1
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Distribution and development of the postnatal murine Vδ1 T-cell receptor repertoire. Immunology 2010; 131:192-201. [PMID: 20465568 PMCID: PMC2967265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine γ/δ T cells express canonical Vγ5Vδ1 chains in the epidermis and Vγ6Vδ1 chains at reproductive sites. Both subsets carry an identical Vδ1-Dδ2-Jδ2 chain which completely lacks junctional diversity. These cells are thought to monitor tissue integrity via recognition of stress-induced self antigens. In this study, we showed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratyping and sequencing of the junctional regions of Vδ1 chains from C57BL/6 mice (aged 1 day to 14 months) that the canonical Vδ1-Dδ2-Jδ2 chain is also consistently present at other sites such as the thymus, gut, lung, liver, spleen and peripheral blood. In addition, we found multiple Vδ1 chains with fetal type rearrangements which were also shared among organs and among animals. These Vδ1 chains were typically characterized by a conserved amino acid motif, 'GGIRA'. Furthermore, by analysing the early postnatal period at days 10 and 16, we demonstrated that the diversification of the thymic Vδ1 repertoire is not paralleled by a diversification of extrathymic Vδ1+γ/δ T cells. This indicates that only fetal type rearrangements survive at extrathymic sites. In conclusion, γ/δ T cells expressing the canonical Vδ1-Dδ2-Jδ2 chain are not unique to the skin and reproductive sites. Furthermore, we found other γ/δ T cells expressing fetal type Vδ1 chains which were shared among different organs and animals. Thus, γ/δ T cells expressing conserved Vδ1 chains are likely to have important functions. We suggest a model in which this subset continuously recirculates throughout the organism and rapidly responds to stress-induced self antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Base Sequence/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Fetus/immunology
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Immune System/cytology
- Immune System/growth & development
- Immune System/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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2
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Regulation of TCR delta and alpha repertoires by local and long-distance control of variable gene segment chromatin structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:467-72. [PMID: 16087716 PMCID: PMC2212846 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Murine Tcrd and Tcra gene segments reside in a single genetic locus and undergo recombination in CD4−CD8− (double negative [DN]) and CD4+CD8+ (double positive [DP]) thymocytes, respectively. TcraTcrd locus variable gene segments are subject to complex regulation. Only a small subset of ∼100 variable gene segments contributes substantially to the adult TCRδ repertoire. Moreover, although most contribute to the TCRα repertoire, variable gene segments that are Jα proximal are preferentially used during primary Tcra recombination. We investigate the role of local chromatin accessibility in determining the developmental pattern of TcraTcrd locus variable gene segment recombination. We find variable gene segments to be heterogeneous with respect to acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Those that dominate the adult TCRδ repertoire are hyperacetylated in DN thymocytes, independent of their position in the locus. Moreover, proximal variable gene segments show dramatic increases in histone acetylation and germline transcription in DP thymocytes, a result of super long-distance regulation by the Tcra enhancer. Our results imply that differences in chromatin accessibility contribute to biases in TcraTcrd locus variable gene segment recombination in DN and DP thymocytes and extend the distance over which the Tcra enhancer can regulate chromatin structure to a remarkable 525 kb.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin/immunology
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/genetics
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/immunology
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta/immunology
- Histones/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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3
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Distinct pattern of human Vdelta1 gammadelta T cells recognizing MICA. Cell Mol Immunol 2005; 2:253-8. [PMID: 16274622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells represent one unique recognition pattern, the limited recognition, which distinguishes from the specific recognition for alphabeta T cells and pattern recognition for macrophages. Vdelta1 gammadelta T cell is the major subset of human gammadelta T cells, which predominates in mucosal tissue including the intestinal epithelia. Presently, a few antigens that human Vdelta1TCR can recognize have been identified. Among them, MHC class I chain-related molecules A (MICA) have been studied most intensively. Besides Vdelta1TCR, MICA is also the ligand of NKG2D, a C-type lectin-like activating immunoreceptor. In human, only Vdelta1 cells can simultaneously express both types of receptors of MICA while NK cells, alphabetaT cells and other subsets of gammadelta T cells likewise express NKG2D. Although the precise mechanisms are still enigmatic, this distinct pattern of Vdelta1 cells recognizing MICA predicts unique biological significance of Vdelta1 cells in immune defense. Recent years, some progresses have been made in this issue. In this review we summarize the related reports and put forward some novel views based on our group's studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Mice
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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4
