1
|
Burbaeva GS, Boksha IS, Tereshkina EB, Savushkina OK, Turishcheva MS, Starodubtseva LI, Brusov OS, Morozova MA. Effect of olanzapine treatment on platelet glutamine synthetase-like protein and glutamate dehydrogenase immunoreactivity in schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2006; 7:75-81. [PMID: 16684679 DOI: 10.1080/15622970510029957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
According to contemporary views, the glutamatergic system is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and atypical neuroleptics exert their effects (at least partially) through the glutamatergic system. Immunoreactive glutamate-metabolising enzymes, such as glutamine synthetase-like protein (GSLP) and two glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (GDH), have been discovered in human platelets. The amount of GSLP in the platelets of 40 chronic patients with schizophrenia was found to be significantly higher than in 33 controls (consistent with our previous finding of increased amounts of GSLP in the prefrontal cortex of chronic schizophrenia patients). Moreover, survival analysis of the group of patients treated with olanzapine for 28 weeks showed that the larger amount of GSLP measured in platelets before treatment, the shorter the treatment time needed to achieve a positive clinical response (defined a priori as > or = 20% reduction in PANSS total score from the initial level before the treatment). Hence, GSLP level may serve as a predictor of the treatment duration to achieve a positive outcome with olanzapine. Both GSLP and GDH were found significantly changed in the course of treatment; hence, treatment with olanzapine influences the amounts of glutamate-metabolising enzymes in the platelets of chronic schizophrenia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulnur Sh Burbaeva
- Mental Health Research Centre of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao Z, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling circadian rhythms of glucocorticoid receptor and glutamine synthetase expression in rat skeletal muscle. Pharm Res 2006; 23:670-9. [PMID: 16673181 PMCID: PMC4178542 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-9608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The circadian rhythm of endogenous corticosterone (CS) may produce fluctuations of downstream gene expression in normal rats. This study examined changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) expression in rat skeletal muscle in relation to plasma CS over a 24-h period. METHODS Fifty-four normal male Wistar rats were sacrificed at 18 time points (n = 3) over 24 h. Plasma CS concentrations and gastrocnemius muscle GR and GS mRNA and GS activity were measured. RESULTS The circadian rhythm of plasma CS was captured by a two-harmonic function. The expression of GR and GS mRNA and GS activity follow a circadian rhythm in normal rat skeletal muscle. GR mRNA reaches a trough at 4 h after the peak of plasma CS and it fluctuates between 0.55 and 0.9 fmol g tissue(-1). GS mRNA and activity reach peaks at 6 and 12 h after the endogenous CS peak. GS mRNA oscillates between 3 and 6 fmol g tissue(-1), whereas GS activity fluctuates between 17 and 23 micromol min(-1) g protein(-1). Mechanistic receptor/gene-mediated pharmacodynamic models were applied to describe the temporal patterns of GR mRNA, GS mRNA, and GS activity within the circadian cycle. CONCLUSIONS The integrated models were able to capture the circadian expression patterns of plasma CS, and GR and GS in normal rat skeletal muscle showing a dependence of tissue gene expression on plasma CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Debra C. DuBois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Richard R. Almon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ()
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bos IWM, Hoogland G, Meine Jansen CF, Willigen GV, Spierenburg HA, van den Berg LH, de Graan PNE. Increased glutamine synthetase but normal EAAT2 expression in platelets of ALS patients. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:306-11. [PMID: 16426705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and glutamate excitotoxicity has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Platelets contain a glutamate uptake system and express components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle, such as the predominant glial excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2). In several neurological diseases platelets have proven to be systemic markers for the disease. We compared properties of key components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in blood platelets of ALS patients and healthy controls. Platelets were analyzed for (3)H-glutamate uptake in the presence or absence of thrombin and for EAAT2 and glutamine synthetase protein expression by Western blotting. Platelets of ALS patients showed a 37% increase in expression of glutamine synthetase, but normal expression of glutamate transporter EAAT2. Glutamate uptake in resting or thrombin-stimulated platelets did not differ significantly between platelets from ALS patients and controls. Thrombin-stimulation resulted in about a seven-fold increase in glutamate uptake. Our data suggest that glutamine synthetase may be a peripheral marker of ALS and encourage further investigation into the role of this enzyme in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I W M Bos
