effects depend on the type of rol gene, expression level, and the number of gene copies incorporated into the plant's genomic DNA. Although rol oncogenes are known as inducers of plant secondary metabolism, little is known about the physiological response of plants subjected to transformation. RESULTS In this study, the physiological consequences of rolB oncogene incorporation into the DNA of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis was evaluated at the level of primary and secondary metabolism. Examination of the teratoma (transformed shoots) cultures of two different clones (K and L) showed two different strategies for dealing with the presence of the rolB gene. Clone K showed an increased ratio of free fatty acids to lipids, superoxide dismutase activity, synthesis of the oxidised form of glutathione, and total pool of glutathione and carotenoids, in comparison to non-transformed plants (control). Clone L was characterised by increased accumulation of malondialdehyde, proline, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, total pool of glutathione, ratio of reduced form of glutathione to oxidised form, and accumulation of selected phenolic acids. Moreover, clone L had an enhanced ratio of total triglycerides to lipids and accumulated saccharose, fructose, glucose, and tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that plant transformation with the rolB oncogene derived from R. rhizogenes induces a pleiotropic effect in plant tissue after transformation. Examination of D. muscipula plant in the context of transformation with wild strains of R. rhizogenes can be a new source of knowledge about primary and secondary metabolites in transgenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Makowski
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Królicka
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Barbara Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Miernicka
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kołton
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pięta
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Faculty of Chemistry, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Faculty of Chemistry, Krakow, Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Michał Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Procko C, Murthy S, Keenan WT, Mousavi SAR, Dabi T, Coombs A, Procko E, Baird L, Patapoutian A, Chory J. Stretch-activated ion channels identified in the touch-sensitive structures of carnivorous Droseraceae plants. eLife 2021; 10:e64250. [PMID: 33724187 PMCID: PMC7963481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to touch, some carnivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap have evolved spectacular movements to capture animals for nutrient acquisition. However, the molecules that confer this sensitivity remain unknown. We used comparative transcriptomics to show that expression of three genes encoding homologs of the MscS-Like (MSL) and OSCA/TMEM63 family of mechanosensitive ion channels are localized to touch-sensitive trigger hairs of Venus flytrap. We focus here on the candidate with the most enriched expression in trigger hairs, the MSL homolog FLYCATCHER1 (FLYC1). We show that FLYC1 transcripts are localized to mechanosensory cells within the trigger hair, transfecting FLYC1 induces chloride-permeable stretch-activated currents in naïve cells, and transcripts coding for FLYC1 homologs are expressed in touch-sensing cells of Cape sundew, a related carnivorous plant of the Droseraceae family. Our data suggest that the mechanism of prey recognition in carnivorous Droseraceae evolved by co-opting ancestral mechanosensitive ion channels to sense touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Procko
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Swetha Murthy
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - William T Keenan
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Seyed Ali Reza Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Tsegaye Dabi
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Adam Coombs
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Biology, University of San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
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Płachno BJ, Strzemski M, Dresler S, Adamec L, Wojas-Krawczyk K, Sowa I, Danielewicz A, Miranda VFO. A Chemometry of Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Waterwheel, Droseraceae) Populations. Molecules 2020; 26:E72. [PMID: 33375725 PMCID: PMC7795913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aldrovanda is a Palaeogene element containing a single extant species, Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. This aquatic carnivorous herb has a very wide range of distribution, natively covering four continents; however, it is a critically endangered aquatic plant species worldwide. Previous studies revealed that A. vesiculosa had an extremely low genetic variation. The main aim of the present paper is to explore, using chemometric tools, the diversity of 16 A. vesiculosa populations from various sites from four continents (Eurasia, Africa, Australia). Using chemometric data as markers for genetic diversity, we show the relationships of 16 A. vesiculosa populations from various sites, including four continents. Phytochemical markers allowed the identification of five well-supported (bootstrap > 90%) groups among the 16 populations sampled. The principal component analysis data support the idea that the strongly related African (Botswana) and Australian (Kimberley, NT, NW Australia) populations are the most distant ones, separated from the European and Asian ones. However, considering the five Australian populations sampled, three are nested within the Eurasian group. The chemometric data are correlated positively with the geographical distances between the samples, which suggests a tendency toward isolation for the most distant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 St. 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Lubomír Adamec
- Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Danielewicz
