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Kumar AR, L A, Nair B, Mathew B, Sugunan S, Nath LR. Decoding the mechanism of drugs of heterocyclic nature against hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 23:882-893. [PMID: 35440316 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220418115310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer and accounts for ~90% of cases with an approximated incidence of >1 million cases by 2025. Currently, the backbone of HCC therapy is the oral multi-kinase inhibitor, Sorafenib, which consists of a Pyridine heterocycle ring system. This review highlights the introspective characteristics of seven anticancer drugs of heterocyclic nature against HCC along with their structural activity relationships and molecular targets. Methods Literature collection was performed using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, and Cross ref. Additional information was taken from the official website of FDA and GLOBOCAN. Key findings/ Results Based on the available literature, approved heterocyclic compounds showing promising results against HCC including Sorafenib (Pyridine), Regorafenib (Pyridine), Lenvatinib (Quinoline), Cabozantinib (Quinoline), Gemcitabine (Pyrimidine), 5-Fluorouracil (Pyrimidine)and Capecitabine (Pyrimidine), their mechanism of action and key aspects regarding its structural activity were included in the review. Conclusion Heterocyclic compounds represent almost two-thirds of the novel drugs approved by FDA between 2010 and 2020 against Cancer. This review summarizes the clinical relevance, mechanism of action, structural activity relationship, and challenges of the seven available anticancer drugs with heterocyclic ring systems against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana R Kumar
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041
| | - Anitha L
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad Campus, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Telangana
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041
| | - Sinoy Sugunan
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad Campus, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Telangana
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041
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2
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Devan AR, Nair B, Kumar AR, Nath LR. An insight into the role of telmisartan as PPAR-γ/α dual activator in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:461-468. [PMID: 33578449 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disease. It is rapidly emerging as the frequent cause for liver transplantation with the risk of disease recurrence, even after transplantation. Clinical evidence showed an abnormally altered expression of different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes (PPAR-α/γ/δ) in NAFLD with an involvement in the induction of insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and hepatic inflammation. Recently, several dual PPAR-γ/α agonists were developed to simultaneously achieve the insulin-sensitizing effect of PPAR-γ as well as lipid catabolizing effect of PPAR-α. PPAR-α activation could counterbalance the steatogenic and adipogenic effects of PPAR-γ. But most of the drugs were ended in the initial level itself due to harmful adverse effects. In the present review, we discuss the possible mechanism of telmisartan, a typical angiotensin receptor blocker with excellent safety and pharmacokinetic profile, as a PPAR-γ/α dual agonist in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy R Devan
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ayana R Kumar
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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3
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Mathew B, Oh JM, Abdelgawad MA, Khames A, Ghoneim MM, Kumar S, Nath LR, Sudevan ST, Parambi DGT, Agoni C, Soliman MES, Kim H. Conjugated Dienones from Differently Substituted Cinnamaldehyde as Highly Potent Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biochemistry, and Computational Chemistry. ACS Omega 2022; 7:8184-8197. [PMID: 35284720 PMCID: PMC8908507 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen multiconjugated dienones (MK1-MK15) were synthesized and evaluated to determine their inhibitory activities against monoamine oxidases (MAOs) A and B. All derivatives were found to be potent and highly selective MAO-B inhibitors. Compound MK6, with an IC50 value of 2.82 nM, most effectively inhibited MAO-B, like MK12 (IC50 = 3.22 nM), followed by MK5, MK13, and MK14 (IC50 = 4.02, 4.24, and 4.89 nM, respectively). The selectivity index values of MK6 and MK12 for MAO-B over MAO-A were 7361.5 and 1780.5, respectively. Compounds MK6 and MK12 were competitive reversible inhibitors of MAO-B, with K i values of 1.10 ± 0.20 and 3.0 ± 0.27 nM, respectively. Cytotoxic studies showed that MK5, MK6, MK12, and MK14 exhibited low toxicities on Vero cells, with IC50 values of 218.4, 149.1, 99.96, and 162.3 μg/mL, respectively, which were much higher than those for their effective nanomolar-level concentrations. Also, MK5, MK6, MK12, and MK14 decreased cell damage in H2O2-induced cells via a significant scavenging effect of reactive oxygen species. Molecular modeling was performed to rationalize the potential inhibitory activities of MK5, MK6, MK12, and MK14 toward MAO-B and their possible binding mechanisms, showing high-affinity binding pocket interactions and conformation perturbations of the compounds with MAO-B, which were interpreted as the conformational dynamics of MAO-B. This study concluded that all the compounds tested were more potent MAO-B inhibitors than the reference drugs, and leading compounds could be further explored for their effectiveness in various kinds of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
- ,
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department
of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Della Grace Thomas Parambi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular
Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South
Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular
Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South
Africa
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department
of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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4
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Murali M, Kumar AR, Nair B, Pavithran K, Devan AR, Pradeep GK, Nath LR. Antibody-drug conjugate as targeted therapeutics against hepatocellular carcinoma: preclinical studies and clinical relevance. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:407-431. [PMID: 34595736 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is an advanced chemotherapeutic option with immense promises in treating many tumor. They are designed to selectively attack and kill neoplastic cells with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. ADCs are complex engineered immunoconjugates that comprise a monoclonal antibody for site-directed delivery and cytotoxic payload for targeted destruction of malignant cells. Therefore, it enables the reduction of off-target toxicities and enhances the therapeutic index of the drug. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a solid tumor that shows high heterogeneity of molecular phenotypes and is considered the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Studies show enormous potential for ADCs targeting GPC3 and CD24 and other tumor-associated antigens in HCC with their high, selective expression and show potential outputs in preclinical evaluations. The review mainly highlights the preclinical evaluation of different antigen-targeted ADCs such as MetFab-DOX, Anti-c-Met IgG-OXA, Anti CD 24, ANC-HN-01, G7mab-DOX, hYP7-DCand hYP7-PC, Anti-CD147 ILs-DOX and AC133-vcMMAF against hepatocellular carcinoma and its future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - A R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - B Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - A R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - G K Pradeep
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - L R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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5
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Devan AR, Nair B, Kumar AR, Gorantla JN, T S A, Nath LR. Unravelling the Immune Modulatory Effect of Indian Spices to Impede the Transmission of COVID-19: A Promising Approach. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2022; 23:201-220. [PMID: 33593256 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210216144917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Months after WHO declared COVID-19 as a Global Public Health Emergency of International Concern, it does not seem to be flattening the curve as we are still devoid of an effective treatment modality and vaccination is in the first phase in many countries. Amid such uncertainty, being immune is the best strategy to defend against corona attacks. As the whole world is referring back to immune-boosting traditional remedies, interest is rekindled in the Indian system of Medicine, which is gifted with an abundance of herbal medicines as well as remedies. Among them, spices (root, rhizome, seed, fruit, leaf, bud, and flower of various plants used to add taste and flavors to food) are bestowed with immense medicinal potential. A plethora of clinical as well as preclinical studies reported the effectiveness of various spices for various ailments. The potential immune-boosting properties together with their excellent safety profiles are making spices the current choice of phytoresearch as well as the immune-boosting home remedies during these sceptical times. The present review critically evaluates the immune impact of various Indian spices and their potential to tackle the novel coronavirus, with comments on the safety and toxicity aspects of spices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ayana R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Jaggaiah N Gorantla
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48201, Michigan, USA
| | - Aishwarya T S
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
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6