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Shared reactivity of V{delta}2(neg) {gamma}{delta} T cells against cytomegalovirus-infected cells and tumor intestinal epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1567-78. [PMID: 15897274 PMCID: PMC2212929 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting expansion of Vdelta2(neg) gammadelta T cells is a hallmark of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant recipients. The ligands of these cells and their role remain elusive. To better understand their immune function, we generated gammadelta T cell clones from several transplanted patients. Numerous patient Vdelta1(+), Vdelta3(+), and Vdelta5(+) gammadelta T cell clones expressing diverse Vgamma chains, but not control Vgamma9Vdelta2(+) T clones, displayed strong reactivity against CMV-infected cells, as shown by their production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Vdelta2(neg) gammadelta T lymphocytes could also kill CMV-infected targets and limit CMV propagation in vitro. Their anti-CMV reactivity was specific for this virus among herpesviridae and required T cell receptor engagement, but did not involve major histocompatibility complex class I molecules or NKG2D. Vdelta2(neg) gammadelta T lymphocytes expressed receptors essential for intestinal homing and were strongly activated by intestinal tumor, but not normal, epithelial cell lines. High frequencies of CMV- and tumor-specific Vdelta2(neg) gammadelta T lymphocytes were found among patients' gammadelta T cells. In conclusion, Vdelta2(neg) gammadelta T cells may play a role in protecting against CMV and tumors, probably through mucosal surveillance of cellular stress, and represent a population that is largely functionally distinct from Vgamma9Vdelta2(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Neoplasms/immunology
- Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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5
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New insights on human T cell development by quantitative T cell receptor gene rearrangement studies and gene expression profiling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1715-23. [PMID: 15928199 PMCID: PMC2213269 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To gain more insight into initiation and regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement during human T cell development, we analyzed TCR gene rearrangements by quantitative PCR analysis in nine consecutive T cell developmental stages, including CD34+ lin− cord blood cells as a reference. The same stages were used for gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays. We show that TCR loci rearrange in a highly ordered way (TCRD-TCRG-TCRB-TCRA) and that the initiating Dδ2-Dδ3 rearrangement occurs at the most immature CD34+CD38−CD1a− stage. TCRB rearrangement starts at the CD34+CD38+CD1a− stage and complete in-frame TCRB rearrangements were first detected in the immature single positive stage. TCRB rearrangement data together with the PTCRA (pTα) expression pattern show that human TCRβ-selection occurs at the CD34+CD38+CD1a+ stage. By combining the TCR rearrangement data with gene expression data, we identified candidate factors for the initiation/regulation of TCR recombination. Our data demonstrate that a number of key events occur earlier than assumed previously; therefore, human T cell development is much more similar to murine T cell development than reported before.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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6
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Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative lesions presenting as a hydroa vacciniforme-like eruption: an analysis of six cases. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:372-80. [PMID: 15327544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many reports of patients with a severe hydroa vacciniforme (HV)-like eruption in which cutaneous lesions occur in both sun-exposed and non-exposed areas, unlike in true HV. Several patients have died from a malignant haematological neoplasm. In most cases, a latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been detected in the skin lesions. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical and laboratory features of six additional patients with an EBV-associated HV-like eruption. METHODS The clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features were reviewed. T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements were studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and heteroduplex analysis. In-situ hybridization was performed to detect mRNA for EBV in skin biopsy specimens. PCR was performed to screen for EBV infection in the skin lesions of three patients and blood of two patients. Photoprovocation with repeated ultraviolet (UV) A exposure was performed in three patients. RESULTS The severity of the skin lesions and the clinical course varied among the patients. Skin lesions were induced by repeated UVA exposure in three patients and a latent EBV infection was demonstrated in the photoprovoked lesions. CONCLUSIONS Three different clinical courses were found in six patients with an HV-like eruption associated with chronic EBV infection: (i) spontaneous remission; (ii) clearing after photoprotection; and (iii) continuous recurrence irrespective of sun exposure. It is possible that there are two patterns of HV-like eruption associated with chronic EBV infection. One is characterized by recurrent necrotic papulovesicles of the face and the other by nodules and facial swelling. It was demonstrated that the skin lesions could be triggered by repeated UVA exposure in the patients showing recurrent necrotic papulovesicles of the face.