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Vitor F. O. Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Applied Biology, Campus Jaboticabal, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, São Paulo CEP 14884-900, Brazil;
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Iosip AL, Böhm J, Scherzer S, Al-Rasheid KAS, Dreyer I, Schultz J, Becker D, Kreuzer I, Hedrich R. The Venus flytrap trigger hair-specific potassium channel KDM1 can reestablish the K+ gradient required for hapto-electric signaling. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000964. [PMID: 33296375 PMCID: PMC7725304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula harbors multicellular trigger hairs designed to sense mechanical stimuli upon contact with animal prey. At the base of the trigger hair, mechanosensation is transduced into an all-or-nothing action potential (AP) that spreads all over the trap, ultimately leading to trap closure and prey capture. To reveal the molecular basis for the unique functional repertoire of this mechanoresponsive plant structure, we determined the transcriptome of D. muscipula’s trigger hair. Among the genes that were found to be highly specific to the trigger hair, the Shaker-type channel KDM1 was electrophysiologically characterized as a hyperpolarization- and acid-activated K+-selective channel, thus allowing the reuptake of K+ ions into the trigger hair’s sensory cells during the hyperpolarization phase of the AP. During trap development, the increased electrical excitability of the trigger hair is associated with the transcriptional induction of KDM1. Conversely, when KDM1 is blocked by Cs+ in adult traps, the initiation of APs in response to trigger hair deflection is reduced, and trap closure is suppressed. KDM1 thus plays a dominant role in K+ homeostasis in the context of AP and turgor formation underlying the mechanosensation of trigger hair cells and thus D. muscipula’s hapto-electric signaling. Transcriptomic and electrophysiological studies of the carnivorous Venus flytrap reveal that potassium uptake via a trigger hair-specific potassium channel builds the basis for mechanosensation of likely prey and generation of an action potential that triggers closure of the trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda L. Iosip
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Böhm
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Dreyer
- Center of Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling (CBSM), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Jörg Schultz
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IK); (RH)
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IK); (RH)
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8
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Palfalvi G, Hackl T, Terhoeven N, Shibata TF, Nishiyama T, Ankenbrand M, Becker D, Förster F, Freund M, Iosip A, Kreuzer I, Saul F, Kamida C, Fukushima K, Shigenobu S, Tamada Y, Adamec L, Hoshi Y, Ueda K, Winkelmann T, Fuchs J, Schubert I, Schwacke R, Al-Rasheid K, Schultz J, Hasebe M, Hedrich R. Genomes of the Venus Flytrap and Close Relatives Unveil the Roots of Plant Carnivory. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2312-2320.e5. [PMID: 32413308 PMCID: PMC7308799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most plants grow and develop by taking up nutrients from the soil while continuously under threat from foraging animals. Carnivorous plants have turned the tables by capturing and consuming nutrient-rich animal prey, enabling them to thrive in nutrient-poor soil. To better understand the evolution of botanical carnivory, we compared the draft genome of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) with that of its aquatic sister, the waterwheel plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, and the sundew Drosera spatulata. We identified an early whole-genome duplication in the family as source for carnivory-associated genes. Recruitment of genes to the trap from the root especially was a major mechanism in the evolution of carnivory, supported by family-specific duplications. Still, these genomes belong to the gene poorest land plants sequenced thus far, suggesting reduction of selective pressure on different processes, including non-carnivorous nutrient acquisition. Our results show how non-carnivorous plants evolved into the most skillful green hunters on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergo Palfalvi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate School for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Thomas Hackl
- Department for Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Terhoeven
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty for Biology, University Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Markus Ankenbrand
- Department for Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty for Biology, University Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Förster
- Department for Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty for Biology, University Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Freund
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty for Biology, University Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anda Iosip
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty for Biology, University Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Saul
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty for Biology, University Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chiharu Kamida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate School for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate School for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate School for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate School for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan
| | - Lubomir Adamec
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, 379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshikazu Hoshi
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Ueda
- Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Traud Winkelmann