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Kumar AR, Devan AR, Nair B, Nair RR, Nath LR. Biology, Significance and Immune Signaling of Mucin 1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:725-740. [PMID: 35301949 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220317090552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC 1) is a highly glycosylated tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This protein plays a critical role in various immune-mediated signaling pathways at its transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, leading to immune evasion and metastasis in HCC. HCC cells maintain an immune-suppressive environment with the help of immunesuppressive tumor-associated antigens, resulting in a metastatic spread of the disease. The development of intense immunotherapeutic strategies to target tumor-associated antigen is critical to overcoming the progression of HCC. MUC 1 remains the most recognized tumor-associated antigen since its discovery over 30 years ago. A few promising immunotherapies targeting MUC 1 are currently under clinical trials, including CAR-T and CAR-pNK-mediated therapies. This review highlights the biosynthesis, significance, and clinical implication of MUC 1 as an immune target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | | | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
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7
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Nath LR, Swetha M, Vijayakurup V, Thangarasu AK, Haritha NH, Shabna A, Aiswarya SU, Rayginia TP, Keerthana CK, Kalimuthu K, Sundaram S, Lankalapalli RS, Pillai S, Towner R, Isakov N, Anto RJ. Blockade of Uttroside B-Induced Autophagic Pro-Survival Signals Augments Its Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:812598. [PMID: 35211405 PMCID: PMC8861526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.812598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has demonstrated that Uttroside B (Utt-B), a saponin isolated from the leaves of Solanum nigrum Linn induces apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells and exhibits a remarkable growth inhibition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Our innovation has been granted a patent from the US (US 2019/0160088A1), Canada (3,026,426.), Japan (JP2019520425) and South Korea (KR1020190008323) and the technology have been transferred commercially to Q Biomed, a leading US-based Biotech company. Recently, the compound received approval as 'Orphan Drug' against HCC from US FDA, which reveals the clinical relevance of evaluating its antitumor efficacy against HCC. In the present study, we report that Utt-B promotes pro-survival autophagy in hepatic cancer cells as evidenced by the increased expression of autophagy-related proteins, including LC3-II, Beclin1, ATG 5, and ATG 7, as well as a rise in the autophagic flux. Hence, we investigated whether Utt-B-induced autophagic response is complementing or contradicting its apoptotic program in HCC. Inhibition of autophagy using the pharmacological inhibitors, Bafilomycin A1(Baf A1), and 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), and the biological inhibitor, Beclin1 siRNA, significantly enhances the apoptosis of hepatic cancer cells and hence the cytotoxicity induced by Utt-B. We also found increased expression of autophagy markers in Utt-B-treated xenografts derived from HCC. We further analyzed whether the antimalarial drug, Chloroquine (Cqn), a well-known autophagy inhibitor, can enhance the anticancer effect of Utt-B against HCC. We found that inhibition of autophagy using Cqn significantly enhances the antitumor efficacy of Utt-B in vitro and in vivo, in NOD SCID mice bearing HCC xenografts. Taken together, our results suggest that the antitumor effect of Utt-B against HCC can be further enhanced by blocking autophagy. Furthermore, Utt-B in combination with Cqn, a clinically approved drug, if repurposed and used in a combinatorial regimen with Utt-B, can further improve the therapeutic efficacy of Utt-B against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi R. Nath
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Mundanattu Swetha
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Vinod Vijayakurup
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Arun Kumar Thangarasu
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nair Hariprasad Haritha
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Anwar Shabna
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sreekumar U. Aiswarya
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, India
| | - Tennyson P. Rayginia
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - C. K. Keerthana
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kalishwaralal Kalimuthu
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sankar Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Lankalapalli
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sreekumar Pillai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, India
| | - Rheal Towner
- Department of Pathology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- *Correspondence: Ruby John Anto,
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Maliyakkal N, Saleem U, Anwar F, Shah MA, Ahmad B, Umer F, Almoyad MAA, Parambi DGT, Beeran AA, Nath LR, Aleya L, Mathew B. Ameliorative effect of ethoxylated chalcone-based MAO-B inhibitor on behavioural predictors of haloperidol-induced Parkinsonism in mice: evidence of its antioxidative role against Parkinson's diseases. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:7271-7282. [PMID: 34476688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects mostly elderly people above the age of 60. Previously, we have reported that the ethoxylated chalcone derivative (E)-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(fluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (E7) showed potent, reversible, and competitive MAO-B inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.053 μm. The present study aims to investigate the anti-Parkinson activity of compound E7 in a haloperidol-induced animal model of mice. The disease was induced with haloperidol (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal route) once daily for 21 days. E7 was given at dose levels of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg/day for 21 days, consecutively. Behavioural tests were carried out during and at the end of the study. Biochemical analyses such as oxidative stress biomarkers and neurotransmitters were quantified on the brain homogenate at the end of the study. Behavioural results showed that there is a marked improvement in locomotor activity and motor coordination in the treatment group. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were increased dose-dependently with a maximum at 30 mg/kg, whereas the dose-dependent decrease (30 mg/kg) in the MDA and nitrite levels were observed in the treatment groups. Levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, were increased in the treatment groups while dopamine and noradrenaline levels were more than in the standard treated group. MAO-B level was also decreased dose dependently in the treatment group in comparison with the control group. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the E7 compound exhibited anti-Parkinson activity which was more evident at 30 mg/kg oral dose as evaluated by the haloperidol-induced animal model of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Maliyakkal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Khamis Mushayt, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Filzah Umer
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Khamis Mushayt, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Della Grace Thomas Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al Jouf-2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmy Appadath Beeran
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, CNRS6249, Universite de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besancon, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, India.
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9
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Nath LR, Murali M, Nair B. Critical biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma in body fluids and gut microbiota. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:2219-2222. [PMID: 35070054 PMCID: PMC8713307 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i12.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer and one of the major causes of cancer-related death. The development of specific non-invasive or diagnostic markers from blood, urine and feces may represent a valuable tool for detecting HCC at an early stage. Biomarkers are considered novel potential targets for therapeutic intervention. It helps in the prediction of prognosis or recurrence of HCC, and also assist in the selection of appropriate treatment modality. We summarize the most relevant existing data about various biomarkers that play a key role in the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Maneesha Murali
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
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10
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Kumar AR, Devan AR, Nair B, Vinod BS, Nath LR. Harnessing the immune system against cancer: current immunotherapy approaches and therapeutic targets. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8075-8095. [PMID: 34671902 PMCID: PMC8605995 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving concept that has been given the tag "fifth pillar" of cancer therapy while radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery and targeted therapy remain the other four pillars. This involves the stimulation of the immune system to control tumor growth and it specifically targets the neoplastic cells rather than the normal cells. Conventional chemotherapy has many limitations which include drug resistance, recurrence of cancer and severe adverse effects. Immunology has made major treatment breakthroughs for several cancers such as colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, stomach cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia etc. Currently, therapeutic strategies harnessing the immune system involve Checkpoint inhibitors, Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells), Monoclonal antibodies, Cancer vaccines, Cytokines, Radio-immunotherapy and Oncolytic virus therapy. The molecular characterization of several tumor antigens (TA) indicates that these TA can be utilized as promising candidates in cancer immunotherapy strategies. Here in this review, we highlight and summarize the different categories of emerging cancer immunotherapies along with the immunologically recognized tumor antigens involved in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Balachandran S Vinod
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Narayana College, Kollam, Kerala, 691001, India.
