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Mahittikorn A, Prasertbun R, Mori H, Popruk S. ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY AMONG ORPHANS INFECTED WITH INTESTINAL PARASITES IN PATHUM THANI PROVINCE, THAILAND. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014; 45:1252-1263. [PMID: 26466411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections can negatively impact growth and nutrition in children. The infections can induce oxidative stress, resulting in a variety of illnesses. We measured antioxidant enzyme levels in orphan children infected with intestinal parasites to investigate the influence of nutritional status on antioxidant enzymes. This cross sectional study was conducted at an orphanage in Thailand. Stool samples were obtained from each subject and examined for intestinal parasites. Anthropometric measurements, complete blood count and biochemical parameters, including serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, were obtained from studied subjects. One hundred twenty-eight children were included in the study. Intestinal parasites were found on microscopic examination of the stools in 36.7% (47/128); 18% (23/128) had a mixed parasite infection. Intestinal protozoa were found in 34.4% of subjects and intestinal helminthes were found in 2.3%. The median GPx level in children infected with intestinal parasites (2.3 ng/ml) was significantly lower than in non-infected children (7.7 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in SOD levels between the two groups. When comparing GPx levels in children with 1) pathogenic parasites, 2) non-pathogenic parasites and 3) no intestinal parasite infection, GPx levels differed significantly among three groups (2.2 ng/ml, 2.4 ng/ml and 7.7 ng/ml, respectively) (p < 0.05). When separating children by BMI and type of infection, the median SOD level in underweight children infected with pathogenic parasites (107.2 ng/ml) was significantly higher than in underweight children infected with non-pathogenic parasites (68.6 ng/ml) and without intestinal parasite infections (72.2 ng/ml). The present study identified two key findings: low GPx levels in children with intestinal parasitic infections, and the potential impact of malnutrition on some antioxidants.
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a human intestinal parasite that causes amoebic colitis as well as liver abscesses. Host tissues are damaged through a three-step process involving adherence, contact-dependent cytolysis, and phagocytosis. These three processes all contribute to the pathogenicity of this parasite. Adherence is provided by the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin. Host cells are lysed in a contact-dependent fashion. There is evidence that suggests that this contact-dependent killing involves the induction of the host cell's apoptotic machinery. Phagocytosis can then occur, consistent with metazoan apoptotic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Boettner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, MR4 Bldg. Room 2115, Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1340, USA
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Savlík M, Fimanová K, Szotáková B, Lamka J, Skálová L. Modulation of porcine biotransformation enzymes by anthelmintic therapy with fenbendazole and flubendazole. Res Vet Sci 2005; 80:267-74. [PMID: 16125742 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fenbendazole (FEN) and flubendazole (FLU) are benzimidazole anthelmintics often used in pig management for the control of nematodoses. The in vivo study presented here was designed to test the influence of FLU and FEN on cytochrome P4501A and other cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and several carbonyl reducing enzymes. The results indicated that FEN (in a single therapeutic dose as well as in repeated therapeutic doses) caused significant induction of pig CYP1A, while FLU did not show an inductive effect towards this isoform. Some of the other hepatic and intestinal biotransformation enzymes that were assayed were moderately influenced by FEN or FLU. Strong CYP1A induction following FEN therapy in pigs may negatively affect the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of FEN itself or other simultaneously or consecutively administered drugs. From the perspective of biotransformation enzyme modulation, FLU would appear to be a more convenient anthelmintic therapy of pigs than FEN.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Animals
- Anthelmintics/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Fenbendazole/pharmacology
- Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/enzymology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/enzymology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Isoenzymes
- Male
- Mebendazole/analogs & derivatives
- Mebendazole/pharmacology
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/drug therapy
- Swine Diseases/enzymology
- Swine Diseases/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Savlík
