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Lima BSDS, Esteves BB, Fialho-Júnior LC, Mendes TADO, Pires SDF, Chapeourouge A, Perales J, de Andrade HM. Study of the differentially abundant proteins among Leishmania amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. infantum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240612. [PMID: 33057350 PMCID: PMC7561129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis has been considered as emerging and re-emerging disease, and its increasing global incidence has raised concerns. The great clinical diversity of the disease is mainly determined by the species. In several American countries, tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is associated with both Leishmania amazonensis and L. braziliensis, while visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is associated with L. (L.) infantum. The major molecules that determine the most diverse biological variations are proteins. In the present study, through a DIGE approach, we identified differentially abundant proteins among the species mentioned above. We observed a variety of proteins with differential abundance among the studied species; and the biological networks predicted for each species showed that many of these proteins interacted with each other. The prominent proteins included the heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the protein network involved in oxide reduction process in L. amazonensis, the protein network of ribosomes in L. braziliensis, and the proteins involved in energy metabolism in L. infantum. The important proteins, as revealed by the PPI network results, enrichment categories, and exclusive proteins analysis, were arginase, HSPs, and trypanothione reductase in L. amazonensis; enolase, peroxidoxin, and tryparedoxin1 in L. braziliensis; and succinyl-CoA ligase [GDP -forming] beta-chain and transaldolase in L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Soares de Souza Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga (FADIP), Ponte Nova, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbara Beiral Esteves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Fialho-Júnior
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Simone da Fonseca Pires
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helida Monteiro de Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Uribe-Restrepo AF, Prieto MD, Cossio A, Desai MM, Castro MDM. Eligibility for Local Therapies in Adolescents and Adults with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis from Southwestern Colombia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:306-310. [PMID: 30628567 PMCID: PMC6367628 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Local therapies have been proposed as safe and effective alternatives to systemic drugs in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), especially among less severe cases. However, they are not widely available and used in endemic places, including Colombia, which has a high burden of disease. Further complicating the uptake of local therapies is that different treatment guidelines have been established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Using data from a large referral center in Colombia, we determined the proportion of patients who would be eligible for and potentially benefit from local therapies according to both international guidelines. The sample included 1,891 confirmed cases of CL aged ≥ 12 years, mostly infected with Leishmania Viannia panamensis (91%, n = 601/660), between 2004 and 2014. Overall, 57% of the sample had one lesion, whereas another 31% had two to three lesions. For 74% of patients, all lesions were in an area other than head or neck. The maximum lesion size was ≤ 3 cm for 58% and < 5 cm for 88% of the sample. Based on our data, up to 56% of patients could have been eligible for local therapies according to the WHO criteria. By contrast, only 23% were eligible according to the more restrictive PAHO criteria. Regardless, these data suggest that a substantial proportion of CL patients in Colombia may benefit from local therapies given their relatively mild presentation of disease and low risk of complications. Individualized risk-benefit assessment and guideline adjustments may increase local therapy eligibility and benefit a large number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Uribe-Restrepo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Miguel Dario Prieto
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Cossio
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - María del Mar Castro
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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de Paiva RMC, Grazielle-Silva V, Cardoso MS, Nakagaki BN, Mendonça-Neto RP, Canavaci AMC, Souza Melo N, Martinelli PM, Fernandes AP, daRocha WD, Teixeira SMR. Amastin Knockdown in Leishmania braziliensis Affects Parasite-Macrophage Interaction and Results in Impaired Viability of Intracellular Amastigotes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005296. [PMID: 26641088 PMCID: PMC4671664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a human parasitic disease with manifestations ranging from cutaneous ulcerations to fatal visceral infection, is caused by several Leishmania species. These protozoan parasites replicate as extracellular, flagellated promastigotes in the gut of a sandfly vector and as amastigotes inside the parasitophorous vacuole of vertebrate host macrophages. Amastins are surface glycoproteins encoded by large gene families present in the genomes of several trypanosomatids and highly expressed in the intracellular amastigote stages of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. Here, we showed that the genome of L. braziliensis contains 52 amastin genes belonging to all four previously described amastin subfamilies and that the expression of members of all subfamilies is upregulated in L. braziliensis amastigotes. Although primary sequence alignments showed no homology to any known protein sequence, homology searches based on secondary structure predictions indicate that amastins are related to claudins, a group of proteins that are components of eukaryotic tight junction complexes. By knocking-down the expression of δ-amastins in L. braziliensis, their essential role during infection became evident. δ-amastin knockdown parasites showed impaired growth after in vitro infection of mouse macrophages and completely failed to produce infection when inoculated in BALB/c mice, an attenuated phenotype that was reverted by the re-expression of an RNAi-resistant amastin gene. Further highlighting their essential role in host-parasite interactions, electron microscopy analyses of macrophages infected with amastin knockdown parasites showed significant alterations in the tight contact that is normally observed between the surface of wild type amastigotes and the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by more than 20 species of the genus Leishmania that affects about 12 million people throughout the world and for which there is not an effective vaccine. Depending on the Leishmania species, clinical manifestation of the disease varies from self-resolving skin lesions to life-threatening visceralizing diseases. In addition to the toxicity of currently available drugs, their long treatment course, and limited efficacy, a major concern is the development of drug resistant parasite and more virulent variants. Together with the urgent need to develop new drugs that are more effective against this parasite as well as a vaccine to prevent new infections, it is also imperative to develop a better understanding of the factors that determine Leishmania virulence. Here, we describe the characterization of a gene family encoding surface proteins preferentially expressed in the mammalian stage of Leishmania that may be directly involved with the close interaction that is established between the intracellular parasite and host cell membranes. By inhibiting amastin gene expression in L. braziliensis in a mouse model of infection, we showed that these proteins are essential for intracellular parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Marcia Cardoso de Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Viviane Grazielle-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brenda Naemi Nakagaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rondon Pessoa Mendonça-Neto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Normanda Souza Melo
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Duarte daRocha
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Santuza M. R. Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Teixeira-Carvalho A, Campos FMF, Geiger SM, Rocha RDR, de Araújo FF, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Andrade MC, Araújo MSS, Lemos EM, de Freitas Carneiro Proietti AB, Sabino EC, Caldas RG, Freitas CRC, Campi-Azevedo AC, Elói-Santos SM, Martins-Filho OA. FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1: a multiplexed flow cytometry method for differential serological diagnosis of chagas disease and leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122938. [PMID: 25875961 PMCID: PMC4398351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential serological diagnosis of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis is difficult owing to cross-reactivity resulting from the fact that the parasites that cause these pathologies share antigenic epitopes. Even with optimized serological assays that use parasite-specific recombinant antigens, inconclusive test results continue to be a problem. Therefore, new serological tests with high sensitivity and specificity are needed. In the present work, we developed and evaluated the performance of a new flow cytometric serological method, referred to as FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1, for the all-in-one classification of inconclusive tests. The method uses antigens for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease and is based on an inverted detuned algorithm for analysis of anti-Trypanosomatidae IgG1 reactivity. First, parasites were label with fluorescein isothiocyanate or Alexa Fluor 647 at various concentrations. Then serum samples were serially diluted, the dilutions were incubated with suspensions of mixed labeled parasites, and flow cytometric measurements were performed to determine percentages of positive fluorescent parasites. Using the new method, we obtained correct results for 76 of 80 analyzed serum samples (95% overall performance), underscoring the outstanding performance of the method. Moreover, we found that the fluorescently labeled parasite suspensions were stable during storage at room temperature, 4 °C, and -20 °C for 1 year. In addition, two different lots of parasite suspensions showed equivalent antigen recognition; that is, the two lots showed equivalent categorical segregation of anti-Trypanosomatidae IgG1 reactivity at selected serum dilutions. In conclusion, we have developed a sensitive and selective method for differential diagnosis of Chagas disease, visceral leishmaniasis, and localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Freire Campos