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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11
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Mathew B, Oh JM, Khames A, Abdelgawad MA, Rangarajan TM, Nath LR, Agoni C, Soliman MES, Mathew GE, Kim H. Replacement of Chalcone-Ethers with Chalcone-Thioethers as Potent and Highly Selective Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors and Their Protein-Ligand Interactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111148. [PMID: 34832930 PMCID: PMC8623647 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop new potent and highly selective MAO-B inhibitors from chalcone-thioethers, eleven chalcones-thioethers were synthesized and their monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition, kinetics, reversibility, and cytotoxicity of lead compounds were analyzed. Molecular dynamics were carried out to investigate the interactions. Compound TM8 showed potent inhibitory activity against MAO-B, with an IC50 value of 0.010 µM, followed by TM1, TM2, TM7, and TM10 (IC50 = 0.017, 0.021, 0.023, and 0.026 µM, respectively). Interestingly, TM8 had an extremely high selectivity index (SI; 4860) for MAO-B. Reversibility and kinetic experiments showed that TM8 and TM1 were reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-B with Ki values of 0.0031 ± 0.0013 and 0.011± 0.001 µM, respectively. Both TM1 and TM8 were non-toxic to Vero cells with IC50 values of 241.8 and 116.3 µg/mL (i.e., 947.7 and 402.4 µM), respectively, and at these IC50 values, both significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. TM1 and TM8 showed high blood-brain barrier permeabilities in the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Molecular dynamics studies were conducted to investigate interactions between TM1 and TM8 and the active site of MAO-B. Conclusively, TM8 and TM1 are potent and highly selective MAO-B inhibitors with little toxicity and good ROS scavenging abilities and it is suggested that both are attractive prospective candidates for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
- Correspondence: or (B.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - T. M. Rangarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venketeswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India;
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India;
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (C.A.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (C.A.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | | | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
- Correspondence: or (B.M.); (H.K.)
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Kumar SS, Binu A, Devan AR, Nath LR. Mucus targeting as a plausible approach to improve lung function in COVID-19 patients. Med Hypotheses 2021; 156:110680. [PMID: 34592563 PMCID: PMC8440041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the worst pandemics that have tormented the globe due to its highly contagious nature. Even if the disease manifests fever-like symptoms mostly, the disease may progress to the pulmonary-hyper inflammatory phase, with severe pneumonia, hypoxia and subsequent multiple organ infection. This subsequently creates a huge burden to the health care systems across the globe for an immediate arrangement of ventilator facilities, oxygen supply and advanced health care. We evaluated the pathological similarity of COVID-19 with other airway obstructive disorders such as COPD and asthma and found typical mucus hypersecretion and mucus plugging in COVID-19 subjects. From several bronchoscopy and clinical autopsy carried out in COVID-19 patients, the overexpression of mucin gene was evident which play a significant role in mucus hypersecretion and accumulation, leading to airway obstruction and further to respiratory distress. In the present work, we highlight the need for intense research inputs to elucidate the exact role the mucus plays in worsening COVID-19 symptoms. This will further help to find a proper approach to quantify the airway mucus plugging in each patient and to develop an appropriate therapy either to inhibit mucus secretion or to improve mucus clearance through well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath S Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Aiswarya Binu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
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13
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Dixon DCK, Ratan C, Nair B, Mangalath S, Abraham R, Nath LR. RNA Sensors as a Mechanism of Innate Immune Evasion among SARSCoV2, HIV and Nipah Viruses. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 22:273-289. [PMID: 33749559 DOI: 10.2174/1389203722666210322142725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defence elicited by the host immune system to fight against invading pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. From this elementary immune response, the more complex antigen-specific adaptive responses are recruited to provide a long-lasting memory against the pathogens. Innate immunity gets activated when the host cell utilizes a diverse set of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to recognize the viruses that have penetrated the host and responds with cellular processes like complement system, phagocytosis, cytokine release and inflammation and destruction of NK cells. Viral RNA or DNA or viral intermediate products are recognized by receptors like toll-like receptors(TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) thereby, inducing type I interferon response (IFN) and other proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells or other immune cells. But certain viruses can evade the host innate immune response to replicate efficiently, triggering the spread of the viral infection. The present review describes the similarity in the mechanism chosen by viruses from different families -HIV, SARSCoV- 2 and Nipah viruses to evade the innate immune response and how efficiently they establish the infection in the host. The review also addresses the stages of developments of various vaccines against these viral diseases and the challenges encountered by the researchers during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Cicily Kattiparambil Dixon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Chameli Ratan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sabitha Mangalath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Rachy Abraham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
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14
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Rehuman N, Oh JM, Nath LR, Khames A, Abdelgawad MA, Gambacorta N, Nicolotti O, Jat R, Kim H, Mathew B. Halogenated Coumarin-Chalcones as Multifunctional Monoamine Oxidase-B and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors. ACS Omega 2021; 6:28182-28193. [PMID: 34723016 PMCID: PMC8552465 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of halogenated coumarin-chalcones were synthesized, characterized, and their inhibitory activities against monoamine oxidases (MAOs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) were evaluated. Compound CC2 most potently inhibited MAO-B with an IC50 value of 0.51 μM, followed by CC1 (IC50 = 0.69 μM), with a selectivity index (SI) of >78.4 and >58.0, respectively, over MAO-A. However, none of the compounds effectively inhibited MAO-A, AChE, and BChE, except for CC2 and CC3 inhibiting BChE with IC50 values of 7.00 (SI > 5.73 over AChE) and 11.8 μM, respectively. CC1 and CC2 were found to be reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-B, with K i values of 0.50 ± 0.06 and 0.53 ± 0.04 μM, respectively, and CC2 was also a reversible and competitive inhibitor of BChE, with a K i value of 2.84 ± 0.09 μM. The parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) method showed that lead candidates can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The in vitro toxicity analysis on the Vero cell line (Normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cells) by MTT confirmed that both CC1 and CC2 were nontoxic up to 100 μg/mL, which is almost equivalent to 100 times of their effective concentration used in biological studies. In addition, CC1 and CC2 attenuated H2O2-induced cellular damage via their reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effect. These results suggest that CC1 and CC2 are selective and competitive inhibitors of MAO-B, and that CC2 is a selective and competitive inhibitor of BChE. Molecular docking studies of lead compounds provided the possible type of interactions in the targeted enzymes. Based on the findings, both compounds, CC1 and CC2, can be considered plausible drug candidates against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha
Abdul Rehuman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Joseph
Mar Thoma Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Alappuzha, Kerala 690503, India
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department
of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682, India
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia—Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia—Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rakesh
Kumar Jat
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JJTU University, Jhunjhunu 333001, India
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department
of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
- ,
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15
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Devan AR, Kumar AR, Nair B, Anto NP, Muraleedharan A, Mathew B, Kim H, Nath LR. Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070656. [PMID: 34358082 PMCID: PMC8308499 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most lethal cancers worldwide because of its high refractoriness and multi-drug resistance to existing chemotherapies, which leads to poor patient survival. Novel pharmacological strategies to tackle HCC are based on oral multi-kinase inhibitors like sorafenib; however, the clinical use of the drug is restricted due to the limited survival rate and significant side effects, suggesting the existence of a primary or/and acquired drug-resistance mechanism. Because of this hurdle, HCC patients are forced through incomplete therapy. Although multiple approaches have been employed in parallel to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), the results are varying with insignificant outcomes. In the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough approach and has played a critical role in HCC treatment. The liver is the main immune organ of the lymphatic system. Researchers utilize immunotherapy because immune evasion is considered a major reason for rapid HCC progression. Moreover, the immune response can be augmented and sustained, thus preventing cancer relapse over the post-treatment period. In this review, we provide detailed insights into the immunotherapeutic approaches to combat MDR by focusing on HCC, together with challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy R. Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Ayana R. Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Nikhil Ponnoor Anto
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (N.P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Amitha Muraleedharan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (N.P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India;
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (L.R.N.)
