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Irshad S, Flores-Borja F, Lawler K, Monypenny J, Evans R, Male V, Gordon P, Cheung A, Gazinska P, Noor F, Wong F, Grigoriadis A, Fruhwirth GO, Barber PR, Woodman N, Patel D, Rodriguez-Justo M, Owen J, Martin SG, Pinder SE, Gillett CE, Poland SP, Ameer-Beg S, McCaughan F, Carlin LM, Hasan U, Withers DR, Lane P, Vojnovic B, Quezada SA, Ellis P, Tutt ANJ, Ng T. RORγt + Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Lymph Node Metastasis of Breast Cancers. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1083-1096. [PMID: 28082403 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells tend to metastasize first to tumor-draining lymph nodes, but the mechanisms mediating cancer cell invasion into the lymphatic vasculature remain little understood. Here, we show that in the human breast tumor microenvironment (TME), the presence of increased numbers of RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) correlates with an increased likelihood of lymph node metastasis. In a preclinical mouse model of breast cancer, CCL21-mediated recruitment of ILC3 to tumors stimulated the production of the CXCL13 by TME stromal cells, which in turn promoted ILC3-stromal interactions and production of the cancer cell motile factor RANKL. Depleting ILC3 or neutralizing CCL21, CXCL13, or RANKL was sufficient to decrease lymph node metastasis. Our findings establish a role for RORγt+ILC3 in promoting lymphatic metastasis by modulating the local chemokine milieu of cancer cells in the TME. Cancer Res; 77(5); 1083-96. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Irshad
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Flores-Borja
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Lawler
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Evans
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Male
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gordon
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farzana Noor
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Wong
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Beatson Advanced Imaging Resource, CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Barber
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Woodman
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Patel
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Julie Owen
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Pinder
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl E Gillett
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Poland
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank McCaughan
- Department of Asthma, Allergy, and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Beatson Advanced Imaging Resource, CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Hasan
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David R Withers
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ellis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N J Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- ICR, BCN Research Unit, Toby Robins Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ng
- Breast Cancer Now (BCN) Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
- Richard Dimbleby, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Du L, Yang X, Yang L, Wang X, Zhang A, Zhou H. Molecular evidence for the involvement of RORα and RORγ in immune response in teleost. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:418-426. [PMID: 22683816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, retinoid-related orphan receptors (ROR) consist of three members as RORα, RORβ and RORγ. It is well known that RORα plays a critical role in cerebellum development while RORγt directs T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation. So far, the knowledge on fish ROR family is limited as only zebrafish ROR family members have been characterized, showing that they play roles in embryonic and cerebellar development. In this study, we have cloned two paralogues for RORα (RORα1 and RORα2) and RORγ (RORγ1 and RORγ2) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Phylogenetic analysis showed that grass carp RORα and RORγ were grouped in the clade of zebrafish RORα and RORγ, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR assay revealed that these four ROR transcripts exhibited similar expression patterns, in particular the high levels in pituitary, brain and some immune-related tissues, suggesting that all of them may play a role in endocrine and immune system of teleost. To explore the immune roles of grass carp RORα and RORγ, their expression was detected in periphery blood lymphocytes (PBLs) challenged by immune stimuli. Results showed that both RORα and RORγ mRNA levels were up-regulated by PHA but not LPS in PBLs, suggesting that their expression may be subject to different immune processes. In the same cell model, poly I:C stimulation induced RORγ1/2 but not RORα1/2 expression, pointing to the different roles of grass carp RORα and RORγ in immune response. Consistently, bacterial challenge significantly up-regulated the expression of these four ROR genes in spleen, headkidney and thymus. These results not only contribute to elucidate the roles of ROR in fish immunity but also facilitate to further clarify the existence of Th17-like cells in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyong Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Bruhn KW, Marathe C, Maretti-Mira AC, Nguyen H, Haskell J, Tran TA, Vanchinathan V, Gaur U, Wilson ME, Tontonoz P, Craft N. LXR deficiency confers increased protection against visceral Leishmania infection in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e886. [PMID: 21103366 PMCID: PMC2982826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver X receptors (LXRs) are a family of nuclear receptor transcription factors that are activated by oxysterols and have defined roles in both lipid metabolism and cholesterol regulation. LXRs also affect antimicrobial responses and have anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. As mice lacking LXRs are more susceptible to infection by intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we hypothesized that LXR might also influence macrophage responses to the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi/infantum, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Methods and Findings Surprisingly, both LXRα knock-out and LXRα/LXRβ double-knock-out (DKO) mice were markedly resistant to systemic L. chagasi/infantum infection compared to wild-type mice. Parasite loads in the livers and spleens of these animals were significantly lower than in wild-type mice 28 days after challenge. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from LXR-DKO mice infected with L. chagasi/infantum in vitro in the presence of IFN-γ were able to kill parasites more efficiently than wild-type macrophages. This enhanced killing by LXR-deficient macrophages correlated with higher levels of nitric oxide produced, as well as increased gene expression of IL-1β. Additionally, LXR ligands abrogated nitric oxide production in wild-type macrophages in response to infection. Conclusions These observations suggest that LXR-deficient mice and macrophages mount antimicrobial responses to Leishmania infection that are distinct from those mounted by wild-type mice and macrophages. Furthermore, comparison of these findings to other intracellular infection models suggests that LXR signaling pathways modulate host antimicrobial responses in a complex and pathogen-specific manner. The LXR pathway thus represents a potential therapeutic target for modulating immunity against Leishmania or other intracellular parasites. Leishmania spp. are protozoan single-cell parasites that are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected sand fly, and can cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from self-healing skin lesions to potentially fatal systemic infections. Certain species of Leishmania that cause visceral (systemic) disease are a source of significant mortality worldwide. Here, we use a mouse model of visceral Leishmania infection to investigate the effect of a host gene called LXR. The LXRs have demonstrated important functions in both cholesterol regulation and inflammation. These processes, in turn, are closely related to lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. LXRs have also previously been shown to be involved in protection against other intracellular pathogens that infect macrophages, including certain bacteria. We demonstrate here that LXR is involved in susceptibility to Leishmania, as animals deficient in the LXR gene are much more resistant to infection with the parasite. We also demonstrate that macrophages lacking LXR kill parasites more readily, and make higher levels of nitric oxide (an antimicrobial mediator) and IL-1β (an inflammatory cytokine) in response to Leishmania infection. These results could have important implications in designing therapeutics against this deadly pathogen, as well as other intracellular microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Bruhn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California, USA.
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