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Balemba OB, Mortensen K, Semuguruka WD, Hay-Schmidt A, Johansen MV, Dantzer V. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity is increased during granulomatous inflammation in the colon and caecum of pigs infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Auton Neurosci 2002; 99:1-12. [PMID: 12171250 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide is a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system and plays a role in a variety of enteropathies including Crohn's and Chagas' diseases, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, atrophy and hypertrophy. The content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the colon and the caecum from pigs infected with Schistosoma japonicum was studied using immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for nNOS and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase), respectively. In the infected pigs, lightly, moderately and less severely inflamed tissues showed increased nNOS and NADPH-diaphorase activities in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres in the enteric plexuses compared to control pigs. There was a significant increase in the nerve cell body density of nNOS immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the inner submucous plexus, outer submucous plexus and in the myenteric plexus. More intensely stained nerve cell bodies and varicosities were observed in tissue from prenatally infected and prenatally infected, postnatally re-infected pigs compared to postnatally infected pigs. However, the latter showed the highest numerical density of nNOS immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. Marked increases were seen in the inner submucous plexus followed by myenteric plexus, inner circular muscle, outer submucous plexus and mucous plexus. However, in very severe inflamed tissues, the number and staining intensity of nerve cell bodies and nerve fibre varicosities were reduced in plexuses located in the lesions with the inner submucous and mucous plexuses being the most affected. There was no staining in the nervous tissue within the eosinophilic cell abscesses and productive granulomas. The apparent alterations in the activities of enzymes responsible for the generation of nitric oxide (NO) show possible alterations in the NO mediated non-adrenergic non-cholinergic reflexes in the enteric nervous tissue. These alterations might contribute to impaired intestinal motility and absorption, and other pathophysiological conditions seen during S. japonicum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Balemba
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Abstract
Activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is a common step of T cell stimulation. However, the relationship between PTKs and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from intestinal chronic schistosomiasis patients has not been explored yet. In this study, we investigated the participation of Lck and ZAP-70 protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), as well as PLC-gamma1 and Shc proteins in PBMC activation by Schistosoma mansoni antigens. PBMC were stimulated with SEA (soluble egg antigen) or SWAP (soluble worm preparation), lysed, precipitated with specific antibodies and the level of tyrosine phosphorylation evaluated. Our results show that Lck and Shc were phosphorylated upon stimulation of the cells with SWAP, as well as with SEA. However, the phosphorylation level was more pronounced in SWAP than in SEA-stimulated cells. Phosphorylation of ZAP-70 was observed only in SWAP stimulated cells. Additionally, PLC-gamma1 phosphorylation was not observed in PBMC stimulated with SEA. Together, these results indicate that SEA and SWAP induce PBMC proliferation through distinct intracellular signaling pathways. Moreover, the weaker response of PBMC to SEA compared to SWAP stimulation suggests down-regulation of cells from intestinal chronic schistosomiasis patients to SEA, which may occur during immunomodulation to S. mansoni response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Helminth/pharmacology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Humans
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/enzymology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/parasitology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Phospholipase C gamma