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (L.R.N.)
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Baby J, Devan AR, Kumar AR, Gorantla JN, Nair B, Aishwarya TS, Nath LR. Cogent role of flavonoids as key orchestrators of chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13761. [PMID: 34028054 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemopreventive approaches with food-derived phytochemicals are progressively rising as a significant aspect of tumor management and control. Herein, we have showcased the major phytoconstituents belonging to the group of flavanoid, as anti-cancer agents used for the treatment and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib is the sole drug used for the treatment of advanced HCC, but its clinical application is limited because of its severe adverse effects and drug resistance. Diet-based chemoprevention seems to be the way forward for this disease of malignant nature. As HCC is derived from a chronic inflammatory milieu, the regular incorporation of bioactive phytochemicals in the diet will confer protection and prevent progression to hepatocarcinogenesis. Many preclinical studies proved that the health benefits of flavonoids confer cytotoxic potential against various types of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma. As flavonoids with excellent safety profile are abundantly present in common vegetables and fruits, they can be better utilized for chemoprevention and chemosensitization in such chronic condition. This review highlights the plausible role of the eight most promising flavonoids (Curcumin, Kaempferol, Resveratrol, Quercetin, Silibinin, Baicalein, Galangin and Luteolin) as key orchestrators of chemoprevention in hepatocellular carcinoma with preclinical and clinical evidence. An attempt to address the challenges in its clinical translation is also included. This review also provides an insight into the close association of HCC and metabolic disorders which may further decipher the chemopreventive effect of dietary bioactive from a proof of concept to extensive clinical translation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: According to GLOBOCAN 2020 database, it is estimated that 905,677 new cases of liver cancer and approximately 830,180 deaths related to that. The cancer incidence and mortality are almost similar as it is diagnosed at an advanced stage in patients where systemic drug therapy is the sole approach. Due to the emergence of multidrug resistance and drug-related toxicities, most of the patient can not adhere to the therapy regimen. Flavonoids are known to be a potential anticancer agent with an excellent safety profile. These are found to be effective preclinically against hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of numerous pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis. But, the bioavailability issue, lack of well designed-validated clinical evidence, the possibility of food-drug interaction etc limit its clinical utility. The research inputs mainly to overcome pharmacokinetic issues along with suitable validation of efficacy and toxicity will be a critical point for establishing flavonoids as an effective, safe, affordable therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Baby
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ayana R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Thanatharayil Sathian Aishwarya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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17
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Koyiparambath VP, Oh JM, Khames A, Abdelgawad MA, Nair AS, Nath LR, Gambacorta N, Ciriaco F, Nicolotti O, Kim H, Mathew B. Trimethoxylated Halogenated Chalcones as Dual Inhibitors of MAO-B and BACE-1 for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060850. [PMID: 34201128 PMCID: PMC8226672 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Six halogenated trimethoxy chalcone derivatives (CH1-CH6) were synthesized and spectrally characterized. The compounds were further evaluated for their inhibitory potential against monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and β-secretase (BACE-1). Six compounds inhibited MAO-B more effectively than MAO-A, and the 2',3',4'-methoxy moiety in CH4-CH6 was more effective for MAO-B inhibition than the 2',4',6'-methoxy moiety in CH1-CH3. Compound CH5 most potently inhibited MAO-B, with an IC50 value of 0.46 µM, followed by CH4 (IC50 = 0.84 µM). In 2',3',4'-methoxy derivatives (CH4-CH6), the order of inhibition was -Br in CH5 > -Cl in CH4 > -F in CH6 at the para-position in ring B of chalcone. CH4 and CH5 were selective for MAO-B, with selectivity index (SI) values of 15.1 and 31.3, respectively, over MAO-A. CH4 and CH5 moderately inhibited BACE-1 with IC50 values of 13.6 and 19.8 µM, respectively. When CH4 and CH5 were assessed for their cell viability studies on the normal African Green Monkey kidney cell line (VERO) using MTT assays, it was noted that both compounds were found to be safe, and only a slightly toxic effect was observed in concentrations above 200 µg/mL. CH4 and CH5 decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of VERO cells treated with H2O2, indicating both compounds retained protective effects on the cells by antioxidant activities. All compounds showed high blood brain barrier permeabilities analyzed by a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). Molecular docking and ADME prediction of the lead compounds provided more insights into the rationale behind the binding and the CNS drug likeness. From non-test mutagenicity and cardiotoxicity studies, CH4 and CH5 were non-mutagenic and non-/weak-cardiotoxic. These results suggest that CH4 and CH5 could be considered candidates for the cure of neurological dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Payyalot Koyiparambath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India; (V.P.K.); (A.S.N.)
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box-11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India; (V.P.K.); (A.S.N.)
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department of Pharmacogonosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India;
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia—Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Fulvio Ciriaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia—Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India; (V.P.K.); (A.S.N.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (B.M.)