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7
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Low thymic output and reduced heterogeneity of alpha/beta, but not gamma/delta, T lymphocytes in infants with ataxia-telangiectasia. Neuropediatrics 2003; 34:165-7. [PMID: 12910443 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia, a genetic disease caused by the homozygous mutation of the ATM gene, is frequently associated to a deficit of humoral and cellular immune functions. A decreased thymic output and skewed T cell and B cell receptor repertoires have been recently described in children over 7 years of age and in adults with this disease and have been proposed as a possible explanation for the immunodeficiency. To understand whether T cell defects arise early in life as a consequence of ATM gene mutations, we analysed the extent of thymic function by measuring the number of naïve T cells and by studying the heterogeneity of T cells by means of heteroduplex analysis, in two children less than 2 years old with a remarkable reduction of T cell count. We found that the thymic output is decreased in babies with ataxia-telangiectasia if compared with that observed in age-matched normal babies. The low production of new T cells is associated to a reduction of the diversity of alpha/beta, but not gamma/delta, T lymphocytes. Our data indicate that ATM mutation limits the generation of a wide alpha/beta T cell repertoire and this feature can be responsible for the immunodeficiency observed in ataxia-telangiectasia babies.
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8
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Decrease in CD3-negative-CD8dim(+) and Vdelta2/Vgamma9 TcR+ peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, low perforin expression and the impairment of natural killer cell activity is associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2002; 37:514-22. [PMID: 12217606 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS As chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with impaired natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, we examined the phenotypes and perforin expression of peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as the effect of interferon-alpha2b (IFN-alpha2b) therapy. METHODS Thirty-three patients had chronic hepatitis C, and of them 12 had been on IFN-alpha2b treatment. Eleven individuals had been treated earlier with IFN-alpha2b and completely cured, and eight were HCV carriers with persistently normal serum alanine aminotransferase. Three-colour flow cytometry was used to measure the percentage of CD3(+/-)CD8+, CD3+CD4+, gammadeltaTcR+, Vdelta2 TcR+, Vgamma9 TcR+, Vdelta1 TcR+, CD3-CD16+, CD3-CD56+, CD19+ and perforin-positive cells. NK cell activity was assessed by single cell cytotoxic and flow cytometric assay. RESULTS Patients with chronic hepatitis C showed an impaired NK cytotoxicity, decreased percentage of CD3-negative-CD8dim-positive (NK subtype) and Vgamma9/Vdelta2 TcR+ as well as perforin-positive T lymphocytes, compared to controls and to those who were cured from HCV infection. IFN-alpha2b increased NK cell cytotoxicity and the percentage of perforin-positive lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in chronic HCV infection a decreased percentage of CD3(-)CD8+, Vgamma9/Vdelta2 TcR+ and perforin-positive T cells and simultaneous decreased peripheral NK activity may contribute to the impaired cellular immune response and the chronicity of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon alpha-2
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Recombinant Proteins
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9
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Abstract
Autoimmunity develops when a lupus-inducing drug is introduced into the thymus of normal mice, but the relevance of this model to the human disorder is unclear in part because it is widely assumed that the thymus is non-functional in the adult. We compared thymus function in 10 patients with symptomatic procainamide-induced lupus to that in 13 asymptomatic patients who only developed drug-induced autoantibodies. T cell output from the thymus was quantified using a competitive polymerase chain reaction that detects T cell receptor DNA excision circles in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Despite the advanced age of the patient population under study, newly generated T cells were detected in all subjects. Although there was no overall quantitative difference between the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, we found a positive correlation between the level of T cell receptor excision circles in peripheral lymphocytes and serum IgG anti-chromatin antibody activity in patients with drug-induced lupus. The association between autoantibodies and nascent peripheral T cells supports the requirement for T cells in autoantibody production. Our observations are consistent with findings in mice in which autoreactive T cells derived from drug-induced abnormalities in T cell development in the thymus.