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/enzymology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, MG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Friend DS, Gurish MF, Austen KF, Hunt J, Stevens RL. Senescent jejunal mast cells and eosinophils in the mouse preferentially translocate to the spleen and draining lymph node, respectively, during the recovery phase of helminth infection. J Immunol 2000; 165:344-52. [PMID: 10861071 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because mice infected with Trichinella spiralis experience a pronounced, but transient, mastocytosis and eosinophilia in their intestine, this disease model was used to follow the fate of senescent T cell-dependent mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils. Very few MCs or eosinophils undergoing apoptosis were found in the jejunum during the resolution phase of the infection, even though apoptotic MCs were common in the large intestine. Although the mesenteric draining lymph nodes contained large numbers of apoptotic eosinophils, MCs were rarely found at this location. During the recovery phase, large numbers of MCs were present in the spleen, and many of these cells possessed segmented nuclei. These splenic MCs were not proliferating. Although MCs from the jejunum and spleen of noninfected mice failed to express mouse MC protease (mMCP) 9, essentially all of the MCs in the jejunal submucosa and spleen of T. spiralis-infected mice expressed this serine protease during the recovery phase. The MCs in the jejunum expressed mMCP-9 before any mMCP-9-containing cells could be detected in the spleen. The fact that mMCP-9-containing MCs were detected in splenic blood vessels as these cells began to disappear from the jejunum supports the view that many jejunal MCs translocate to the spleen during the recovery phase of the infection. During this translocation process, some senescent jejunal MCs undergo nuclear segmentation. These studies reveal for the first time different exit and disposal pathways for T cell-dependent eosinophils and MCs after their expansion in the jejunum during a helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Friend
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lawrence CE, Paterson JC, Wei XQ, Liew FY, Garside P, Kennedy MW. Nitric oxide mediates intestinal pathology but not immune expulsion during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. J Immunol 2000; 164:4229-34. [PMID: 10754319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between intestinal pathology and immune expulsion of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes remains controversial. Although immune expulsion of GI helminth parasites is usually associated with Th2 responses, the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been identified. We have previously shown that while the intestinal pathology accompanying the expulsion of the GI parasite Trichinella spiralis may be dependent on IL-4 and mediated by TNF, parasite loss is independent of TNF. In contrast, intestinal pathology in other disease models has been attributed to Th1 cytokines, although it closely resembles that seen in helminth infections. Whereas production of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the gut is important for both homeostasis of the epithelial layer and in protection against pathogenic microorganisms, overproduction of NO has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory conditions. We therefore investigated the role of NO in T. spiralis infection using iNOS-deficient mice. iNOS-/- and iNOS-/+ mice were infected with T. spiralis, and parasite expulsion and intestinal pathology were followed. Parasite expulsion proceeded similarly in both groups of animals, but significant intestinal pathology was only observed in the heterozygous mice. Thus it appears that, although the protective effects of Th2 responses in GI helminth infection do not require NO, this mediator contributes substantially to the associated enteropathy. NO may therefore be an important mediator of enteropathy in both Th1- and Th2-inducing conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/biosynthesis
- Body Fluids/enzymology
- Body Fluids/immunology
- Body Fluids/metabolism
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/enzymology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Intestine, Small/enzymology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/parasitology
- Mastocytosis/enzymology
- Mastocytosis/genetics
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/deficiency
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Th2 Cells/enzymology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinella spiralis/pathogenicity
- Trichinellosis/enzymology
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
- Trichinellosis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lawrence
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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McLean PG, Picard C, Garcia-Villar R, Moré J, Fioramonti J, Buéno L. Effects of nematode infection on sensitivity to intestinal distension: role of tachykinin NK2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 337:279-82. [PMID: 9430426 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Distension of the rat intestine causes a depressor response which is predictive of nociception. This study investigated the effects of previous infection with Nippostrongylus (N.) brasiliensis on the sensitivity to intestinal distension and the role of tachykinin NK2 receptors. The tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist, SR48968 (S)-N-methyl-N[4-(4-acetylamino-4-phenylpiperidino)-2-(3,4-dichloropheny l)butyl]benzamide) inhibited the nociceptive response (ED50 = 0.7 mg/kg) in control rats. In post-N. brasiliensis-infected rats sensitivity to intestinal distension was increased which was accompanied by an increase in the apparent potency value of SR48968 (ED50 = 0.1 mg/kg). The hypersensitivity was limited to areas of hypermastocytosis. It is concluded that the post-inflammatory changes that occur in post-infected rats increase visceral sensitivity and the apparent potency of tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G McLean