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polez VLP, Moraes G, Santos Neto C. Different biochemical strategies of two neotropical fish to cope with the impairment of nitrogen excretion during air exposure. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:279-85. [PMID: 12563532 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of fish to air is normally expected to interfere with the nitrogen excretion process. Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, two teleost species, display distinct behaviors in response to decreases in natural reservoir water levels, although they may employ similar biochemical strategies. To investigate this point, plasma levels of ammonia, urea, uric acid, and the two urea cycle enzymes, ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) and arginase (ARG), as well as glutamine synthetase (GS) were determined for both species after exposure to air. Plasma ammonia increased gradually during exposure to air, but only H. malabaricus showed increased concentrations of urea. Plasma uric acid remained very low in both fish. Enzymatic activities (mean +/- SD, micromol min(-1) g protein(-1)) of H. malabaricus showed significant increases (P<0.05, N = 6) in OCT from 0.84 +/- 0.05 to 1.42 +/- 0.03, in ARG from 8.07 +/- 0.47 to 9.97 +/- 0.53 and in GS from 1.15 +/- 0.03 to 2.39 +/- 0.04. The OCT and ARG enzymes remained constant in H. unitaeniatus (N = 6), but GS increased from 1.49 +/- 0.02 to 2.06 +/- 0.03. Although these species are very closely related and share the same environment, their biochemical strategies in response to exposure to air or to increased plasma ammonia are different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L P Polez
- Departamentos de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takahashi M, Stanton E, Moreno JI, Jackowski G. Immunoassay for serum glutamine synthetase in serum: development, reference values, and preliminary study in dementias. Clin Chem 2002; 48:375-8. [PMID: 11805026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Takahashi
- Syn-X Pharma Inc., 6354 Viscount Rd., Mississauga, Ontario, L4V 1H3 Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
SYN-X pharma introduces Alzheimer's disease diagnostic aid. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2001; 1:369. [PMID: 11901850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
|
7
|
Tumani H, Shen G, Peter JB, Brück W. Glutamine synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and brain: a diagnostic marker for Alzheimer disease? Arch Neurol 1999; 56:1241-6. [PMID: 10520940 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.56.10.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the glutamine synthetase (GS) level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a useful biochemical marker in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD), and to assess the source of GS (brain vs. blood derived) in CSF. METHODS Sandwich enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting were applied to detect GS in CSF and in serum from neurologically healthy control subjects and patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. The origin of GS was estimated by the concentration gradients of CSF to serum and ventricular to lumbar CSF. In addition, postmortem brain tissue from controls and patients with AD was analyzed using immunohistochemistry for expression of GS. RESULTS Levels of GS were significantly increased in lumbar CSF from patients with AD (20+/-12 pg/mL; P = .01) and to a lesser extent in patients with vascular dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In CSF of controls, GS levels were 4+/-3 pg/mL. The GS concentration gradients were less than 1:10 for CSF to serum and 2:1 for ventricular to lumbar CSF. Immunoreactivity of GS was most prominent in astrocytes from temporal neocortex of patients with AD, suggesting a relationship between astrocyte reactions and increased GS levels in CSF. CONCLUSIONS Level of GS in lumbar CSF of patients with AD is increased significantly but nonspecifically, probably related to the strong astrogliosis in brain. Glutamine synthetase in lumbar CSF is mainly brain derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tumani