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Stefan Michael Geiger
- Laboratório de Helmintoses Intestinais, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Roberta Dias Rodrigues Rocha
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Fortes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Danielle Marquete Vitelli-Avelar
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mariléia Chaves Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiopatologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brasil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Elenice Moreira Lemos
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil
| | | | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo—USP, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rafaella Gaiotti Caldas
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina Renata Camargos Freitas
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Silvana Maria Elói-Santos
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Geral, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Departamento de Propedêutica Complementar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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da Costa DCS, Palmeiro MR, Moreira JS, Martins ACDC, da Silva AF, de Fátima Madeira M, Quintella LP, Confort EM, de Oliveira Schubach A, da Conceição Silva F, Valete-Rosalino CM. Oral manifestations in the American tegumentary leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109790. [PMID: 25386857 PMCID: PMC4227643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) can affect the skin or mucosa (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis – MCL) including the oral cavity. MCL oral lesions are often confused with other oral diseases, delaying diagnosis and specific treatment, and increasing the likelihood of sequelae. Thus, increasing the knowledge of the evolution of ATL oral lesions can facilitate its early diagnosis improving the prognosis of healing. Objectives Evaluate the frequency of ATL oral lesion and describe its clinical, laboratory and therapeutic peculiarities. Methods A descriptive transversal study was carried out, using data from medical records of 206 patients with MCL examined at the outpatient clinics-IPEC-Fiocruz between 1989 and 2013. Proportions were calculated for the categorical variables and the association among them was assessed by the Pearson's chi-square test. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were used for the continuous variables and their differences were assessed by both parametric (t test) and non parametric (Mann-Whitney) tests. P-values <0.05 were considered as significant. Results The most affected site was the nose, followed by the mouth, pharynx and larynx. Seventy eight (37.9%) have oral lesions and the disease presented a lower median of the evolution time than in other mucous sites as well as an increased time to heal. The presence of oral lesion was associated with: the presence of lesions in the other three mucosal sites; a smaller median of the leishmanin skin test values; a longer healing time of the mucosal lesions; a higher recurrence frequency; and a smaller frequency of treatment finishing and healing. When the oral lesion was isolated, it was associated with an age 20 years lower than when the oral lesion was associated with other mucosal sites. Conclusion Considering the worst therapy results associated with the presence of oral lesions, we suggest that lesions in this location represent a factor of worse prognosis for MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cesar Silva da Costa
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Reuter Palmeiro
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - João Soares Moreira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Fagundes da Silva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pereira Quintella
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliame Mouta Confort
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Fátima da Conceição Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CMVR); (FCS)
| | - Cláudia Maria Valete-Rosalino
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CMVR); (FCS)
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Shender LA, De Los Santos M, Montgomery JM, Conrad PA, Ghersi BM, Razuri H, Lescano AG, Mazet JAK. Native rodent species are unlikely sources of infection for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in Madre de Dios, Peru. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103358. [PMID: 25062033 PMCID: PMC4111550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 2.3 million disability-adjusted life years are lost globally from leishmaniasis. In Peru's Amazon region, the department of Madre de Dios (MDD) rises above the rest of the country in terms of the annual incidence rates of human leishmaniasis. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the species most frequently responsible for the form of disease that results in tissue destruction of the nose and mouth. However, essentially nothing is known regarding the reservoirs of this vector-borne, zoonotic parasite in MDD. Wild rodents have been suspected, or proven, to be reservoirs of several Leishmania spp. in various ecosystems and countries. Additionally, people who live or work in forested terrain, especially those who are not regionally local and whose immune systems are thus naïve to the parasite, are at most risk for contracting L. (V.) braziliensis. Hence, the objective of this study was to collect tissues from wild rodents captured at several study sites along the Amazonian segment of the newly constructed Transoceanic Highway and to use molecular laboratory techniques to analyze samples for the presence of Leishmania parasites. Liver tissues were tested via polymerase chain reaction from a total of 217 rodents; bone marrow and skin biopsies (ear and tail) were also tested from a subset of these same animals. The most numerous rodent species captured and tested were Oligoryzomys microtis (40.7%), Hylaeamys perenensis (15.7%), and Proechimys spp. (12%). All samples were negative for Leishmania, implying that although incidental infections may occur, these abundant rodent species are unlikely to serve as primary reservoirs of L. (V.) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in MDD. Therefore, although these rodent species may persist and even thrive in moderately altered landscapes, we did not find any evidence to suggest they pose a risk for L. (V.) braziliensis transmission to human inhabitants in this highly prevalent region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Shender
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia A. Conrad
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruno M. Ghersi
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Razuri
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- Parasitology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Leite PM, Gomes RS, Figueiredo AB, Serafim TD, Tafuri WL, de Souza CC, Moura SAL, Fietto JLR, Melo MN, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP, Rabello A, Afonso LCC. Ecto-nucleotidase activities of promastigotes from Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis relates to parasite infectivity and disease clinical outcome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1850. [PMID: 23071853 PMCID: PMC3469556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis has been associated with a broad range of clinical manifestations ranging from a simple cutaneous ulcer to destructive mucosal lesions. Factors leading to this diversity of clinical presentations are not clear, but parasite factors have lately been recognized as important in determining disease progression. Given the fact that the activity of ecto-nucleotidases correlates with parasitism and the development of infection, we evaluated the activity of these enzymes in promastigotes from 23 L. braziliensis isolates as a possible parasite-related factor that could influence the clinical outcome of the disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Our results show that the isolates differ in their ability to hydrolyze adenine nucleotides. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between the time for peak of lesion development in C57BL/6J mice and enzymatic activity and clinical manifestation of the isolate. In addition, we found that L. (V.) braziliensis isolates obtained from mucosal lesions hydrolyze higher amounts of adenine nucleotides than isolates obtained from skin lesions. One isolate with high (PPS6m) and another with low (SSF) ecto-nucleotidase activity were chosen for further studies. Mice inoculated with PPS6m show delayed lesion development and present larger parasite loads than animals inoculated with the SSF isolate. In addition, PPS6m modulates the host immune response by inhibiting dendritic cell activation and NO production by activated J774 macrophages. Finally, we observed that the amastigote forms from PPS6m and SSF isolates present low enzymatic activity that does not interfere with NO production and parasite survival in macrophages. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that ecto-nucleotidases present on the promastigote forms of the parasite may interfere with the establishment of the immune response with consequent impaired ability to control parasite dissemination and this may be an important factor in determining the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a widespread tropical disease caused by different species of Leishmania protozoa that are transmitted by infected sandflies. Clinical presentations are extremely diverse and dependent on a variety of parasite and host factors that are poorly understood. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis infection may result in a devastating disease manifestation characterized by the development of destructive lesions in the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal mucosal. Ecto-nucleotidases are enzymes that are involved in the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides. These enzymes have been shown to correlate with virulence of Leishmania parasites. In this work, we evaluated the ecto-nucleotidase activity of promastigotes from the twenty three different L. braziliensis isolates. We demonstrated that isolates obtained from mucosal lesions present higher levels of ecto-nucleotidase activity than those from cutaneous lesions. In addition, we show that in the murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis, promastigote forms of parasite with higher activity induce a delayed/decreased immune response that may correlate with spreading of the parasites throughout the body. Thus, we propose that the level of ecto-nucleotidase activity of promastigotes may be a marker for the development of severe clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis and also a possible target for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M. Leite