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, INRA, Toulouse, France
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Faulkner H, Humphreys N, Renauld JC, Van Snick J, Grencis R. Interleukin-9 is involved in host protective immunity to intestinal nematode infection. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2536-40. [PMID: 9368607 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Murine studies have demonstrated that, as with other nematodes, infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with a pronounced intestinal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and an elevation in serum levels of total IgE. Both interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 are clearly important in the generation of IgE responses and eosinophilia, respectively, but the control of mucosal mastocytosis in vivo is not as well defined. Mucosal mast cells appear to be particularly important with regard to T. spiralis infections as there is good evidence to suggest their involvement in expulsion of the parasite from the host. In this study we examined the effect of the overproduction of the Th2 cytokine IL-9 on infection with this nematode. We demonstrate that naive IL-9-transgenic mice have an intense intestinal mastocytosis and high serum levels of mouse mast cell protease-1. Moreover, upon infection high titers of parasite-specific IgG1 were observed with a heightened mast cell response, which was associated with the rapid expulsion of T. spiralis from the gut. Furthermore, as depression of this mast cell response, using anti-c-kit antibodies, resulted in the inability of these mice to expel the parasite, this study clearly demonstrates an activity of IL-9 on mucosal mastocytosis and the host protective immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Faulkner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, GB
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Yu JR, Hong ST, Chai JY, Lee SH. The effect of reinfection with Neodiplostomum seoulensis on the histopathology and activities of brush border membrane bound enzymes in the rat small intestine. Korean J Parasitol 1995; 33:37-43. [PMID: 7735784 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1995.33.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neodiplostomum seoulensis, one of the human intestinal trematodes, was reinfected to albino rats, and worm recovery rates, histopathology and activity changes of the intestinal brush border membrane bound enzymes were observed. The experimental groups were three; uninfected, primary infection and reinfection. The worm recovery rate in the reinfection group was much lower than in the primary infection group 14 days after infection. The duodenal histopathology showed villous atrophy during the first and second week in the primary infection group. In the reinfection group, however, villous changes occurred as early as 3 days after the infection, and the lesion was found healed 7 days after infection. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase in the duodenum of primary infection rats decreased nearly half of the controls 2 weeks after infection, whereas the activities were unchanged in the reinfection group. However, no changes in the activities were observed in the proximal jejunum between the experimental groups. These findings suggested that a secondary infection of N. seoulensis in rats should make less damage on the intestinal mucosa than a primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Yu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju
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11
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Stanios W. [Histopathological, histochemical and electron-microscopic examinations of the larynx, trachea and lungs of guinea pigs with experimental ascariasis]. Pol Tyg Lek 1989; 44:805-8. [PMID: 2485897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Smith MW, Lloyd S. Intestinal infection with Nematospiroides dubius selectively increases lactase expression by mouse jejunal enterocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 1989; 77:139-44. [PMID: 2504531 DOI: 10.1042/cs0770139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Intestinal structure, lactase (beta-galactosidase; EC 3.2.1.23) activity and alkaline phosphatase activity have been determined in mouse jejunal and ileal tissues before and during infection with the intestinal parasite Nematospiroides dubius. 2. Oral infection with small numbers of N. dubius larvae caused villus height, crypt depth and enterocyte migration rate to increase in the mouse jejunum. None of these effects occurred in ileal tissue. 3. Lactase activity also increased in jejunal, but not ileal, tissue of infected mice. This increase was associated with a doubling of the rate at which activity appeared in the brush-border membrane of enterocytes during migration over the basal regions of jejunal villi. Alkaline phosphatase activity in jejunal tissue remained unchanged in infected mice. 4. Attention is drawn to the fact that this is the first occasion when crypt cell hyperplasia has been found to be positively correlated with an increase in lactase activity and a decrease in cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells. Further work is needed to establish the primary cause of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Smith
- AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, U.K
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Mukerjee S, Tekwani BL, Tripathi LM, Maitra SC, Visen PK, Katiyar JC, Ghatak S. Biochemical and histopathological alterations in golden hamster during infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Exp Mol Pathol 1988; 49:50-61. [PMID: 3396668 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(88)90020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) caused marked biochemical and histopathological derangements. Jejunum, the primary site of infection, showed pronounced alterations compared with liver. Though the biochemical composition of jejunum was not significantly altered, activities of a few lysosomal enzymes were enhanced during hookworm infection. Marked damage to mitochondrial and microsomal membranes was reflected in changes in the activities of the marker enzymes from jejunal tissue. Lipid content, especially phospholipids and neutral lipids of hepatic tissue, exhibited marked elevation. Levels of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were enhanced in jejunal as well as hepatic tissues, indicating activation of the glycolytic machinery during hookworm infection. A decrease in the levels of mucosal disaccharidases indicated damage to intestinal brush border membranes. However, alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in intestinal mucosa during the infection. Light microscopic examination of jejunal tissue revealed peeling off of the upper epithelial layer, activation of the goblet cells, and thickening of muscularis mucosa. However, hepatic tissue did not show gross alterations, except for slight necrosis in the centrilobular region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukerjee
- Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Dunn IJ, Wright KA. The response of the intestinal epithelium in B10.A mice to infection with Trichinella spiralis. J Parasitol 1987; 73:712-22. [PMID: 3625425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on intestinal trichinosis have dealt mainly with areas other than the intestinal epithelium. Since the epithelium is now known to be the parasite's habitat, its response to infection is important. Infection with Trichinella spiralis in immunologically slow-responding B10.A mice was associated with crypt hyperplasia and villus atrophy. With similar infection levels in both primary and challenge infections, there was no difference in the maximal degree of atrophy or hyperplasia between the 2 groups. However, challenged mice underwent these mucosal changes in about half the time. Expulsion of worms always occurred during regeneration of the intestinal epithelium suggesting that the host's defense mechanism of altering the kinetics of the epithelium was not the prime factor causing expulsion. Pulse labelling of enterocytes with [3H] thymidine showed that there was no significant increase in the relative size of the proliferation zone. This indicates that the crypt cell output was not altered by this parasite. Atrophy of the villus was analysed with respect to its 3-dimensional shape. There was a decrease in both height and width of the villus but not thickness. Thus, there is a real decrease in the size of the enterocyte population per villus. Histochemical staining of the enterocyte brush border by an alkaline phosphatase method showed that (1) hyperplastic crypts have an enlarged maturation zone and (2) the villus epithelium is composed entirely of mature cells. The distribution of the nematode population was compared to these changes in the intestine. Trichinella spiralis showed a marked anteriad (distal to proximal) migration prior to expulsion. Thus, utilizing a novel approach to study intestinal trichinosis, the response of the mucosal epithelium has been characterized.
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Mayberry LF, Bristol JR, Favela SH, Galindo MA. Peroxidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities during Eimeria nieschulzi (Apicomplexa) and/or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda) infections in the rat. Experientia 1986; 42:49-50. [PMID: 2867928 DOI: 10.1007/bf01975890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Results suggest that malabsorption of amino acids which occurs during Eimeria nieschulzi and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections in rats is not due to impairment by intestinal inflammation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity.