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rainer Schwacke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Khaled Al-Rasheid
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jörg Schultz
- Department for Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty for Biology, University Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate School for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Nevill PG, Howell KA, Cross AT, Williams AV, Zhong X, Tonti-Filippini J, Boykin LM, Dixon KW, Small I. Plastome-Wide Rearrangements and Gene Losses in Carnivorous Droseraceae. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:472-485. [PMID: 30629170 PMCID: PMC6380313 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plastid genomes of four related carnivorous plants (Drosera regia, Drosera erythrorhiza, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, and Dionaea muscipula) were sequenced to examine changes potentially induced by the transition to carnivory. The plastid genomes of the Droseraceae show multiple rearrangements, gene losses, and large expansions or contractions of the inverted repeat. All the ndh genes are lost or nonfunctional, as well as in some of the species, clpP1, ycf1, ycf2 and some tRNA genes. Uniquely, among land plants, the trnK gene has no intron. Carnivory in the Droseraceae coincides with changes in plastid gene content similar to those induced by parasitism and mycoheterotrophy, suggesting parallel changes in chloroplast function due to the similar switch from autotrophy to (mixo-) heterotrophy. A molecular phylogeny of the taxa based on all shared plastid genes indicates that the "snap-traps" of Aldrovanda and Dionaea have a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Nevill
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katharine A Howell
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam T Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna V Williams
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julian Tonti-Filippini
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Small
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Guadarrama-Flores B, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Digestive glands extraction and precise pigment analysis support the exclusion of the carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula Ellis from the Caryophyllales order. Plant Sci 2018; 274:342-348. [PMID: 30080622 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the order Caryophyllales, plants synthesize betalains instead of anthocyanins, with only two exceptions, the Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae. Dionaea muscipula Ellis was included in the Caryophyllales order but recent research based on genetic studies proposed the consideration of the Droseraceae family into the Nepenthales order. In this work we face the dilemma of the phylogenetic classification of Dionaea from a phytochemical point of view. Dionaea's pigments were analyzed by using techniques of structural analysis. Extracts from the leaves, mature stem and flowers of different specimens of Dionaea were analyzed, to find possible differences in the types of pigments or in their proportion in different parts of the plant. These extracts were analyzed by spectrophotometry, HPLC co-elution and ESI-MS/MS. In addition, digestive glands were extracted from the snap trap with minor sample manipulation and by reducing the non-pigmented plant tissue. Considering only the digestive glands instead of whole snap traps, the analyses allowed to quantitate and elucidate the structure of the compounds responsible for the red coloration: delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (myrtillin), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (kuromanin) and a third compound, the aglycone cyanidin, detected in the species for the first time. The unambiguous results of the present work support the exclusion of Dionaea from the Caryophyllales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Berenice Guadarrama-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Hedrich R, Neher E. Venus Flytrap: How an Excitable, Carnivorous Plant Works. Trends Plant Sci 2018; 23:220-234. [PMID: 29336976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The carnivorous plant Dionaea possesses very sensitive mechanoreceptors. Upon contact with prey an action potential is triggered which, via an electrical network - comparable to the nervous system of vertebrates - rapidly closes its bivalved trap. The 'hunting cycle' comprises a constitutively activated mechanism for the rapid capture of prey, followed by a well-orchestrated sequence of activation of genes responsible for tight trap closure, digestion of the prey, and uptake of nutrients. Decisions on the step-by-step activation are based on 'counting' the number of stimulations of sensory organs. These remarkable animal-like skills in the carnivore are achieved not by taking over genes from its prey but by modifying and rearranging the functions of genes that are ubiquitous in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erwin Neher
- Department for Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Veleba A, Šmarda P, Zedek F, Horová L, Šmerda J, Bureš P. Evolution of genome size and genomic GC content in carnivorous holokinetics (Droseraceae). Ann Bot 2017; 119:409-416. [PMID: 28025291 PMCID: PMC5314647 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies in the carnivorous family Lentibulariaceae in the last years resulted in the discovery of the smallest plant genomes and an unusual pattern of genomic GC content evolution. However, scarcity of genomic data in other carnivorous clades still prevents a generalization of the observed patterns. Here the aim was to fill this gap by mapping genome evolution in the second largest carnivorous family, Droseraceae, where this evolution may be affected by chromosomal holokinetism in Drosera METHODS: The genome size and genomic GC content of 71 Droseraceae species were measured by flow cytometry. A dated phylogeny was constructed, and the evolution of both genomic parameters and their relationship to species climatic niches were tested using