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Kousathanas A, Pairo-Castineira E, Rawlik K, Stuckey A, Odhams CA, Walker S, Russell CD, Malinauskas T, Wu Y, Millar J, Shen X, Elliott KS, Griffiths F, Oosthuyzen W, Morrice K, Keating S, Wang B, Rhodes D, Klaric L, Zechner M, Parkinson N, Siddiq A, Goddard P, Donovan S, Maslove D, Nichol A, Semple MG, Zainy T, Maleady-Crowe F, Todd L, Salehi S, Knight J, Elgar G, Chan G, Arumugam P, Patch C, Rendon A, Bentley D, Kingsley C, Kosmicki JA, Horowitz JE, Baras A, Abecasis GR, Ferreira MAR, Justice A, Mirshahi T, Oetjens M, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, Verma A, Fowler TA, Shankar-Hari M, Summers C, Hinds C, Horby P, Ling L, McAuley D, Montgomery H, Openshaw PJM, Elliott P, Walsh T, Tenesa A, Fawkes A, Murphy L, Rowan K, Ponting CP, Vitart V, Wilson JF, Yang J, Bretherick AD, Scott RH, Hendry SC, Moutsianas L, Law A, Caulfield MJ, Baillie JK. Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19. Nature 2022; 607:97-103. [PMID: 35255492 PMCID: PMC9259496 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2-4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes-including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)-in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erola Pairo-Castineira
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Konrad Rawlik
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Clark D Russell
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Xia Shen
- Biostatistics Group, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kirstie Morrice
- Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sean Keating
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bo Wang
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lucija Klaric
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie Zechner
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nick Parkinson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Maslove
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alistair Nichol
- Clinical Research Centre at St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Respiratory Medicine and Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's Hospital and University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Julian Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tom A Fowler
- Genomics England, London, UK
- Test and Trace, the Health Security Agency, Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Charles Hinds
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter Horby
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lowell Ling
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Peter J M Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust: London, London, UK
| | | | - Timothy Walsh
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Albert Tenesa
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Angie Fawkes
- Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lee Murphy
- Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathy Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Andrew D Bretherick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard H Scott
- Genomics England, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andy Law
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Genomics England, London, UK.
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Su W, Yu Y, Xu X, Wang XQ, Huang JB, Xu CD, Xiao Y. Valuable clinical indicators for identifying infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease patients with monogenic diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:92-106. [PMID: 33505153 PMCID: PMC7789064 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IO-IBD) occurs in very young children and causes severe clinical manifestations, which has poor responses to traditional inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatments. At present, there are no simple and reliable laboratory indicators for early screening IO-IBD patients, especially those in whom the disease is caused by monogenic diseases.
AIM To search for valuable indicators for early identifying IO-IBD patients, especially those in whom the disease is caused by monogenic diseases.
METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in 73 patients with IO-IBD admitted to our hospital in the past 5 years. Based on the next-generation sequencing results, they were divided into a monogenic IBD group (M-IBD) and a non-monogenic IBD group (NM-IBD). Forty age-matched patients with allergic proctocolitis (AP) were included in a control group. The clinical manifestations and the inflammatory factors in peripheral blood were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to identify the screening factors and cut-off values of IO-IBD as well as monogenic IO-IBD, respectively.
RESULTS Among the 44 M-IBD patients, 35 carried IL-10RA mutations, and the most common mutations were c.301C>T (p.R101W, 30/70) and the c.537G>A (p.T179T, 17/70). Patients with higher serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α value were more likely to have IBD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.50, P = 0.013], while higher serum albumin level was associated with lower risk of IBD (OR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.74-1.00, P = 0.048). The cut-off values of TNF-α and albumin were 17.40 pg/mL (sensitivity: 0.78; specificity: 0.88) and 36.50 g/L (sensitivity: 0.80; specificity: 0.90), respectively. The increased ferritin level was indicative of a genetic mutation in IO-IBD patients. Its cut-off value was 28.20 ng/mL (sensitivity: 0.93; specificity: 0.92). When interleukin (IL)-10 level was higher than 33.05 pg/mL (sensitivity: 1.00; specificity: 0.84), or the onset age was earlier than 0.21 mo (sensitivity: 0.82; specificity: 0.94), the presence of disease-causing mutations in IL-10RA in IO-IBD patients was strongly suggested.
CONCLUSION Serum TNF-α and albumin level could differentiate IO-IBD patients from allergic proctocolitis patients, and serum ferritin and IL-10 levels are useful indicators for early diagnosing monogenic IO-IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin-Qiong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jie-Bin Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chun-Di Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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