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Sallam MA, el-Tayeb H, Shawkat A, el Missiry AG. Jejunal disaccharidases activity in some intestinal parasites in Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1984; 14:547-56. [PMID: 6512301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Boulos LM, Abdou LA, Girgis RS. Histopathological and histochemical studies on experimentally infected hamsters with Pygidiopsis genata. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1981; 11:67-76. [PMID: 7299163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Guimarães RX, Pricoli TI, Novo NF, de Paiva ER. [Serum enzymes in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni]. AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 1979; 25:166-70. [PMID: 316555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Benz GW, Ernst JV. Alkaline phosphatase activities in intestinal mucosa from calves infected with Cooperia punctata and Eimeria bovis. Am J Vet Res 1976; 37:895-9. [PMID: 949116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thirty calves 12 weeks of age raised under essentially parasite-free conditions were used to determine the effects of Cooperia punctata and Eimeria bovis (in single and combination infections) on mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities at 8 locations in the small intestine. In experiment 1, 5 calves infected with C punctata 3 weeks previously had highly significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities compared with those in 5 noninfected control calves. These reductions were greatest in the 2 locations of the intestine closest to the pylorus. Infected calves had a mean of 44,356 C punctata adults present. In experiment 2, 5 calves infected with E bovis 2 weeks previously had significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities compared with those in 5 noninfected control calves. These reductions were present in the caudal half of the intestine. Numerous 1st-generation E bovis schizonts were present in the caudal third of the intestine. In experiment 3, 5 calves infected with C punctata and E bovis of the same durations as in experiments 1 and 2 had highly significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities in the cranial half of the intestine compared with those in the controls. These reductions were much larger than in either of the monospecific infections (experiments 1 and 2). A mean of 31,968 adult C punctata were recovered from the infected calves, and numerous E bovis schizonts were observed in the caudal third of the intestine.
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Mehlman IJ, Sanders AC, Simon NT, Olson JC. Methodology for recovery and identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1974; 57:101-10. [PMID: 4592256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractPhospholipase has been prepared in a stable, partially purified form from the small intestine of mice infected with the tapewormHymenolepis nana. The enzyme(s) attacks diacylphosphatides with liberation of free fatty acids and a corresponding decrease in phospholipid phosphorus, without accumulation of lysophosphatides. The reactivity with various substrates is strongly influenced by their physical state, the presence of other lipids, proteins or detergents. The phospholipids of some biomembranes (mitochondria, microsomes, red cell ghosts) are readily hydrolyzed under customary reaction conditions. The ensuing biochemical, morphological and functional alterations have been documented. In contrast, the diacylphospholipids of the cell membrane (intact erythrocytes,Pseudomonas aerunginosa) are not accessible to phospholipase action unless some alteration of the integrity of the cell is induced by physical or chemical means (hemolysis, polymyxin). The enzyme is proposed as a tool for the investigation of biomembranes and as a model for the study of phospholipase activity.
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Castro GA, Gentner H. Disaccharidase deficiency associated with the intestinal phase of trichinosis in guinea pigs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 140:342-5. [PMID: 5033110 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-140-36455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wellde BT, Johnson AJ, Williams JS, Langbehn HR, Sadun EH. Hematologic, biochemical, and parasitologic parameters of the night monkey (Aortus trivirgatus). Lab Anim Sci 1971; 21:575-80. [PMID: 4106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Vorozhtsova NI, Batanina GI. [The state of intracavitary and juxtamural digestion in chronic cholecystocholangitis and lambliosis of the intestine in children]. Pediatriia 1971; 50:40-4. [PMID: 5122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Dekhkan-Khodzhaeva NA, Kokueva OV, Aruin LI, Kasymov IT, Turakhodzhaeva MG. [Enzyme activity of the duodenal mucous membrane and its relation to morphological changes in lambliasis]. Klin Med (Mosk) 1971; 49:101-5. [PMID: 5576383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Monges H, Revil H, Delmont J, Chamlian A, Lafon J, Thomas J, Benkoel-Adechy L. [Whipple's disease in a patient with strongyloidosis (anguillulosis). Ultrastructural and histo-enzymological study of the jejunal mucosa]. Arch Fr Mal App Dig 1970; 59:525-38. [PMID: 4098206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chatterji A, Chowdhury AB. Aminotransferase in intestinal parasitism. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1970; 18:51-2. [PMID: 5517783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pucci R. [I. Serum transaminase activity in schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni and S. haematobium]. Arch Ital Sci Med Trop Parassitol 1969; 50:143-50. [PMID: 5371689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Reichenbach-Klinke H. [The influence of parasites on the enzyme contents of fish intestines]. Z Parasitenkd 1968; 31:19. [PMID: 5719575 DOI: 10.1007/bf00716425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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