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18
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Kammath AJ, Nair B, P S, Nath LR. Curry versus cancer: Potential of some selected culinary spices against cancer with in vitro, in vivo, and human trials evidences. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13285. [PMID: 32524639 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spices are dietary agents with immense potential for cancer chemo-prevention. A wide variety of spices are extensively used as food flavoring agents which possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties due to the presence of certain bio-active compounds in them. In vitro, in vivo studies and clinical trials of selected spices against various types of cancer are being specified in this review. Effect of certain putative dietary spices namely turmeric, clove, garlic, ginger, fennel, black cumin, cinnamon, pepper, saffron, rosemary, and chilli along with its role in cancer are being discussed. Literature search was conducted through PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct, and Scopus using the keywords "spice," "cancer," "natural medicine," "herbal compound," "bioactive compounds." About 4,000 published articles and 127 research papers were considered to grab the brief knowledge on spices and their anticancer potential on a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Historically, spices and herbs are known for its traditional flavor, odor, and medicinal properties. Intensified risk of chronic and pervasive clinical conditions and increased cost of advanced drug treatments have developed a keen interest among researchers to explore the miscellaneous properties of herbal spices. Cancer is one of the deleterious causes of mortality affecting a huge number of populations worldwide. Arrays of cancer treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are used to compromise the disease but effective only when the size of the tumor is small. So, an effective treatment need to be developed that produces less side effects and herbal spices are found to be the promising agents. In this review, we illustrate about different in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies of wide range of culinary spices having antineoplastic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya J Kammath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Sreelekshmi P
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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19
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Kumar AR, Devan AR, Nair B, Nath LR. Anti-VEGF Mediated Immunomodulatory Role of Phytochemicals: Scientific Exposition for Plausible HCC Treatment. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1288-1316. [PMID: 33538672 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210203194036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common solid tumours and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Advanced-recurrent HCC often requires a systemic drug therapy where multi tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Sorafenib represents the first-line therapy option. But it exhibited very limited survival benefit and tumour response due to the early emergence of drug resistance and drug-related adverse effect. Immunotherapy approaches now being widely studied as an effective alternative treatment for HCC. Several immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab, are approved as monotherapy in sorafenib-resistant HCC patients. But, the existence of a plethora of immunosuppressive signals in the tumour microenvironment often leads to unsuccessful immunotherapies. In this context, combinatorial immunotherapies are getting much acceptance as a way to improve therapeutic outcomes by blocking immunosuppressive signals in the tumour microenvironment (TME). The combination of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) inhibitors with ICI resulted in significant synergistic effects in various preclinical and clinical studies. However, the adverse effects associated with current synthetic VEGF inhibitors limit its clinical utility. In this review, we have summarized the potential of phytochemicals, especially the category of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, and coumarin, as the available-affordable-safe-effective repositories of VEGF inhibitors. Their possibilities as an alternative for synthetic VEGF inhibitors by synergistic combination with ICI are reviewed, thereby enhancing patient compliance and survival rates. This review highlights the demand for a detailed investigation of the plausible role of plant-based anti-angiogenic-immunotherapy combination against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
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20
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Ratan C, Cicily K D D, Nair B, Nath LR. MUC Glycoproteins: Potential Biomarkers and Molecular Targets for Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:132-152. [PMID: 33200711 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201116113334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MUC proteins have great significance as prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in most cancers of glandular epithelial origin. These are high molecular weight glycosylated proteins located in the epithelial lining of several tissues and ducts. Mucins belong to a heterogeneous group of large O-glycoproteins that can be either secreted or membrane-bound. Glycosylation, a post-translational modification affects the biophysical, functional and biochemical properties and provides structural complexity for these proteins. Aberrant expression and glycosylation of mucins contribute to tumour survival and proliferation in many cancers, which in turn activates numerous signalling pathways such as NF-kB, ERα, HIF, MAPK, p53, c-Src, Wnt and JAK-STAT, etc. This subsequently induces cancer cell growth, proliferation and metastasis. The present review mainly demonstrates the functional aspects of MUC glycoproteins along with its unique signalling mechanism and role of aberrant glycosylation in cancer progression and therapeutics. The importance of MUC proteins and its subtypes in a wide spectrum of cancers including but not limited to breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial and cervical cancer, lung cancer, primary liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer has been exemplified with significance in targeting the same. Several patents associated with the MUC proteins in the field of cancer therapy are also emphasized in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chameli Ratan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Dalia Cicily K D
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
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21
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Joseph S, Nair B, Nath LR. The Ineluctable Role of ACE-2 Receptors in SARS COV-2 Infection and Drug Repurposing as a Plausible SARS COV-2 Therapy: A Concise Treatise. Curr Mol Med 2021; 21:888-913. [PMID: 33563197 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210204212024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent for the COVID-19 infectious disease that spreads via the respiratory route and has reached a drastic level of a global pandemic. Symptoms of COVID-19 may vary from mild (fever, dry cough, shortness of breath) to severe pneumonia-like respiratory symptoms as exacerbation of disease occurs. Unlike SARS-CoV, the SARSCoV- 2 has a higher binding affinity to ACE-2 receptors, which signifies its higher transmission rate from person to person. Even though ACE-2 is significant in the reninangiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS) regulation that exhibits protection to various organs, it plays a significant role in COVID-19 disease pathogenesis. Viral interferences with the ACE-2 peptidase activity are found in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients leading to pro-inflammatory responses, hypertension and multi-organ damage. Angiotensinconverting enzyme-2 is constrained to a variety of organ systems, but surface ACE-2 receptors on lung epithelia are largely affected, which lead to pathological alterations in lung histology which may progress to respiratory failure. The viral tropism mainly occurs by the attachment to the angiotensin-converting enzymes-2 receptors in the host cell; thus drugs targeting ACE-2 expressions may arise as the future therapeutic strategy to combat COVID-19 infections. The innovative approach of repurposing drugs has shown temporary effectiveness to curb the rising pandemic. This article mainly focuses on the prominence of ACE-2 receptors which are expressed during the COVID infections and the repurposing strategy of available drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Joseph
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
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22