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tumani H, Shen GQ, Peter JB. Purification and immunocharacterization of human brain glutamine synthetase and its detection in cerebrospinal fluid and serum by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 1995; 188:155-63. [PMID: 8551033 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A modified procedure employing a single chromatographic step to purify glutamine synthetase from human brain is described. The enzyme was characterized by native, denaturing, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Yield and purity were assessed by enzyme activity assay and a newly developed sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a mouse monoclonal antibody against native sheep brain glutamine synthetase. The immunoassay detected glutamine synthetase protein in samples where the enzyme had been inactivated by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing, and in serum and cerebrospinal fluid where glutamine synthetase was undetectable by the enzyme activity assay. Native glutamine synthetase from human brain occurred as an octamer with an estimated molecular weight of 360-400 kDa. Under reducing and denaturing conditions, the enzyme dissociated into monomeric subunits with an estimated molecular weight of 44 kDa. The monomers were recognized by the monoclonal antibody on immunoblots but not in the sandwich enzyme immunoassay, suggesting that the antigenic site occurs once on each subunit. Both human and sheep brain glutamine synthetases were composed of three and four different types of subunits with isoelectric points ranging from 7.0-7.2 and 6.8-7.0, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tumani
- Specialty Laboratories, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404-3900, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kress S, Katz N. Discrimination between periportal and pericentral necrosis of rat liver by determination of glutamine synthetase and other enzyme activities in serum. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993; 31:733-8. [PMID: 7905753 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1993.31.11.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Periportal or pericentral necrosis of rat liver was produced by injection of allyl-alcohol or bromobenzene, respectively. Activities of predominantly periportal and perivenous enzymes were determined in serum during maximal necrosis. Aspartate aminotransferase, which is more or less homogeneously distributed in the liver acinus, exhibited similar activities in serum after periportal and pericentral injury. Serum activities of the mainly periportal enzymes alanine aminotransferase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase were 1.5- to 2-fold higher after periportal as compared to pericentral necrosis. Serum activity of the mainly pericentral glutamate dehydrogenase was 3-fold higher after pericentral than after periportal damage. However, due to individual variations necrosis could not be definitively localized in any case by measurement of these enzyme activities. Better discrimination between periportal and pericentral necrosis was achieved by the serum activity of the exclusively pericentral enzyme glutamine synthetase, which was 8-fold higher after pericentral as compared to periportal necrosis. Conclusive discrimination was obtained by the activity ratio fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase/glutamine synthetase in serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kress
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universität Giessen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miulli DE, Norwell DY, Schwartz FN. Plasma concentrations of glutamate and its metabolites in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1993; 93:670-676. [PMID: 8102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurologic and psychologic tests without brain tissue biopsy do not establish the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. This pilot study demonstrates significant increases in the activity of plasma glutamate dehydrogenase and the plasma concentrations of aspartate, glutamate, and alpha-ketoglutarate in nursing home residents with previously diagnosed Alzheimer's disease when compared with that in other nursing home residents without Alzheimer's disease who had no complicating conditions. Plasma concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamine, and activities of plasma glutamate decarboxylase, glutaminase, and glutamine synthetase were not significantly different in the two groups. A discriminant analysis number, based on the four significantly different compounds, is obtained that may be used as the basis for an inexpensive, non-invasive, and accurate screening test for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Miulli
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Ill
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
1. The metabolism of glutamine and alanine in the lung was studied in rats made septic by a caecal ligation and puncture technique. 2. The blood glucose concentration was not significantly different in septic rats, but blood pyruvate, lactate, glutamine and alanine concentrations were markedly increased as compared with sham-operated rats. Conversely, blood ketone body and plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly decreased in septic rats. Both plasma insulin and plasma glucagon concentrations were markedly elevated in response to sepsis. Sepsis resulted in a negative nitrogen balance. 3. Sepsis increased the rates of production of glutamine (52.5%, P less than 0.001), alanine (38.9%, P less than 0.001) and glutamate (48.6%, P less than 0.001) by lung slices incubated in vitro. 