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, DECBI/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, DECBI/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda B. Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, DECBI/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago D. Serafim
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, DECBI/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina C. de Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra A. L. Moura
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, DECBI/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana L. R. Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria N. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Publica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Milton A. P. Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Publica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ana Rabello
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou- FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís C. C. Afonso
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, DECBI/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Maretti-Mira AC, Bittner J, Oliveira-Neto MP, Liu M, Kang D, Li H, Pirmez C, Craft N. Transcriptome patterns from primary cutaneous Leishmania braziliensis infections associate with eventual development of mucosal disease in humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1816. [PMID: 23029578 PMCID: PMC3441406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) and Mucosal Leishmaniasis (ML) are two extreme clinical forms of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis that usually begin as solitary primary cutaneous lesions. Host and parasite factors that influence the progression of LCL to ML are not completely understood. In this manuscript, we compare the gene expression profiles of primary cutaneous lesions from patients who eventually developed ML to those that did not. Methods Using RNA-seq, we analyzed both the human and Leishmania transcriptomes in primary cutaneous lesions. Results Limited number of reads mapping to Leishmania transcripts were obtained. For human transcripts, compared to ML patients, lesions from LCL patients displayed a general multi-polarization of the adaptive immune response and showed up-regulation of genes involved in chemoattraction of innate immune cells and in antigen presentation. We also identified a potential transcriptional signature in the primary lesions that may predict long-term disease outcome. Conclusions We were able to simultaneously sequence both human and Leishmania mRNA transcripts in primary cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Our results suggest an intrinsic difference in the immune capacity of LCL and ML patients. The findings correlate the complete cure of L. braziliensis infection with a controlled inflammatory response and a balanced activation of innate and adaptive immunity. In Brazil, American tegumentary leishmaniasis is mainly caused by Leishmania braziliensis infection. Usually, it begins as a solitary skin lesion, which is called Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL). However, after this lesion heals, 5% of the patients may develop destructive lesions of the mucosa of nose and throat, which is called Mucosal Leishmaniasis (ML). Currently, there is no technology to identify individuals at risk for ML, and the factors that control the evolution to ML remain unknown. This work aims to study the human gene expression patterns that may contribute to the clinical manifestation of the disease. We used the RNA-Seq technique to study skin lesions from individuals that had LCL (LCL group) and those who developed ML (ML group). Our results suggest that individuals that progressed to ML expressed low levels of genes involved in the immune and inflammatory responses, which might lead to insufficient control of the infection. We were also able to identify a potential gene expression signature to predict long-term disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Maretti-Mira
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaime Bittner
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Manoel Paes Oliveira-Neto
- Ambulatório de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Minghsun Liu
- Infectious Diseases Section (111 F) and Research Service, VA Medical Center West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dezhi Kang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Huiying Li
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Claude Pirmez
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Noah Craft
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Hu RVPF, Kent AD, Adams ER, van der Veer C, Sabajo LOA, Mans DRA, de Vries HJC, Schallig HDFH, Lai A Fat RFM. First case of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Suriname. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:825-7. [PMID: 22556081 PMCID: PMC3335687 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Suriname is Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. This case report presents a patient infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, a species never reported before in Suriname. This finding has clinical implications, because L. braziliensis has a distinct clinical phenotype characterized by mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a more extensive and destructive form of CL that requires different treatment. Clinicians should be aware that chronic cutaneous ulcers in patients from the Guyana region could be caused by L. braziliensis.
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Quaresma PF, Rêgo FD, Botelho HA, da Silva SR, Moura Júnior AJ, Teixeira Neto RG, Madeira FM, Carvalho MB, Paglia AP, Melo MN, Gontijo CMFF. Wild, synanthropic and domestic hosts of Leishmania in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 105:579-85. [PMID: 21890159 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic, synanthropic and wild hosts of Leishmania spp. parasites were studied in an area endemic for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), specifically in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Domestic dogs and small forest mammals are reservoir hosts for L. (Leishmania) infantum. However, the role that these animals play in the transmission cycle of the Leishmania spp. that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis is not well known. This study evaluated 72 rodents, 25 marsupials and 98 domestic dogs found in two villages of the Xakriabá Indigenous Territory, an area of intense ATL transmission. A total of 23 dogs (23.47%) were shown to be positive according to at least one test; 8 dogs (8.16%) tested positive in a single serological test and 15 dogs (15.31%) tested positive by IFAT and ELISA. Eleven dogs were euthanised to allow for molecular diagnosis, of which nine (81.8%) tested positive by PCR for Leishmania in at least one tissue. Seven animals were infected only with L. (L.) infantum, whilst two displayed a mixed infection of L. (L.) infantum and L. (V.) braziliensis. Isoenzymatic characterisation identified L. (L.) infantum parasites isolated from the bone marrow of two dogs. Of the 97 small mammals captured, 24 tested positive for Leishmania by PCR. The results showed that L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (L.) infantum and L. (V.) guyanensis are circulating among wild and synanthropic mammals present in the Xakriabá Reserve, highlighting the epidemiological diversity of ATL in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia F Quaresma
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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11
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Costa DL, Carregaro V, Lima-Júnior DS, Silva NM, Milanezi CM, Cardoso CR, Giudice Â, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Almeida RP, Silva JS. BALB/c mice infected with antimony treatment refractory isolate of Leishmania braziliensis present severe lesions due to IL-4 production. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e965. [PMID: 21390155 PMCID: PMC3046967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Protection against infection is related to development of Th1 responses, but the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility are still poorly understood. Murine models have been the most important tools in understanding the immunopathogenesis of L. major infection and have shown that Th2 responses favor parasite survival. In contrast, L. braziliensis–infected mice develop strong Th1 responses and easily resolve the infection, thus making the study of factors affecting susceptibility to this parasite difficult. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we describe an experimental model for the evaluation of the mechanisms mediating susceptibility to L. braziliensis infection. BALB/c mice were inoculated with stationary phase promastigotes of L. braziliensis, isolates LTCP393(R) and LTCP15171(S), which are resistant and susceptible to antimony and nitric oxide (NO), respectively. Mice inoculated with LTCP393(R) presented larger lesions that healed more slowly and contained higher parasite loads than lesions caused by LTCP15171(S). Inflammatory infiltrates in the lesions and production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β were similar in mice inoculated with either isolate, indicating that these factors did not contribute to the different disease manifestations observed. In contrast, IL-4 production was strongly increased in LTCP393(R)-inoculated animals and also arginase I (Arg I) expression. Moreover, anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment resulted in decreased lesion thickness and parasite burden in animals inoculated with LTCP393(R), but not in those inoculated with LTCP15171(S). Conclusion/Significance We conclude that the ability of L. braziliensis isolates to induce Th2 responses affects the susceptibility to infection with these isolates and contributes to the increased virulence and severity of disease associated with them. Since these data reflect what happens in human infection, this model could be useful to study the pathogenesis of the L. braziliensis infection, as well as to design new strategies of therapeutic intervention. Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects more than 12 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the cutaneous disease is more prevalent with about 28,000 new cases reported each year, and L. braziliensis is the main causative agent. The interesting data about the infection with this parasite is the wide variety of clinical manifestations that ranges from single ulcerated lesions to mucocutaneous and disseminated disease. However, experimental models to study the infection with this parasite are difficult to develop due to high resistance of most mouse strains to the infection, and the mechanisms underlying the distinct manifestations remain poorly understood. Here, the authors use a mouse experimental model of infection with different L. braziliensis isolates, known to induce diseases with distinct severity in the human hosts, to elucidate immune mechanisms that may be involved in the different manifestations. They showed that distinct parasite isolates may modulate host response, and increased IL-4 production and Arg I expression was related to more severe disease, resulting in longer length of disease with larger lesions and reduced parasite clearance. These findings may be useful in the identification of immunological targets to control L. braziliensis infection and potential clinical markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Djalma S. Lima-Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Neide M. Silva