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Adithya J, Nair B, Aishwarya TS, Nath LR. The Plausible Role of Indian Traditional Medicine in Combating Corona Virus (SARS-CoV 2): A Mini-Review. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:906-919. [PMID: 32767920 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200807111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV 2 is a novel virus strain of Coronavirus, reported in China in late December 2019. Its highly contagious nature in humans has prompted WHO to designate the ongoing pandemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. At this moment, there is no specific treatment and the therapeutic strategies to deal with the infection are only supportive, with prevention aimed at reducing community transmission. A permanent solution for the pandemic, which has brought the world economy to the edge of collapse, is the need of the hour. This situation has brought intense research in traditional systems of medicine. Indian Traditional System, Ayurveda, has a clear concept of the cause and treatment of pandemics. Through this review, information on the potential antiviral traditional medicines along with their immunomodulatory pathways are discussed. We have covered the seven most important Indian traditional plants with antiviral properties: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (family: Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (family: Menispermaceae), Phyllanthus emblica L. (family: Euphorbiaceae), Asparagus racemosus L. (family: Liliaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (family: Fabaceae), Ocimum sanctum L. (family: Lamiaceae) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss (family: Meliaceae) in this review. An attempt is also made to bring into limelight the importance of dietary polyphenol, Quercetin, which is a potential drug candidate in the making against the SARS-CoV2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adithya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - T S Aishwarya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
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23
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Baby B, Devan AR, Nair B, Nath LR. The Impetus of COVID -19 in Multiple Organ Affliction Apart from Respiratory Infection: Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Measures and Current Treatment Strategy. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:514-526. [PMID: 32888278 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520999200905115050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic spread of COVID 19 caused by the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV- 2) produced a tremendous effect on the life of humanity across the globe. The epidemiological studies revealed the drastic spectrum of SARS-CoV 2 infection ranging from mere flu-like symptoms to severe respiratory suppression within a short period. Initially, cases have been confined in the emerging point, Wuhan, China. But, within a few months, it has spread all over 212 countries around the globe and presently has become a severe threat to human life. Even though it is a severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, recent reports came with multiple organ effects of SARS-CoV 2, suggesting the virulence potential of this novel virus to sweep the planet in the absence of a proper vaccine or therapy. In this review, we discuss the multi-organ pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection, together with the treatment methods adopted and innovative diagnostic methods used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilha Baby
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, AIMS P. O. Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala-682041, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, AIMS P. O. Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala-682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, AIMS P. O. Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala-682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, AIMS P. O. Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala-682041, India
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24
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Nath LR, Gorantla JN, Thulasidasan AKT, Vijayakurup V, Shah S, Anwer S, Joseph SM, Antony J, Veena KS, Sundaram S, Marelli UK, Lankalapalli RS, Anto RJ. Author Correction: Evaluation of uttroside B, a saponin from Solanum nigrum Linn, as a promising chemotherapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20431. [PMID: 33208836 PMCID: PMC7676244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi R Nath
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Jaggaiah N Gorantla
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Arun Kumar T Thulasidasan
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Vinod Vijayakurup
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Shabna Shah
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Shabna Anwer
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Sophia M Joseph
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Jayesh Antony
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Kollery Suresh Veena
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Sankar Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Udaya K Marelli
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Ravi S Lankalapalli
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India.
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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Siniprasad P, Nair B, Balasubramaniam V, Sadanandan P, Namboori PK, Nath LR. Evaluation of Kaempferol as AKT Dependent mTOR Regulator via Targeting FKBP-12 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An In silico Approach. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999200623115703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are inherently chemotherapy-resistant
tumors with about 30-50% activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and this pathway is not aberrant
in normal cells. Therefore, targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has become a promising strategy
in drug designing to combat liver cancer. Recently, many studies with phytochemicals suggest few classes
of compounds, especially flavonoids, to be useful in down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway corresponding
to HCC. In the present study, an attempt is made to explore flavonoids, from which the best
mTORC1 inhibitor against hepatocellular carcinoma is selected using computational molecular modeling.
Methods:
In the present study, we performed a virtual screening method with phytochemicals of
flavonoid category. To ensure proper bioavailability and druggability, pharmacokinetic and interaction
parameters have been used to screen the molecules. The target protein molecules have been selected
from the RCSB. The interaction studies have been conducted using Biovia Discovery Studio
client version 17.2.0.1.16347 and the pharmacokinetic predictions have been made through ADMET
SAR. The responsiveness towards the regulation of the mTOR pathway varies from person to person,
demanding a pharmacogenomic approach in the analysis. The genetic variants (Single Nucleotide
Variants-SNVs) corresponding to the mutations have been identified.
Results and Discussion:
The study identified phytoconstituents with better interaction with receptor
FKBP12, a Rapamycin binding domain which is the target of Rapamycin and its analogues for
mTORC1 inhibition in HCC. Another protein, ‘AKT serine/threonine-protein kinase’ has been identified,
which is associated with activation of mTORC1. The molecular interaction studies (docking
studies) and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) analysis were
used to identify the affinity between selected phytoconstituents as mTORC1 inhibitor against Hepatocellular
carcinoma. The docking studies support Kaempferol to be a potential ligand with docking
score values of 33.4 (3CQU-3D structure of AKT1)] and 27.3 (2FAP-3D structure of FRB domain
of mTOR) respectively as compared to that of standard drug Everolimus with 24.4 (3CQU-3D structure
of AKT1) and 20.1 (2FAP-3D structure of FRB domain of mTOR) respectively. Docking studies
along with ADMET results show that Kaempferol has favorable drug likeliness properties and
binds to the same active site (site1) of the targeted proteins (3CQU-3D structure of AKT1) and
(2FAP-3D structure of FRB domain of mTOR) where the standard drug Everolimus is known to
bind.
Conclusion:
The study exhibited that Kaempferol had a better binding affinity towards the receptor
FKBP12, a Rapamycin Binding Domain and AKT serine/threonine-protein kinase resulting in its
better efficacy in the mTORC1 inhibition as when compared with standard drug Everolimus against
HCC. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been reported on Kaempferol as mTORC1 inhibitor
against Hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Siniprasad
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Vaisali Balasubramaniam
- Computational Chemistry Group (CCG), Computational Engineering and Networking, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritanagar, Coimbatore-641112, India
| | - Prashanth Sadanandan
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Puliyapally Krishnan Namboori
- Computational Chemistry Group (CCG), Computational Engineering and Networking, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritanagar, Coimbatore-641112, India
| | - Lekshmi Reghu Nath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
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Nair B, Anto RJ, M S, Nath LR. Kaempferol-Mediated Sensitization Enhances Chemotherapeutic Efficacy of Sorafenib Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An In Silico and In Vitro Approach. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 10:472-476. [PMID: 32665908 PMCID: PMC7335979 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Sorafenib is the sole FDA approved drug conventionally used for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite of the beneficial use of sorafenib in the treatment of HCC, multidrug resistance still remains a challenge. HCC is inherently known as chemotherapy resistant tumor due to P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance. Methods: We studied the interaction energy of kaempferol with human multidrug resistance protein-1 (RCSB PDB ID: 2CBZ) using in silico method with the help of BIOVIA Discovery Studio. HepG2 and N1S1 liver cancer cell lines were treated in suitable cell culture media to evaluate the efficacy of kaempferol in chemo-sensitizing liver cancer cells towards the effect of sorafenib. Cell viability study was performed by MTT assay. Results: In silico analysis of kaempferol showed best docking score of 23.14 with Human Multi Drug Resistant Protein-1 (RCSB PDB ID: 2CBZ) compared with positive control verapamil. Inin-vitro condition, combination of sub-toxic concentrations of both kaempferol and sorafenib produced 50% cytotoxicity with concentration of 2.5 µM each which indicates that kaempferol has the ability to reverse the MDR by decreasing the over-expression of P-gp. Conclusion: Kaempferol is able to sensitize the HepG2 and N1S1 against the sub-toxic concentration of sorafenib. Hence, we consider that the efficacy of sorafenib chemotherapy can be enhanced by the significant approach of combining the sub-toxic concentrations of sorafenib with kaempferol. Thus, kaempferol can be used as a better candidate molecule along with sorafenib for enhancing its efficacy, if validated through preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala- 695014, India. Introduction