phylogeny-based statistics. KEY RESULTS The 2C genome size of Droseraceae varied between 488 and 10 927 Mbp, and the GC content ranged between 37·1 and 44·7 %. The genome sizes and genomic GC content of carnivorous and holocentric species did not differ from those of their non-carnivorous and monocentric relatives. The genomic GC content positively correlated with genome size and annual temperature fluctuations. The genome size and chromosome numbers were inversely correlated in the Australian clade of Drosera CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that neither carnivory (nutrient scarcity) nor the holokinetism have a prominent effect on size and DNA base composition of Droseraceae genomes. However, the holokinetic drive seems to affect karyotype evolution in one of the major clades of Drosera Our survey confirmed that the evolution of GC content is tightly connected with the evolution of genome size and also with environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Veleba
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, CZ 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmarda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, CZ 61137, Czech Republic
| | - František Zedek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, CZ 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Horová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, CZ 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Šmerda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, CZ 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, CZ 61137, Czech Republic
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13
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Böhm J, Scherzer S, Shabala S, Krol E, Neher E, Mueller TD, Hedrich R. Venus Flytrap HKT1-Type Channel Provides for Prey Sodium Uptake into Carnivorous Plant Without Conflicting with Electrical Excitability. Mol Plant 2016; 9:428-436. [PMID: 26455461 PMCID: PMC4791408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The animal diet of the carnivorous Venus flytrap, Dionaea muscipula, contains a sodium load that enters the capture organ via an HKT1-type sodium channel, expressed in special epithelia cells on the inner trap lobe surface. DmHKT1 expression and sodium uptake activity is induced upon prey contact. Here, we analyzed the HKT1 properties required for prey sodium osmolyte management of carnivorous Dionaea. Analyses were based on homology modeling, generation of model-derived point mutants, and their functional testing in Xenopus oocytes. We showed that the wild-type HKT1 and its Na(+)- and K(+)-permeable mutants function as ion channels rather than K(+) transporters driven by proton or sodium gradients. These structural and biophysical features of a high-capacity, Na(+)-selective ion channel enable Dionaea glands to manage prey-derived sodium loads without confounding the action potential-based information management of the flytrap.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Böhm
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute, Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Scherzer
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute, Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - E Krol
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute, Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Neher
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department for Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - T D Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute, Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - R Hedrich
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute, Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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14
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Jensen MK, Vogt JK, Bressendorff S, Seguin-Orlando A, Petersen M, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Mundy J. Transcriptome and genome size analysis of the Venus flytrap. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123887. [PMID: 25886597 PMCID: PMC4401711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The insectivorous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is renowned from Darwin’s studies of plant carnivory and the origins of species. To provide tools to analyze the evolution and functional genomics of D. muscipula, we sequenced a normalized cDNA library synthesized from mRNA isolated from D. muscipula flowers and traps. Using the Oases transcriptome assembler 79,165,657 quality trimmed reads were assembled into 80,806 cDNA contigs, with an average length of 679 bp and an N50 length of 1,051 bp. A total of 17,047 unique proteins were identified, and assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) and classified into functional categories. A total of 15,547 full-length cDNA sequences were identified, from which open reading frames were detected in 10,941. Comparative GO analyses revealed that D. muscipula is highly represented in molecular functions related to catalytic, antioxidant, and electron carrier activities. Also, using a single copy sequence PCR-based method, we estimated that the genome size of D. muscipula is approx. 3 Gb. Our genome size estimate and transcriptome analyses will contribute to future research on this fascinating, monotypic species and its heterotrophic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Korbinian Vogt
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Morten Petersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TS); (JM)
| | - John Mundy
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TS); (JM)
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15