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. Milanezi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina R. Cardoso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Ângela Giudice
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgar Santos Universitary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Amélia R. de Jesus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgar Santos Universitary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Roque P. Almeida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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12
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de Toledo JS, Junqueira dos Santos AF, Rodrigues de Moura T, Antoniazi SA, Brodskyn C, Indiani de Oliveira C, Barral A, Cruz AK. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis transfectants overexpressing the miniexon gene lose virulence in vivo. Parasitol Int 2008; 58:45-50. [PMID: 18992366 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The miniexon gene has a central role in the processing of polycistronic pre-mRNA of kinetoplastids. It is added to the 5' extremity of each mRNA, supplying the 5'-capped structure to the molecule. Previous studies in Leishmania (Leishmania) major showed that the overexpression of the miniexon array attenuates the virulence of the parasite in in vivo assays. The results presented here extend those findings to Viannia subgenus. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis was transfected with a cosmid harboring a tandem array of one hundred miniexon gene copies and then characterized by Northern blot analysis. The overexpression of the exogenous gene was confirmed and its effect on the virulence of L. (V.) braziliensis was investigated in hamsters. In BALB/c mice we could not detect parasites during the course of 15 weeks of infection. In addition, hamsters infected with transfectants overexpressing the miniexon gene exhibited only a minor footpad swelling of late onset and failed to develop progressive lesion, these attenuated parasites could be recovered from the inoculation site 1 year after infection. The persistence of parasites in the host indicates that a stable line overexpressing the miniexon may be tested as live vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Simões de Toledo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Medeiros AR, Silva WA, Roselino AM. DNA sequencing confirms the involvement of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2008; 63:451-6. [PMID: 18719754 PMCID: PMC2664119 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322008000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) represents one of the most important public health issues in the world. An increased number of autochthonous cases of ATL in the Northeastern region of São Paulo State has been documented in the last few years, leading to a desire to determine the Leishmania species implicated. METHODS PCR followed by DNA sequencing was carried out to identify a 120bp fragment from the universal kDNA minicircle of the genus Leishmania in 61 skin or mucosal biopsies from patients with ATL. RESULTS DNA sequencing permitted the identification of a particular 15bp fragment (5' GTC TTT GGG GCA AGT... 3') in all samples. Analysis by the neighbor-joining method showed the occurrence of two distinct groups related to the genus Viannia (V) and Leishmania (L), each with two subgroups. Autochthonous cases with identity to a special Leishmania sequence not referenced in Genbank predominated in subgroup V.1, suggesting the possible existence of a subtype or mutation of Leishmania Viannia in this region. In the subgroup L.2, which showed identity with a known sequence of L. (L.) amazonensis, there was a balanced distribution of autochthonous and non-autochthonous cases, including the mucosal and mucocutaneous forms in four patients. The last observation may direct us to new concepts, since the mucosal compromising has commonly been attributed to L. (V.) braziliensis, even though L. (L.) amazonensis is more frequent in the Amazonian region. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the pattern of distribution and possible mutations of these species, as well as the change in the clinical form presentation of ATL in the São Paulo State.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo – Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Roselino
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo – Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil
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14
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Rabelink NM, de Steenwinkel JEM, van Biezen P, van Daele PLA, Gyssens IC. [A patient with long-term, unrecognized leishmaniasis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2006; 150:2715-9. [PMID: 17194010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A man from Surinam presented at the Department of Internal Medicine with a perforated septum and progressive collapse of the nose. This condition had existed for 22 years, though earlier analysis had not revealed the cause. Microscopic analysis showed a granulomatous inflammatory reaction, with cultures revealing of Leishmania. The diagnosis was mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and PCR indicated Leishmania braziliensis complex. The patient was treated for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis by a 28-day course of intravenous sodium-stibogluconate therapy. Initially, treatment was stopped briefly due to neurotoxicity, but was recommenced and successfully completed. After treatment the infection parameters returned to normal and the patient was referred for reconstructive nasal surgery. Due to a low parasitic load mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can be difficult to detect, especially in chronic cases. However, the use of molecular techniques has improved both the sensitivity and specificity of detection. The ability to distinguish between different species and sub-species is of prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
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Pinheiro NF, Hermida MDR, Macedo MP, Mengel J, Bafica A, dos-Santos WLC. Leishmania infection impairs beta 1-integrin function and chemokine receptor expression in mononuclear phagocytes. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3912-21. [PMID: 16790764 PMCID: PMC1489695 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02103-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are intracellular parasites that cause lesions in the skin, mucosa, and viscera. We have previously shown that Leishmania infection reduces mononuclear phagocyte adhesion to inflamed connective tissue. In this study, we examined the role of adhesion molecules and chemokines in this process. Infection rate (r = -0.826, P = 0.003) and parasite burden (r = -0.917, P = 0.028) negatively correlated to mouse phagocyte adhesion. The decrease (58.7 to 75.0% inhibition, P = 0.005) in phagocyte adhesion to connective tissue, induced by Leishmania, occurred as early as 2 h after infection and was maintained for at least 24 h. Interestingly, impairment of cell adhesion was sustained by phagocyte infection, since it was not observed following phagocytosis of killed parasites (cell adhesion varied from 15.2% below to 24.0% above control levels, P > 0.05). In addition, Leishmania infection diminished cell adhesion to fibronectin (54.1 to 96.2%, P < 0.01), collagen (15.7 to 83.7%, P < 0.05), and laminin (59.1 to 82.2%, P < 0.05). The CD11b(hi) subpopulation was highly infected (49.6 to 97.3%). Calcium and Mg(2+) replacement by Mn(2+), a treatment that is known to induce integrins to a high state of affinity for their receptors, reverted the inhibition in adhesion caused by Leishmania. This reversion was completely blocked by anti-VLA4 antibodies. Furthermore, expression of CCR4 and CCR5, two chemokine receptors implicated in cell adhesion, was found to be downregulated 16 h after infection (2.8 to 4.1 times and 1.9 to 2.8 times, respectively). Together, these results suggest that mechanisms regulating integrin function are implicated in the change of macrophage adhesion in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael F Pinheiro
- LPBI, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão no. 121, Candeal, Salvador, BA 40296-710, Brazil
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Clarêncio J, de Oliveira CI, Bomfim G, Pompeu MM, Teixeira MJ, Barbosa TC, Souza-Neto S, Carvalho EM, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Characterization of the T-cell receptor Vbeta repertoire in the human immune response against Leishmania parasites. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4757-65. [PMID: 16861664 PMCID: PMC1539606 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00265-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore a possible presence of hyperreactive T-cell clones in human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), we have investigated, by flow cytometry, the expression of Vbeta chains of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the following types of cells: (i) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CL patients, which were then compared to those from normal volunteers; (ii) unstimulated and soluble Leishmania antigen-stimulated draining lymph node cells from CL patients; (iii) PBMCs from volunteers before versus after Leishmania immunization; and (iv) PBMCs from healthy volunteers that were primed in vitro with live Leishmania parasites. Our results show a modulation in the TCR Vbeta repertoire during CL and after antigen stimulation of patients' cells. Vaccination, however, leads to a broad expansion of different Vbeta TCRs. We also observed an association between TCR Vbeta12 expression, T-cell activation, and gamma interferon production upon in vitro priming with Leishmania. Collectively, these results both indicate that infection with live parasites or exposure to parasite antigen can modulate the TCR Vbeta repertoire and suggest that TCR Vbeta12 may be implicated in the response to Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Clarêncio
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil.