| | - Sabitha M
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P.O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
- Corresponding Author: Lekshmi R. Nath,
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27
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health concern and the most commonly diagnosed chronic liver manifestation among 25% worldwide population. Obesity, insulin resistance, accumulation of toxic lipid free radicals, generation of oxidative stress, overconsumption of fat containing dietary meals and lack of exercise are the paramount factors accountable for the development of NAFLD. During NAFLD, increased oxidative stress and production of enormous number of toxic free radicals activates a number of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory pathways. TGF-β signaling mechanisms play a central role in maintaining the normal homeostasis of liver. TGF-β1, one of the three isoforms of TGF-β family has significant role in different stages of chronic liver conditions. TGF-β1 promotes HSC activation and extracellular matrix production (ECM), which further contributes in the progression of NAFLD. In this review, we outline the role of TGF-β1 in different phases of progressive NAFLD along with the signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O, Kochi, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O, Kochi, India
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Nath LR, Gorantla JN, Thulasidasan AKT, Vijayakurup V, Shah S, Anwer S, Joseph SM, Antony J, Veena KS, Sundaram S, Marelli UK, Lankalapalli RS, Anto RJ. Evaluation of uttroside B, a saponin from Solanum nigrum Linn, as a promising chemotherapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36318. [PMID: 27808117 PMCID: PMC5093766 DOI: 10.1038/srep36318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the remarkable efficacy of uttroside B, a potent saponin from Solanum nigrum Linn, against liver cancer. The compound has been isolated and characterized from the leaves of Solanum nigrum Linn, a plant widely used in traditional medicine and is a rich resource of several anticancer molecules. Uttroside B, that comprises of β-D-glucopyranosyl unit at C-26 of the furostanol and β-lycotetraosyl unit at C-3, is ten times more cytotoxic to the liver cancer cell line, HepG2 (IC50: 0.5 μM) than sorafenib (IC50: 5.8 μM), the only FDA-approved drug for liver cancer. Moreover, it induces cytotoxicity in all liver cancer cell lines, irrespective of their HBV status, while being non-toxic to normal immortalized hepatocytes. It induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells by down-regulating mainly the activation of MAPK and mTOR pathways. The drastic reduction in HepG2-xenograft tumor size achieved by uttroside B in NOD-SCID mice and substantiation of its biological safety through both acute and chronic toxicity studies in Swiss albino mice warrants clinical validation of the molecule against hepatic cancer, for which, the chemotherapeutic armamentarium currently has limited weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi R. Nath
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
| | - Jaggaiah N. Gorantla
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Kumar T. Thulasidasan
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Vijayakurup
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
| | - Shabna Shah
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
| | - Shabna Anwer
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
| | - Sophia M. Joseph
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
| | - Jayesh Antony
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
| | - Kollery Suresh Veena
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Sankar Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram-695011, Kerala, India
| | - Udaya K. Marelli
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India
| | - Ravi S. Lankalapalli
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
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Nath LR, Kumar SN, Das AA, Nambisan B, Shabna A, Mohandas C, Anto RJ. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant, 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-ethyl-trans-stilbene (DETS) Isolated from Bacillus cereus as a Potent Candidate against Malignant Melanoma. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:452. [PMID: 27148169 PMCID: PMC4830835 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3,5-dihydroxy Q1 -4-ethyl-trans-stilbene (DETS) is a natural stilbene, which was first identified as bioactive bacterial secondary metabolite isolated from Bacillus cereus associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode. The present study was intended to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of this compound in vitro. Antioxidant activity was investigated by assaying DPPH free radical scavenging, superoxide radical-(O2..) scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal chelating activity, which proved that the compound is a powerful antioxidant. The metal chelating activity of DETS was higher than butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) and gallic acid, two well-known antioxidants. As the molecule exhibited strong antioxidant potential, it was further evaluated for cytotoxic activity toward five cancer cells of various origins. Since the compound has a strong structural similarity with resveratrol (trans- 3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene), a well-studied chemopreventive polyphenolic antioxidant, its anticancer activity was compared with that of resveratrol. Among the five cancer cells studied, the compound showed maximum cytotoxicity toward the human melanoma cell line, [A375, IC50: 24.01 μM] followed by cervical [HeLa-46.17 μM], colon [SW480- 47.28 μM], liver [HepG2- 69.56 μM] and breast [MCF-7- 84.31 μM] cancer cells. A375 was much more sensitive to DETS compared to the non-melanoma cell line, A431, in which the IC50 of the compound was more than double (49.60 μM). In the present study, the anticancer activity of DETS against melanoma was confirmed by various apoptosis assays. We also observed that DETS, like resveratrol, down-regulates the expression status of major molecules contributing to melanoma progression, such as BRAF, β-catenin and Brn-2, all of which converge in MITF-M, the master regulator of melanoma signaling. The regulatory role of MITF-M in DETS-induced cytotoxicity in melanoma cells was confirmed by comparing the cytotoxicity of DETS in A375 cells (IC50-24.01 μM), with that in SK-MEL-2 (IC50-67.6 μM), another melanoma cells which highly over-express MITF-M. The compound arrests the cells at S-G2 transition state of the cell cycle, as resveratrol. Our results indicate that DETS is a powerful antioxidant, having anticancer efficacy comparable with that of resveratrol, and is a potential candidate to be explored by in vivo studies and in-depth mechanistic evaluation. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the antioxidant and anticancer properties of DETS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi R. Nath
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S. N. Kumar
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and TechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Arya A. Das
- Computational Modeling and Simulation Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and TechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Bala Nambisan
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilization, Central Tuber Crops Research InstituteThiruvananthapuram, India
| | - A. Shabna
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Chellapan Mohandas
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilization, Central Tuber Crops Research InstituteThiruvananthapuram, India
- *Correspondence: Chellapan Mohandas, ; Ruby John Anto,
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
- *Correspondence: Chellapan Mohandas, ; Ruby John Anto,
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Antony J, Saikia M, Vinod V, Nath LR, Katiki MR, Murty MSR, Paul A, Shabna A, Chandran H, Joseph SM, Kumar NS, Panakkal EJ, Sriramya IV, Sridivya IV, Ran S, Sankar S, Rajan E, Anto RJ. Corrigendum: DW-F5: A novel formulation against malignant melanoma from Wrightia tinctoria. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12662. [PMID: 26237232 PMCID: PMC4536531 DOI: 10.1038/srep12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Antony J, Saikia M, V V, Nath LR, Katiki MR, Murty M, Paul A, A S, Chandran H, Joseph SM, S NK, Panakkal EJ, V SI, V SI, Ran S, S S, Rajan E, Anto RJ. DW-F5: A novel formulation against malignant melanoma from Wrightia tinctoria. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11107. [PMID: 26061820 PMCID: PMC4650611 DOI: 10.1038/srep11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wrightia tinctoria is a constituent of several ayurvedic preparations against skin disorders including psoriasis and herpes, though not yet has been explored for anticancer potential. Herein, for the first time, we report the significant anticancer properties of a semi-purified fraction, DW-F5, from the dichloromethane extract of W. tinctoria leaves against malignant melanoma. DW-F5 exhibited anti-melanoma activities, preventing metastasis and angiogenesis in NOD-SCID mice, while being non-toxic in vivo. The major pathways in melanoma signaling mediated through BRAF, WNT/β-catenin and Akt-NF-κB converging in MITF-M, the master regulator of melanomagenesis, were inhibited by DW-F5, leading to complete abolition of MITF-M. Purification of DW-F5 led to the isolation of two cytotoxic components, one being tryptanthrin and the other being an unidentified aliphatic fraction. The overall study predicts Wrightia tinctoria as a candidate plant to be further explored for anticancer properties and DW-F5 as a forthcoming drug formulation to be evaluated as a chemotherapeutic agent against malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Antony