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10
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Both TCR alpha and TCR delta chain diversity are regulated during thymic ontogeny. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1447-53. [PMID: 11466364 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCRalpha and TCRdelta chains are coded by a common genetic locus using a single set of V gene segments (ADV segments). This article addresses the question of regulation of the use of the ADV segments by the TCRalpha and TCRdelta chains. Using both qualitative and quantitative analyses we have studied the use of 23 ADV gene families as part of TCRalpha and TCRdelta transcripts. A number of previously undetected rearrangement and transcription events are described, indicating that the intrathymic TCRdelta repertoire is much more diverse than previously supposed. Repertoire analysis at several developmental time points allowed the description of regulated waves of ADV gene use, not only for TCRdelta chains, but also for TCRalpha chains, during thymic ontogeny. Control of these waves appears to be linked directly to the ADV segments and their local chromatin environment, which may change over the course of T cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Gene Frequency/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/isolation & purification
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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11
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Development of dendritic epidermal T cells with a skewed diversity of gamma delta TCRs in V delta 1-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3695-705. [PMID: 11034374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of gammadelta T cells that reside in murine epithelia is the association of a specific Vgamma/Vdelta usage with each epithelial tissue. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) in the murine epidermis, are predominantly derived from the "first wave" Vgamma5+ fetal thymocytes and overwhelmingly express the canonical Vgamma5/Vdelta1-TCRs lacking junctional diversity. Targeted disruption of the Vdelta1 gene resulted in a markedly impaired development of Vgamma5+ fetal thymocytes as precursors of DETCs; however, gammadeltaTCR+ DETCs with a typical dendritic morphology were observed in Vdelta1-/- mice and their cell densities in the epidermis were slightly lower than those in Vdelta1+/- epidermis. Moreover, the Vdelta1-deficient DETCs were functionally competent in their ability to up-regulate cytokines and keratinocyte growth factor-expression in response to keratinocytes. Vgamma5+ DETCs were predominant in the Vdelta1-/- epidermis, though Vgamma5- gammadeltaTCR+ DETCs were also detected. The Vgamma5+ DETCs showed a typical dendritic shape, gammadeltaTCR(high), and age-associated expansion in epidermis as observed in conventional DETCs of normal mice, whereas the Vgamma5- gammadeltaTCR+ DETCs showed a less dendritic shape, gammadeltaTCR(low), and no expansion in the epidermis, consistent with their immaturity. These results suggest that optimal DETC development does not require a particular Vgamma/Vdelta-chain usage but requires expression of a limited diversity of gammadeltaTCRs, which allow DETC precursors to mature and expand within the epidermal microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/immunology
- Epidermal Cells
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 10
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7
- Fibroblast Growth Factors
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Immunophenotyping
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Stem Cells
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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12
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Inflammation alone evokes the response of a TCR-invariant mouse gamma delta T cell subset. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1999; 162:4910-3. [PMID: 10202036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Whether gamma delta T lymphocytes respond to microbial Ags or to inducible host Ags remains a matter of controversy. Using several different disease models and mouse strains, we and others have seen that V gamma 6/V delta 1 gamma delta T cells preferentially increase among the gamma delta T cells infiltrating inflamed tissues. However, it was not clear whether bacteria are necessary to bring about this response. Therefore, we have reexamined this question using a disease model in which inflammation is induced by a purely autoimmune process involving no bacteria, bacterial products, or other foreign material: testicular cell-induced autoimmune orchitis. Using this model we found that gamma delta T cells were still plentiful among the infiltrating T lymphocytes, being 9- to 10-fold more prevalent than in spleen, and that V gamma 6/V delta 1+ cells again represented the predominant gamma delta T cell type. This finding shows that the response of the V gamma 6/V delta 1+ subset does not, in fact, depend upon the presence of bacteria or bacterial products. The stimulus triggering the response of the V gamma 6/V delta 1 gamma delta T cells appears to be neither foreign nor organ-specific in origin, but instead consists of a self-derived host Ag or signal induced during the inflammatory process.
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13
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Regulatory elements in the promoter of a murine TCRD V gene segment. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1998; 161:791-804. [PMID: 9670956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
TCRD V segments rearrange in an ordered fashion during human and murine thymic development. Recombination requires the accessibility of substrate gene segments, and transcriptional enhancers and promoters have been shown to regulate the accessible chromatin configuration. We therefore investigated the regulation of TCRD V rearrangements by characterizing the promoter of the first TCRD V segment to be rearranged, DV101S1, under the influence of its own enhancer. Sequences required for full promoter activity were identified by transient transfections of normal and mutated promoters into a human gammadelta lymphoma, and necessary elements fall between -86 and +66 nt, relative to the major transcription start site. They include a cAMP responsive element (CRE) at -62, an Ets site at -39, a TATA box at -26, the major transcriptional start site sequence (-8 to -5 and -2 to +11), and a downstream sequence (+12 to +33). Gel shift analyses and in vitro DNase I footprinting showed that nuclear proteins bind to the functionally relevant CRE, Ets, +1 to +10 sequence, and the +17 to +21 sequence. Nuclear proteins also bind to an E box at -52, and GATA-3 binds to a GATA motif at -5, as shown by Ab ablation-supershift experiments, but mutations that abrogated protein binding to these sites failed to affect DV101S1 promoter activity. We conclude that not all protein-binding sites within the DV101S1 minimal promoter are important for enhancer driven TCRD gene transcription. Further, the possibility remains that the GATA and E box sites function in enhancer independent DV101S1 germline transcription.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Extracts/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- GATA3 Transcription Factor
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed/immunology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational/genetics
- Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Protein Biosynthesis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/immunology
- TATA Box/immunology
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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14
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Induction of TCR gene rearrangements in uncommitted stem cells by a subset of IL-7 producing, MHC class-II-expressing thymic stromal cells. Immunity 1997; 6:351-60. [PMID: 9075935 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic thymic microenvironment provides the necessary elements for T cell lineage commitment, but the precise role of individual stromal cell components remains to be determined. Here we address the question of which stromal cell types are required for initiation of V-DJ rearrangements of the TCR-beta and TCR-delta locus in CD117+CD45+ uncommitted fetal liver progenitors. We show that fetal thymic stroma alone is necessary and sufficient for induction of TCR-beta and TCR-delta rearrangements. Furthermore, the ability to induce this T cell commitment step is confined to a subset of MHC class II-positive epithelial cells. Thymic stroma derived from mice with a targeted deletion in the IL-7 gene, however, lacks this ability. These findings set the stage for a further definition of the nature of the thymic stromal cell support in the regulation of T cell commitment.