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Silveira TGV, Yoneyama KAG, Takahashi HK, Straus AH. Isolation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis glycolipid antigens and their reactivity with mAb SST-1, specific for parasites of Viannia subgenus. Parasitology 2005; 131:737-45. [PMID: 16336727 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005008498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Specific glycolipids (GLs) from Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes were isolated and purified. A monoclonal antibody directed to carbohydrate epitopes of these GLs was produced. mAb SST-1 recognizes a low molecular weight GL as established by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and HPTLC immunostaining, and does not cross-react with lipophosphoglycan isolated from L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes. An indirect immunofluorescence study indicated that the antigenic GLs are present at the L. (V.) braziliensis promastigote surface. SST-1 reacted with promastigotes of L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) guyanensis, but not with species in the L. Leishmania subgenus i.e. L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) chagasi, or L. (L.) major. All L. (V.) braziliensis serodemes tested were reactive with SST-1. These results indicate that SST-1 recognizes specific GLs expressed by species of the Viannia subgenus, and will be particularly useful for identification of L. (V.) braziliensis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/methods
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Glycolipids/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Leishmania braziliensis/immunology
- Leishmania braziliensis/pathogenicity
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology
- Mice/immunology
- Mice/parasitology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phagocytosis
- Radioimmunoassay
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- T G V Silveira
- Department of Biochemistry,Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu 862, São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
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18
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Arrais-Silva WW, Paffaro VA, Yamada AT, Giorgio S. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in the cutaneous lesions of BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Exp Mol Pathol 2005; 78:49-54. [PMID: 15596060 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is expressed in response to hypoxia and has been recently demonstrated in a variety of cells such as tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Several characteristics of leishmanial lesions in humans and in animal models, such as microcirculation impairment, metabolic demand for leukocyte infiltration into infected tissue, parasite proliferation, and secondary bacterial infection, are strong indications of a hypoxic microenvironment in the lesions. We evaluated HIF-1alpha expression in the cutaneous lesions of BALB/c mice during Leishmania amazonensis infection. Immunohistochemical analyses of the lesions demonstrated, only in the later stages of infection when the lesion size is maximal and parasite burden is enormous and massive numbers of recruited macrophages and ulcers are observed, positive HIF-1alpha-infected cells throughout the lesions. HIF-1alpha is expressed mainly in the cytoplasm and around parasites inside the parasitophorous vacuoles of macrophages. This is the first evidence that macrophages in the microenvironment of lesions caused by a parasite produce a hypoxia-inducible factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner W Arrais-Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Indiani de Oliveira C, Teixeira MJ, Teixeira CR, Ramos de Jesus J, Bomura Rosato A, Santa da Silva J, Brodskyn C, Barral-Netto M, Barral A. Leishmania braziliensis isolates differing at the genome level display distinctive features in BALB/c mice. Microbes Infect 2005; 6:977-84. [PMID: 15345228 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the species responsible for the majority of cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. In the present study, L. braziliensis isolates from two different geographic areas in Brazil were studied by RAPD, using arbitrary primers. We also evaluated other biological features of these two isolates. We compared (a) the clinical features they initiate or not once delivered subcutaneously as stationary-phase promastigotes in the footpad of BALB/c mice; (b) the parasite load in both the footpad and the draining lymph node; (c) the cytokines present in the supernatant of cultures of the cell suspensions from the draining lymph nodes; and (d) the cell types present at the site of parasite delivery. The results show that the L. braziliensis strain from Ceará (H3227) is genotypically different from the L. braziliensis strain from Bahia (BA788). H3227-parasitized mice developed detectable lesions, whereas BA788-parasitized mice did not. Fifteen days post parasite inoculation there was an increase in the numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes in the footpads, whatever the parasite inoculum. Parasite load at the inoculation site--namely the footpad--did not differ significantly; in draining lymph nodes, however, it increased over the period under study. Early after parasite inoculation, the cells recovered from the draining lymph nodes of BA788-parasitized mice produced higher levels of IFN-gamma, a feature coupled to a higher number of NK cells. Later, after the parasite inoculation, there was an increased content of IL-12p70 and IL-10 in the supernatant of cells recovered from the lymph nodes of H3227-parasitized mice. This comparative analysis points out that L. braziliensis isolates differing in their genomic profiles do establish different parasitic processes in BALB/c mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/analysis
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Protozoan/analysis
- DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genome, Protozoan
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Interleukin-12/analysis
- Killer Cells, Natural
- Leishmania braziliensis/genetics
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmania braziliensis/pathogenicity
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Subunits/analysis
- Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Indiani de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador, BA 40295-001, Brazil
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20
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Maioli TU, Takane E, Arantes RME, Fietto JLR, Afonso LCC. Immune response induced by New World Leishmania species in C57BL/6 mice. Parasitol Res 2004; 94:207-12. [PMID: 15378352 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with metacyclic Leishmania amazonensis or L. braziliensis promastigotes. While these animals were capable of controlling the infection by L. braziliensis, they developed chronic lesions with elevated numbers of parasites when infected by L. amazonensis. The differences in parasite control were associated with a decreased production of IFN-gamma and TNF by lymph node cells from L. amazonensis-infected mice. Furthermore, these animals presented decreased spleen cell proliferation and activation of germinal centers. In addition, we compared the ability of these parasites to hydrolyze extracellular ATP and AMP. While the ATPase activity of both parasite species was similar, L. amazonensis promastigotes presented higher AMP hydrolytic activity. This increased activity may lead to an increased production of adenosine, which has been shown to present anti-inflammatory activity and may thus be involved in the establishment of the immunosuppression observed in mice infected by L. amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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Haider S, Boutross-Tadross O, Radhi J, Momar N. Cutaneous ulcer in a man returning from Central America. CMAJ 2003; 168:590-1. [PMID: 12615757 PMCID: PMC149257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shariq Haider
- Tropical Medicine Clinic, Division of Infectious Diseases, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
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22