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Minakshi Saikia
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod. V
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Lekshmi. R. Nath
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Mohana Rao Katiki
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - M.S.R. Murty
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Anju Paul
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Shabna A
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Harsha Chandran
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sophia Margaret Joseph
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Nishanth Kumar. S
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Thiruvanathapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Elizabeth Jayex Panakkal
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sriramya I. V
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sridivya I. V
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University-School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19626, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Sankar S
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala, India
| | - Easwary Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur 680011, Kerala, India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
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Nath LR, Gorantla JN, Joseph SM, Antony J, Thankachan S, Menon DB, Sankar S, Lankalapalli RS, Anto RJ. Kaempferide, the most active among the four flavonoids isolated and characterized from Chromolaena odorata, induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cells while being pharmacologically safe. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19199h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of four compounds from a cytotoxic fraction F-17, isolated from the DCM extract of C. odorata by bioactivity guided fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi R. Nath
- Division of Cancer Research
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695014
- India
| | - Jaggaiah N. Gorantla
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Sophia Margaret Joseph
- Division of Cancer Research
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695014
- India
| | - Jayesh Antony
- Division of Cancer Research
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695014
- India
| | - Sanu Thankachan
- Division of Cancer Research
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695014
- India
| | - Darsan B. Menon
- Division of Cancer Research
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695014
- India
| | - S. Sankar
- Department of Pathology
- Government Medical College
- Thiruvananthapuram-695011
- India
| | - Ravi S. Lankalapalli
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695014
- India
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Murty MSR, Penthala R, Nath L, Anto R. Synthesis of Salicylic Acid-based 1,3,4-oxadiazole Derivatives Coupled with Chiral Oxazolidinones: Novel Hybrid Heterocycles as Antitumor Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2014. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180811666140627004607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Radhakrishnan EK, Bava SV, Narayanan SS, Nath LR, Thulasidasan AKT, Soniya EV, Anto RJ. [6]-Gingerol induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and prevents PMA-induced proliferation in colon cancer cells by inhibiting MAPK/AP-1 signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104401. [PMID: 25157570 PMCID: PMC4144808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report mechanism-based evidence for the anticancer and chemopreventive efficacy of [6]-gingerol, the major active principle of the medicinal plant, Ginger (Zingiber officinale), in colon cancer cells. The compound was evaluated in two human colon cancer cell lines for its cytotoxic effect and the most sensitive cell line, SW-480, was selected for the mechanistic evaluation of its anticancer and chemopreventive efficacy. The non-toxic nature of [6]-gingerol was confirmed by viability assays on rapidly dividing normal mouse colon cells. [6]-gingerol inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis as evidenced by externalization of phosphatidyl serine in SW-480, while the normal colon cells were unaffected. Sensitivity to [6]-gingerol in SW-480 cells was associated with activation of caspases 8, 9, 3 &7 and cleavage of PARP, which attests induction of apoptotic cell death. Mechanistically, [6]-gingerol down-regulated Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAP kinases and activation of AP-1 transcription factor, but had only little effects on phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and activation of NF-kappa B. Additionally, it complemented the inhibitors of either ERK1/2 or JNK MAP kinase in bringing down the PMA-induced cell proliferation in SW-480 cells. We report the inhibition of ERK1/2/JNK/AP-1 pathway as a possible mechanism behind the anticancer as well as chemopreventive efficacy of [6]-gingerol against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- EK Radhakrishnan
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Smitha V. Bava
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sai Shyam Narayanan
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Eppurathu Vasudevan Soniya
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Gorantla JN, Vellekkatt J, Nath LR, Anto RJ, Lankalapalli RS. Cytotoxicity studies of semi-synthetic derivatives of theveside derived from the aqueous extract of leaves of 'suicide tree' Cerbera odollam. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1507-12. [PMID: 24805359 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.913242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation of two known iridoid glucosides theviridoside (1) and theveside (2) from the aqueous extract of leaves of Cerbera odollam and semi-synthetic derivatisation of theveside prepared in a single step under protection group-free conditions. Derivatives 2a-j were evaluated for cytotoxicity towards five human cancer cell lines of different origins, namely SKBR3 (breast), HeLa (cervical), A375 (skin), HepG2 (liver) and HCT-116 (colon), and IC50 values were determined. Derivatives 2b and 2h exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and A375 cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaggaiah N Gorantla
- a Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110 001 , India
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Murty MSR, Ramalingeswara Rao B, Katiki MR, Nath LR, Anto RJ. Synthesis of piperazinyl benzothiazole/benzoxazole derivatives coupled with 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol: novel hybrid heterocycles as anticancer agents. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Nath LR, Manjunath KP, Savadi RV, Akki KS. Anti-inflammatory activity of mirabilis jalapa linn. Leaves. J Basic Clin Pharm 2010; 1:93-6. [PMID: 24825972 PMCID: PMC3979185 DOI: pmid/24825972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mirabilis Jalapa Linn. is a widely used traditional medicine in many parts of the world for the treatment of various diseases viz. virus inhibitory activity, anti tumour activity. It is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the total alcoholic extract and successive petroleum ether fractions of leaves of Mirabilis Jalapa Linn were screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. The total alcoholic extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg p.o and successive petroleum ether fraction at the dose of 200 mg/kg exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In cotton pellet granuloma model, the total alcoholic extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg and successive petroleum ether fraction at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited granuloma formation significantly (p<0.05) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during granuloma tissue formation during the chronic inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi. R. Nath
- Dept of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, K.L.E.S. College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli - 580031, Karnataka, India
- Corresponding Author: E-mail:
| | - K. P. Manjunath
- Dept of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, K.L.E.S. College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli - 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - R. V. Savadi
- Dept of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, K.L.E.S. College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli - 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - K. S. Akki
- Dept of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, K.L.E.S. College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli - 580031, Karnataka, India
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