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15
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T-cell receptor heterogeneity of gamma delta T-cell clones from human female reproductive tissues. Immunol Suppl 1993; 78:436-43. [PMID: 8386698 PMCID: PMC1421841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
gamma delta T cells were isolated from human decidua parietalis, decidua basalis and cervix and cloned in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). T-cell receptor (TcR) expression was then analysed and compared with that of a panel of gamma delta T-cell clones from peripheral blood. Only 17/40 (42.5%) clones from decidua parietalis were V gamma 9+/V delta 2+ as compared to 68/94 (72%) of peripheral blood clones (P < 0.005). Conversely, 50% of clones from decidua parietalis but only 15% of clones from peripheral blood were V delta 1+ (P < 0.001). At least seven distinct TcR types were identified among the panel of clones from decidua parietalis and at least six different types were expressed by the panel of 17 clones from cervix. This receptor heterogeneity was not a result of interdonor variation as in all instances where more than one clone was obtained from a single sample, individual clones having between two and five receptor types were identified. However, 23/24 (95.8%) of clones from decidua basalis were V gamma 9+/V delta 2+. Most clones from decidua parietalis and cervix, whether V gamma 9+/V delta 2+ or V delta 1+, were positive for the mucosal lymphocyte marker, HML-1, but expression was often heterogeneous within a single clone. In contrast, almost all gamma delta T-cell clones from peripheral blood were HML-1-. Thus, unlike the mouse, gamma delta T cells within these human female reproductive tissues have a diverse TcR repertoire which, in decidua parietalis, is distinct from that of peripheral blood.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Blotting, Southern
- Cervix Uteri/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Decidua/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Humans
- Integrins/analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
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16
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Subset heterogeneity among gamma delta T cells found in peripheral blood during Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Immunol Lett 1992; 32:273-4. [PMID: 1323528 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(92)90061-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The differentiation of human thymocyte precursors was studied by analysis of clonal progeny of CD4-CD8-CD3- (triple negative or TN) thymocytes. Using a culture system of phytohemagglutinin, IL-2, and irradiated allogeneic lymphoid feeder cells, we found that 48% of clones (104 total) derived from TN thymocyte suspensions were TCR gamma delta cells, 12% of clones were TCR alpha beta cells, and 34% were CD16+CD3- cells. Importantly, 6% of clones were novel subsets of CD4+CD8-CD3- or CD4-CD8+CD3- thymocytes. The majority of TCR alpha beta, TCR gamma delta, and CD16+CD3- clones expressed low levels of CD4. Molecular analysis of freshly isolated TN- thymocytes prior to in vitro culture demonstrated that up to 40% of cells had TCR gamma, delta, and beta gene rearrangements, but were negative in indirect immunofluorescence assays for cytoplasmic TCR delta and beta. These data provide evidence at the clonal level for the presence of precursors of the TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta lineages in the human TN thymocyte pool. Moreover, a substantial proportion of freshly isolated human TN thymocytes had already undergone TCR gene rearrangement prior to in vitro culture. Whether these precursors of the TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta lineages mature from cells already containing TCR gene rearrangements into sTCR+ cells or differentiate in vitro from cells with TCR genes in germline configuration remains to be determined. Nonetheless, these data demonstrate that the predominant clone types that grow out of human TN thymocytes in vitro are TCR gamma delta and NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD7
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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