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Courret N, Fréhel C, Gouhier N, Pouchelet M, Prina E, Roux P, Antoine JC. Biogenesis ofLeishmania-harbouring parasitophorous vacuoles following phagocytosis of the metacyclic promastigote or amastigote stages of the parasites. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:2303-16. [PMID: 12006615 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.11.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites Leishmania alternate between a flagellated promastigote form and an amastigote form. In their mammalian hosts, Leishmania survive and multiply in macrophages. Both forms can be internalized by these host cells at different stages of the infectious process and eventually establish themselves within parasitophorous vacuoles exhibiting phagolysosomal properties. To determine whether the biogenesis of these organelles differs according to the parasitic stage used to initiate infection, we compared their formation kinetics after phagocytosis of either metacyclic promastigotes or amastigotes of L. amazonensis or of L. major by mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages pre-exposed or not to IFN-γ. After 10 minutes of contact, an accumulation of F-actin was observed around the promastigotes and amatigotes undergoing phagocytosis or those that had already been internalized. This accumulation was transient and rapidly disappeared at later times. At 30 minutes, most of the promastigotes were located in long, narrow organelles that were exactly the same shape as the parasites. The latter were elongated with their cell bodies near to the macrophage nucleus and their flagella towards the periphery. This suggests that promastigote phagocytosis mainly occurs in a polarized manner, with the cell body entering the macrophages first. Most, if not all, of the phagocytosed promastigotes were located in organelles that rapidly acquired phagolysosomal properties. At 30 minutes, lamp-1, macrosialin, cathepsins B and D were detected in 70-98% of these compartments and about 70% of them were surrounded by rab7p. These late endosome/lysosome `markers' were recruited through fusion with late endocytic compartments. Indeed, when late endosomes/lysosomes were loaded with fluorescein dextran, 81-98% of the promastigote-harbouring compartments contained the endocytic tracer 30 minutes after infection. Electron microscopy of infected macrophages previously loaded with peroxidase confirmed that the phagosomes rapidly fused with late endocytic compartments. When the amastigote stage of L. amazonensiswas used to initiate infection, the kinetics of acquisition of the different late endosome/lysosome `markers' by the phagosomes were similar to those measured after infection with metacyclics. However, more rab7p+-phagosomes were observed at early time points (e.g. 90% were rab7p+ at 30 minutes). The early endosome `markers', EEA1 and the transferrin receptor, were hardly detected in parasite-containing compartments regardless of the parasitic stage used to infect macrophages and the time after infection. In conclusion, both metacyclic- and amastigote-containing phagosomes fuse with late endosomes/lysosomes within 30 minutes. However, with L. amazonensis, the time required for the formation of the huge parasitophorous vacuoles, which are characteristic of this species, was much shorter after infection with amastigotes than after infection with metacyclic promastigotes. This indicates that the initial fusions with late endosomes/lysosomes are followed by a stage-specific sequence of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Courret
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme Intracellulaire, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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23
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Castro-Sousa F, Paranhos-Silva M, Sherlock I, Paixão MS, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, dos-Santos WL. Dissociation between vasodilation and Leishmania infection-enhancing effects of sand fly saliva and maxadilan. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:997-9. [PMID: 11685268 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000700019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ability of maxadilan and Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland lysate to enhance the infection of CBA mice by Leishmania major and of BALB/c mice by L. braziliensis was tested. No difference was observed between sizes of lesion in CBA mice infected with L. major and treated or not with salivary gland lysate or maxadilan, although they were injected in concentrations that induced cutaneous vasodilation. Although parasites were more frequently observed in foot pads and spleens of animals treated with maxadilan than in the animals treated with salivary gland lysate or saline, the differences were small and not statistically significant. The lesions in BALB/c mice infected with L. braziliensis and treated with maxadilan were slightly larger than in animals that received Leishmania alone. Such differences disappeared 14 weeks after infection, and were statistically significant only in one of two experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castro-Sousa
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular e Celular, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, 40295-001, Brasil
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24
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Marco JD, Padilla AM, Diosque P, Fernández MM, Malchiodi EL, Basombrío MA. Force of infection and evolution of lesions of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis in northwestern Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:649-52. [PMID: 11500762 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical-serological follow-up was carried out in a canine population in endemic foci of Leishmania braziliensis spread in northwestern Argentina. Each dog was studied in at least two visits, 309+/-15 days (X+/-SE) apart. Some initially healthy dogs (n=52) developed seroconversion or lesions. The clinical evolution of the disease in dogs resembles in many aspects the human disease. Similarities include the long duration of most ulcers with occasional healing or appearance of new ones and the late appearance of erosive snout lesions in some animals. Yearly incidence rates of 22.7% for seroconversion and of 13.5% for disease were calculated as indicators of the force of infection by this parasite upon the canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Marco
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
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25
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Bezerra HS, Teixeira MJ. Effect of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) salivary gland lysates on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:349-51. [PMID: 11313642 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports showed that Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva exacerbate Leishmania braziliensis infection in mice. The sand fly Lu. whitmani is one of the vectors of L. (Viannia) braziliensis (LVb), a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Ceará, Brazil. To determine whether saliva of Lu. whitmani could increase the infectivity of LVb in mice, we inoculated groups of BALB/c mice with LVb promastigotes in the presence or absence of the salivary glands lysate from Lu. whitmani. We found that coinjection with Lu. whitmani saliva increased size but not longevity of cutaneous LVb lesions in BALB/c mice, since the formed lesions gradually resolved. The mechanism(s) by which Lu. whitmani saliva might exacerbate LVb infection in BALB/c mice is speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Bezerra
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical Prof. Joaquim Eduardo de Alencar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-160, Brasil
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26
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Reithinger R, Davies CR. Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61:530-41. [PMID: 10548285 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally associated with forested areas, the transmission cycle of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has now adapted to the domestic environment in at least 9 Latin American countries. Several studies have suggested that the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), which is already incriminated as the primary reservoir host of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), may have a reservoir role in the domestic transmission of human ACL caused by Leishmania braziliensis, L. panamensis, and L. peruviana. This article reviews more than 90 studies reporting ACL infections in dogs, and concludes that as yet there is only circumstantial evidence to support that claim. Almost no data are available on the infectiousness of dogs to sandfly vectors of ACL, and there are few indications that either dog ownership or dog abundance are risk factors for ACL. Nevertheless, it has been proposed that incidence of ACL in humans could be reduced by targeting infected dogs. While this control strategy has been used for many decades against ZVL in Latin America, Europe, and Asia, there is little evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness either in theory or in practice. Particular concerns over the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tools, low compliance rates among dog owners, and cost-effectiveness are likely to apply equally to ACL control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reithinger
- Disease Control and Vector Biology, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
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27
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Madeira M, Barbosa-Santos E, Marzochi M. Experimental infection of canine peritoneal macrophages with visceral and dermotropic Leishmania strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94:645-8. [PMID: 10464409 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out using macrophages cultured from the peritoneal exudate of dogs infected in vitro with three species of Leishmania: L. (L.) chagasi, L. (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis with the aim of investigating the growth kinetics and infectivity of these species in the host cell. Results were expressed as the percentage of macrophages infected measured at 24 hr intervals over six days in RPMI - 1640 culture medium at a temperature of 34-35 degrees C. The findings open the possibility of using canine peritoneal cells as a model for the screening of leishmanicide drugs and to study the pathogenesis of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madeira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brasil.