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Nishimura E, Jumyo S, Arai N, Kanna K, Kume M, Nishikawa JI, Tanase JI, Ohyama T. Structural and functional characteristics of S-like ribonucleases from carnivorous plants. Planta 2014; 240:147-59. [PMID: 24771022 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the S-like ribonucleases (RNases) share sequence homology with the S-RNases involved in the self-incompatibility mechanism in plants, they are not associated with this mechanism. They usually function in stress responses in non-carnivorous plants and in carnivory in carnivorous plants. In this study, we clarified the structures of the S-like RNases of Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Nepenthes bicalcarata and Sarracenia leucophylla, and compared them with those of other plants. At ten positions, amino acid residues are conserved or almost conserved only for carnivorous plants (six in total). In contrast, two positions are specific to non-carnivorous plants. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the S-like RNases of the carnivorous plants form a group beyond the phylogenetic relationships of the plants. We also prepared and characterized recombinant S-like RNases of Dionaea muscipula, Cephalotus follicularis, A. vesiculosa, N. bicalcarata and S. leucophylla, and RNS1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. The recombinant carnivorous plant enzymes showed optimum activities at about pH 4.0. Generally, poly(C) was digested less efficiently than poly(A), poly(I) and poly(U). The kinetic parameters of the recombinant D. muscipula enzyme (DM-I) and A. thaliana enzyme RNS1 were similar. The k cat/K m of recombinant RNS1 was the highest among the enzymes, followed closely by that of recombinant DM-I. On the other hand, the k cat/K m of the recombinant S. leucophylla enzyme was the lowest, and was ~1/30 of that for recombinant RNS1. The magnitudes of the k cat/K m values or k cat values for carnivorous plant S-like RNases seem to correlate negatively with the dependency on symbionts for prey digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Nishimura
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
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16
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Schulze WX, Sanggaard KW, Kreuzer I, Knudsen AD, Bemm F, Thøgersen IB, Bräutigam A, Thomsen LR, Schliesky S, Dyrlund TF, Escalante-Perez M, Becker D, Schultz J, Karring H, Weber A, Højrup P, Hedrich R, Enghild JJ. The protein composition of the digestive fluid from the venus flytrap sheds light on prey digestion mechanisms. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1306-19. [PMID: 22891002 PMCID: PMC3494193 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is one of the most well-known carnivorous plants because of its unique ability to capture small animals, usually insects or spiders, through a unique snap-trapping mechanism. The animals are subsequently killed and digested so that the plants can assimilate nutrients, as they grow in mineral-deficient soils. We deep sequenced the cDNA from Dionaea traps to obtain transcript libraries, which were used in the mass spectrometry-based identification of the proteins secreted during digestion. The identified proteins consisted of peroxidases, nucleases, phosphatases, phospholipases, a glucanase, chitinases, and proteolytic enzymes, including four cysteine proteases, two aspartic proteases, and a serine carboxypeptidase. The majority of the most abundant proteins were categorized as pathogenesis-related proteins, suggesting that the plant's digestive system evolved from defense-related processes. This in-depth characterization of a highly specialized secreted fluid from a carnivorous plant provides new information about the plant's prey digestion mechanism and the evolutionary processes driving its defense pathways and nutrient acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud X. Schulze
- From the ‡Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kristian W. Sanggaard
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- ¶Department of Molecular Plant Physiology & Biophysics, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anders D. Knudsen
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Felix Bemm
- ‖Department of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ida B. Thøgersen
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- ‡‡Department of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Line R. Thomsen
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Schliesky
- ‡‡Department of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Dyrlund
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Escalante-Perez
- ¶Department of Molecular Plant Physiology & Biophysics, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- ¶Department of Molecular Plant Physiology & Biophysics, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schultz
- ‖Department of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Karring
- §§University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andreas Weber
- ‡‡Department of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Højrup
- ¶¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- ¶Department of Molecular Plant Physiology & Biophysics, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
- ‖‖Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan J. Enghild
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Budzianowski J, Budzianowska A, Kromer K. Naphthalene glucoside and other phenolics from the shoot and callus cultures of Drosophyllum lusitanicum. Phytochemistry 2002; 61:421-425. [PMID: 12377237 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The callus and, for the first time established, shoot cultures of Drosophyllum lusitanicum Link. (Droseraceae) yielded new naphthalene glucoside-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 5-O-beta-glucoside (drosophylloside) and 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid methyl ester besides other phenolics like naphthalenes-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (ancistronaphthoic acid B), hydroplumbagin 4-O-glucoside, naphthoquinones-plumbagin and 3-chloroplumbagin, C-glycosylflavones- vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin. The pattern of phenolics found supports affinity of Drosophyllum to the families-Droseraceae, Ancistrocladaceae and Dioncophyllaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Budzianowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861, Poznań, Poland.
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