4. Sepsis increased lung blood flow by 27.6% (P less than 0.05). Blood flow and arteriovenous concentration difference measurement across the lung of septic rats showed an increase in the net exchange rates of glutamine (142.5%, P less than 0.001), alanine (129.4%, P less than 0.001), glutamate (100.9%, P less than 0.001) and ammonia (138.0%, P less than 0.001) as compared with sham-operated control rats. 5. Sepsis produced significant decreases in the lung concentrations of glutamine (36.8%), glutamate (20.8%), 2-oxoglutarate (64.8%) and AMP (18.3%). The lung concentrations of alanine (95.9%), ammonia (67.7%) and pyruvate (89.7%) were increased. 6. The maximal activities of glutamine synthetase (20.4%, P less than 0.05), phosphate-dependent glutaminase (18.9%, P less than 0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (25.5%, P less than 0.05) were increased, but there was no marked change in that of glutamate dehydrogenase, in the lungs of septic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Ardawi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Allied Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
To study the acinar distribution of protein turnover, rats were given a tracer dose of 14C-valine intraperitoneally. At 30 min or 20 hr later, livers were perfused in situ and periportal (pp) or perivenous (pv) cell lysates were collected after digitonin pulse infusion. In control rats the post-label radioactivity of cell lysates showed no zonation. The radioactivity of the pp and pv cell lysates was significantly higher in livers of chronically ethanol-fed rats than in the controls, and the increase was more prominent in the pp region. Furthermore, after chronic ethanol feeding, an enrichment of plasma protein in the pv region was observed. The results support the view that in the control rats liver protein turnover is not zonated. Chronic ethanol feeding may, however, induce such zonation, as evidenced by both a slower rate of protein turnover in the pp cells and preferential pv accumulation of plasma proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Pösö
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marchetti P, Ranelletti FO, Natoli V, Sica G, De Rossi G, Iacobelli S. Presence and steroid inducibility of glutamine synthetase in human leukemic cells. J Steroid Biochem 1983; 19:1665-70. [PMID: 6139509 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(83)90388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2; GS) is present in lymphoblasts from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as well as in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. In 16 out of 20 ALL patients studied exposure of the cells to physiological concentrations of dexamethasone in vitro increased enzyme activity above the control levels. The increase was specific for glucocorticoid receptor ligands. A direct correlation was found between the magnitude of glucocorticoid-mediated increase of GS activity and the cellular levels of specific glucocorticoid receptors assayed in the same cell specimen. Moreover, the basal levels of the enzyme measured in cells prior to exposure to dexamethasone correlated negatively with receptor density. It is suggested that the presence of steroid-inducible GS in ALL cells may prove to be a marker for functional receptor sites.
Collapse
|
14
|
Agarwal KN, Bhatia BD, Batta RK, Singla PN, Shankar R. Erythrocytic enzymes and amino acids related to glutamic acid metabolism in childhood hypoproteinemic states. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:924-7. [PMID: 6112873 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/34.5.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The erythrocyte enzymes of glutamic acid metabolism (glutaminase I, glutaminase II, glutamic acid decarboxylase, glutamine synthetase, and transaminases) and related amino acids (glutamine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid) were estimated in 69 children with protein-energy malnutrition, 13 with nephrosis, and 10 with Indian childhood cirrhosis. Twenty-one apparently healthy children served as controls. There was a significant increase in the activities of erythrocytic glutaminase I, glutaminase II, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and glutamine synthetase in all the three hypoproteinemic states, while the activities of the transaminases showed a decrease in all the conditions. The concentrations of all the amino acids were significantly increased in both the varieties of protein-energy malnutrition (edematous and nonedematous). In nephrosis and Indian childhood cirrhosis, aspartic acid, alanine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid showed a significant rise. The concentration of glutamic acid was also significantly increased in nephrosis. The observations of the present study suggest an increase in intracellular production of glutamic acid in hypoproteinemia.
Collapse
|
15
|
Karasawa Y, Tasaki I. Stimulatory effects of ammonia and glutamine on uric acid synthesis in the chicken (Gallus domesticus) treated with methionine sulfoximine. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1976; 53:307-10. [PMID: 3356 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
|