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28
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Balanco JM, Pral EM, da Silva S, Bijovsky AT, Mortara RA, Alfieri SC. Axenic cultivation and partial characterization of Leishmania braziliensis amastigote-like stages. Parasitology 1998; 116 ( Pt 2):103-13. [PMID: 9509020 DOI: 10.1017/s003118209700214x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis strain M2903 was adapted for growth and serially maintained as amastigotes at 34 degrees C in modified UM-54 medium, with growth curves exhibiting typical log and stationary phases. In late passages, amastigote growth took place in the absence of supplementary haemin and was unaffected when the initial medium pH was adjusted between 5.4 and 6.3. In contrast to promastigotes, which were elongated and exhibited very long free flagella endowed with the paraflagellar rod (PFR), axenic amastigotes were rounded to ovoid and displayed a short flagellum restricted to the pocket area. The absence of PFR in axenic amastigotes was confirmed in Western blots and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, by lack of reactivity with mAb 1B10. The antibody, which specifically labelled the paraflagellar structure, recognized a 70/72 kDa doublet in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and two 70/74 kDa related proteins in L. braziliensis promastigotes. Surface 125I-labelling experiments identified promastigote-specific components (> 100, 74, 45/47 and 28 kDa) and at least 1, a 76 kDa polypeptide was specific for the amastigote stage. While axenic amastigotes were agglutinated by both peanut (PNA) and Lens culinaris (LCA) agglutinins, respectively at 50 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, promastigotes were not agglutinated by PNA and agglutinated in the presence of LCA at concentrations of 100 micrograms/ml and higher. Axenic amastigotes infected rat bone marrow-derived macrophages and were avidly taken up by J774 cells, from which numerous organisms, able to proliferate at 34 degrees C in UM-54 medium, could be recovered 48 h later.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Balanco
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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29
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Davies CR, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Sharp SJ, Canales J, Leon E, Alvarez E, Roncal N, Dye C. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: factors associated with variability in clinical symptoms, response to treatment, and parasite isolation rate. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:302-10. [PMID: 9332529 DOI: 10.1086/514535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of cutaneous leishmaniasis may be determined by host immunity, parasite virulence, and host or vector behavior. We performed a multivariate analysis to identify the main causes of the variability in clinical symptoms, response to treatment, and parasite isolation rate among Peruvian patients. The effect of host immunity was demonstrated first by the finding that secondary infections induced smaller lesions associated with a lower parasite isolation rate than did primary infections and, second, by the finding of fewer lesions in older patients. Phenotypic differences between parasite populations were suggested by the observation that the mean scar size and number varied between villages: patients had more scars in villages where the transmission rates were higher. Human behavior probably determined the site of lesions on the body, since most lesions in the cooler South were on the head, whereas in the North, lesions were equally frequent on the extremities. In addition, older patients, who were more likely infected through occupational exposure, had fewer head lesions. Geographic variation in the pattern of exposure to sandflies indicates that uta control strategies should be region specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Davies
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Sinagra A, Riarte A, Luna C, Campanini A, Segura EL. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: biological behavior in golden hamsters of isolates from Argentine patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 57:115-8. [PMID: 9242330 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports intraspecific variations of native isolates of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis from patients with leishmaniasis from Salta, Argentina. These isolates induced skin lesions in golden hamsters, initially showing rapid development, reaching their largest size between 28 and 35 days postinfection (PI). Thereafter, the infections were self-limiting and total regression was observed at 80-150 days PI. The majority of the native isolates were characterized by low infectivity in the experimental animals, and a classic pattern of dissemination to systemic organs was established. However, unusual features for L. braziliensis were displayed by two isolates; one showed evidence of high infectivity in hamsters characterized by a short prepatent period and larger, severe and persistent lesions at the inoculation site. The other isolate, of low infectivity, showed cutaneous metastasis and recurrent systemic dissemination in the same animals, suggesting dissociation between infectivity and pathogenicity. Metastasis has been frequently described in hamsters infected with L. (V) guyanensis and L. (V) panamensis, but not in infections induced by L. (V) braziliensis, as was observed in this study. Active and/or regressive histopathologic lesions were observed, depending on the stage of the infection. An exudative and mixed inflammatory pattern with microabscesses and necrotic areas was observed during early infection, while well-defined granulomas and collagen formation were the predominant features detected at a later time. Amastigotes were easily detected in the tissues, although in low numbers. Schaumann bodies were always detected. The characterization of the unique features of these native isolates, and the verification of their reproducibility in vitro and in vivo will be useful tools in tests related to immunoprophylaxis and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sinagra
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitologia Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Rojas E, Scorza JV. [Leishmania braziliensis: isolation from lesions by inoculation of hamsters with and without addition of salivary gland lysate from Lutzomyia youngi]. Rev Saude Publica 1995; 29:1-5. [PMID: 8525308 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101995000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Homogenized biopsy tissue from the cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions of 50 patients from Trujillo, Venezuela, were inoculated subcutaneously into the tarsi of male hamsters. Homogenized tissue either alone or mixed with salivary gland lysates of Lutzomyia youngi were used for inoculation. Homogenized tissue alone yielded 58.5% of infections with a mean of twelve weeks for prepatency, while those mixed with sandfly lysate resulted in 92% of infections with a mean prepatency of three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rojas
- Centro Trujillano de Investigaciones José W. Torrealba, Venezuela
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32
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Belli AA, Miles MA, Kelly JM. A putative Leishmania panamensis/Leishmania braziliensis hybrid is a causative agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nicaragua. Parasitology 1994; 109 ( Pt 4):435-42. [PMID: 7800411 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As part of a survey of human leishmaniasis in Nicaragua we examined phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 40 Leishmania isolates. We identified 3 distinct parasites associated with cutaneous disease in this area; Leishmania panamensis (40% of cases), Leishmania braziliensis (33%), and a strain which exhibits the heterozygous isoenzyme and DNA fingerprinting patterns expected of a L. panamensis/L. braziliensis hybrid (27%). There was complete correlation between the isoenzyme and DNA data for each of the putative hybrids examined. All of the 'hybrids' were obtained from foci in the northern region of the country where L. panamensis and L. braziliensis occur sympatrically. These observations provide strong evidence for sexual reproduction in New World Leishmania populations and suggest that it is of taxonomic and epidemiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Belli
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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33
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Abstract
To evaluate the vector competence of some Lutzomyia spp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) for Leishmania (Viannia) spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), experimental infections of anthropophilic sandflies from the Colombian Pacific coast were performed, through membrane feeding and xenodiagnosis on hamsters infected with Le. (V.)braziliensis or Le. (V.)panamensis. Wild-caught or F1 generation females of Lutzomyia gomezi, Lu. hartmanni, Lu.panamensis and Lu.trapidoi were allowed to feed on hamster lesions and then maintained at 26 degrees C and > 80% r.h. on a sugar-water diet until dissection on the fifth day post-infection (p.i.). Despite similar infection rates (range 37-44%) in both Lu.gomezi and Lu.trapidoi, infections were heavier (> 100 parasites) in the latter species. Infections of Lu.trapidoi with Le.braziliensis (n = 21) and Le.panamensis (n = 27) showed parasite migration toward the foregut, with promastigote colonization of the stomodeal valve and appearance of infective forms. In contrast, infections of Lu.gomezi with Le.braziliensis (n = 10) and Le.panamensis (n = 5) were light (< 50 parasites) and usually restricted to the pylorus. In Lu.hartmanni, only a few promastigotes were found in the pylorus and midgut of 3/8 specimens infected with Le.braziliensis, and no Le.panamensis developed (n = 19). By day 5 p.i., promastigote colonization of the hind- and midgut by Le.panamensis was observed in 2/4 Lu.panamensis but not Le.braziliensis (n = 3). It was concluded that Lu.trapidoi is a more efficient vector than Lu.gomezi for both Le.braziliensis and Le.panamensis, and that Lu.hartmanni and Lu.panamensis are of minor importance for Leishmania transmission in this endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jaramillo
- Fundación Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
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Weigle KA, Santrich C, Martinez F, Valderrama L, Saravia NG. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: environmental and behavioral risk factors for infection, clinical manifestations, and pathogenicity. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:709-14. [PMID: 8354913 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/168.3.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Through a longitudinal, active surveillance for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection and lesions on the Pacific Coast of Colombia, risk factors for infection (leishmanin skin test conversion), leishmanial lesions, and pathogenicity were examined. Risk factor information was obtained prior to and independently of case ascertainment. Similar factors were associated with acquisition of infection and of leishmaniasis, including male sex, age > 10 years, and farming occupation. The behaviors of entering the forest after sunset, hunting, and lumbering were most strongly associated with Leishmania infection independently of age, sex, and farming occupation. Environmental conditions associated with infection, including tall trees near the home, home located > 15 m from the nearest neighbor, and floor and roof made of open material, were less strong predictors of risk. Pathogenicity, the risk of lesion given a new infection, was reduced in those > 30 years of age and those entering the forest frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Weigle
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400
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35
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Nasyrov FS, Nasyrova RM, Kallinikova VD, Saf'ianova VM. [The virulence, metacyclogenesis and respiratory enzymes of Leishmania isolated in culture from laboratory animals]. Parazitologiia 1993; 27:301-8. [PMID: 8414649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that an increase of virulence of Leishmania major, L. tropica, L. braziliensis as a result of passing through animals and its decrease during the cultivation are accompanied by certain changes of biochemical characteristics of these promastigotes. In the former case the activity of NADP-H-diaphorase and peroxidase of promastigotes and their ability to be transformed into final (invasional) metacyclic forms increase and in the latter case these characteristics decrease. The level and duration of virulence in culture depend not only on absolute value of the above-mentioned characteristics but also on the graduality of their change. Metacyclogenesis and activity of oxidative enzymes are suggested to be the correlates of virulence of various Leishmania species.
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Almeida MC, Cuba CA, de Sa CM, Pharoah MM, Howard KM, Miles MA. Metacyclogenesis of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in vitro: evidence that lentil lectin is a marker of complement resistance and enhanced infectivity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87:325-9. [PMID: 8236409 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(93)90150-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Axenic culture in modified Grace's medium was used to induce metacyclogenesis of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in vitro. Morphological characteristics, lectin agglutination profiles, susceptibility to complement lysis, and infectivity in vivo were compared between metacyclic promastigotes and promastigotes in mid-log phase growth. Short, arrow-like promastigotes and round, oval promastigotes were defined as putative metacyclic forms on the basis of being highly motile and free swimming, with a small cell body and long flagellum. These forms increased during metacyclogenesis to > 80% whereas long-bodied, slender promastigotes and intermediate slender promastigotes declined progressively. Lentil lectin selectively agglutinated L. braziliensis after the induction of metacyclogenesis, whereas concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and peanut agglutinin similarly agglutinated metacyclic promastigotes and mid-log phase promastigotes. Metacyclic promastigotes survived in 7.5%-20% human serum whereas mid-log phase promastigotes did not. Five hundred metacyclic promastigotes were highly infective to hamsters whereas 500 mid-log phase promastigotes rarely caused any lesion. Specific agglutination by lentil lectin should allow purification of metacyclic organisms for standardization of immunoprotection and challenge experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Almeida
- Nucleo de Medicina Tropical, University of Brasilia
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37
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Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Yong EC, Brownell CE, Twardzik DR, Reed SG. Transforming growth factor beta as a virulence mechanism for Leishmania braziliensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:3442-6. [PMID: 7682701 PMCID: PMC46316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has potent down-regulating effects on macrophages and is thus capable of influencing the fate of intramacrophage parasites, including leishmanias. We report the development of a mouse model for the study of the human pathogen Leishmania braziliensis and demonstrate, both in vitro and in vivo, a key regulatory role for TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of infection with this parasite. Recombinant TGF-beta added to cultures of murine peritoneal macrophages led to increased intracellular L. braziliensis replication, whereas addition of neutralizing anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibody decreased levels of infection. Macrophages infected with L. braziliensis produced biologically active TGF-beta, with a direct correlation between amounts of TGF-beta induced by two parasite isolates and their relative virulence. In vivo, treatment with recombinant TGF-beta rendered avirulent parasites virulent and activated latent L. braziliensis infection. Activation of parasite replication was observed in mice which had been infected with L. braziliensis 15 weeks previously but had not developed lesions or had healed lesions, depending on the parasite isolate used to infect the mice. The exacerbation of L. braziliensis infection in vivo was associated with an increase of interleukin 10 mRNA in the draining lymph node. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta is able to alter the course of in vitro and in vivo infections with L. braziliensis, the latter being characterized by an increase in interleukin 10, an important Th2 helper-T-cell cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barral
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, WA 98109
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38
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Kahl LP, Byram JE, David JR. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from cutaneous and mucosal lesions of patients residing in Tres Bracos, Bahia, Brazil differ in virulence for the golden hamster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84:783-4. [PMID: 2096506 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90078-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L P Kahl
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Naiff
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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40
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Jaffe CL, McMahon-Pratt D. The identification of membrane glycoconjugates in Leishmania species. J Parasitol 1988; 74:548-61. [PMID: 3397816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane glycoconjugates of 8 different species of Leishmania were compared by lectin blotting. Five different lectins with various sugar specificities were examined: concanavalin A, Lens culinaris, Ricinus communis, soybean agglutinin, and peanut agglutinin. Concanavalin A and Lens culinaris reacted with every Leishmania tested. The patterns observed for these 2 lectins, as well as the various species of parasites, were different. However, a common 41,000-52,000 and a 160,000-185,000 Mr component was present in almost all the parasite isolates examined. Ricinus communis only recognized a nondiscrete galactose-containing glycoconjugate similar to Leishmania-excreted factor. Soybean and peanut agglutinins reacted with a few low molecular weight parasite components. Soybean agglutinin reacted with all the Leishmania species tested, whereas peanut lectin only recognized 3 isolates. The latter lectin bound to discrete components migrating with the dye front and with Mr's of 35,000 and 52,000. Increased glycosylation was noted on avirulent L. major promastigotes and was associated with the appearance of several new peanut agglutinin-binding glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Jaffe
- Department of Biophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis panamensis were subjected to a heat shock transformation yielding an amastigote-like stage. During the process of conversion, the heat-induced differentiating form displayed an increase in infectivity (as determined by lesion size) accompanied by a total protein composition unlike that of the promastigote and a morphology resembling that of the amastigote. These biological/functional changes may be related to an involvement of a heat shock response in the differentiation of leishmania, thus having important implications in the development of prevention and treatment stratagems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Smejkal
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100
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42
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Saf'ianova VM. [Evolution of the interrelation of the linking members in the Leishmania parasite system]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1986:43-8. [PMID: 3086683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Arias JR, Miles MA, Naiff RD, Povoa MM, de Freitas RA, Biancardi CB, Castellon EG. Flagellate infections of Brazilian sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): isolation in vitro and biochemical identification of Endotrypanum and Leishmania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34:1098-108. [PMID: 3938924 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellate infections were found in 1,063 of 18,895 sand flies collected in the states of Amazonas, Pará, Rondonia and Acre, Brazil. Infection rates were 13.4% (species group Shannoni); 7.5% (subgenus Nyssomyia); 6.7% (subgenus Lutzomyia series Cruciata); 0.5% (genus Psychodopygus) and 3.1% for other sand flies (various subgenera). Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis and L. mexicana amazonensis were isolated, respectively, from the known vectors, Lutzomyia umbratilis and L. flaviscutellata. Single stocks of L. braziliensis-like and L. mexicana-like organisms were isolated, respectively, from L. whitmani and L. yuilli. Thirty-eight flagellate stocks, isolated by direct culture from sand flies were characterized in detail by morphology in culture, behavior in hamsters and mice and by enzyme profiles. Sixteen stocks from Lutzomyia sp. (Shannoni group) were identified as Endotrypanum schaudinni; 8 stocks from Lutzomyia sp. (Shannoni group) were identified as Endotrypanum sp.; 7 stocks from Psychodopygus ayrozai and P. paraensis were identified as Leishmania sp. previously isolated from the armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus; 2 stocks of Trypanosoma rangeli were isolated from recently fed Lutzomyia sp. (Shannoni group) sand flies; the remaining 5 stocks from L. umbratilis and L. yuilli could not be identified. Observations suggested that Shannoni group sand flies were the natural vectors of Endotrypanum. Leishmania sp. infections in the man-biting flies P. ayrozai and P. paraensis were restricted to the midgut and associated with recent bloodmeals. Unidentified flagellates in L. umbratilis and L. yuilli were distributed throughout the digestive tract with no trace of bloodmeals.
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