Stem cells for luminal, fistulizing, and perianal inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive updated review of the literature

Much research has been performed over the last decade on stem cell therapy as treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, both allogeneic (from someone else) and autologous (from own patient), have been studied with safe and efficacious results in the majority of patients treated for luminal, perianal, and/or fistulizing disease. Here in this review, we highlight all human trials that have been conducted utilizing stem cell therapy treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Culprit for recurrent acute gastrointestinal massive bleeding: “Small bowel Dieulafoy’s lesions” - a case report and literature review

A Dieulafoy's lesion is a dilated, aberrant, submucosal vessel that erodes the overlying epithelium without evidence of a primary ulcer or erosion. It can be located anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. We describe a case of massive gastrointestinal bleeding from Dieulafoy’s lesions in the duodenum. Etiology and precipitating events of a Dieulafoy’s lesion are not well known. Bleeding can range from being self-limited to massive life- threatening. Endoscopic hemostasis can be achieved with a combination of therapeutic modalities. The endoscopic management includes sclerosant injection, heater probe, laser therapy, electrocautery, cyanoacrylate glue, banding, and clipping. Endoscopic tattooing can be helpful to locate the lesion for further endoscopic re-treatment or intraoperative wedge resection. Therapeutic options for re-bleeding lesions comprise of repeated endoscopic hemostasis, angiographic embolization or surgical wedge resection of the lesions. We present a 63-year-old Caucasian male with active bleeding from the two small bowel Dieulafoy’s lesions, which was successfully controlled with epinephrine injection and clip applications.

Effects of a long-acting somatostatin analogue, lanreotide, on bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Somatostatin receptors have been shown on hepatic stellate cells, and somatostatin infusion has been shown to inhibit hepatic stellate cells activation. We aimed to test the effects of a long-acting somatostatin analogue, lanreotide, on bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

METHODS

Thirty-seven Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1, bile duct ligation+lanreotide; Group 2, bile duct ligation; Group 3, sham+lanreotide; Group 4, sham; and Group 5, control group. Lanreotide-autogel (20 mg/kg/month) or saline in intraperitoneal doses was administered. Serum biochemical parameters, liver collagen level, and oxidative stress and histological parameters were determined after 28 days.

RESULTS

The tissue collagen level, biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, bilirubins, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) and oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, luminal, lucigenin) in the bile duct ligation groups were higher than in the sham-operated and control groups (p<0.001 for all). Lanreotide improved malondialdehyde and glutathione levels in the bile duct ligation+lanreotide group. In histopathological examination, bile duct ligation groups showed stage-3 liver fibrosis, while all the controls were normal. Lanreotide did not improve the liver fibrosis histologically or biochemically.

CONCLUSIONS

A monthly active somatostatin analogue, lanreotide, improved malondialdehyde and glutathione; however, it was not able to improve bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Although lanreotide is a long-acting medication, it did not show anti-fibrotic effects in the model.

Cutting out Cholecystectomy on Index Hospitalization Leads to Increased Readmission Rates, Morbidity, Mortality and Cost

Biliary tract diseases that are not adequately treated on index hospitalization are linked to worse outcomes, including high readmission rates. Delays in care for conditions such as choledocholithiasis, gallstone pancreatitis, and cholecystitis often occur due to multiple reasons, and this delay is under-appreciated as a source of morbidity and mortality. Our study is based on the latest Nationwide Readmissions Database review and evaluated the effects of postponing definitive management to a subsequent visit. The study shows a higher 30-day readmission rate in addition to increased mortality rate, intubation rate, vasopressor use in this patient population and significantly added financial burden.

Analysis of Hospitalization and Mortality by Race and Ethnicity Among Adults With Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, 2008-2018

This cohort study examines mortality associated with variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage during an 11-year period by race and ethnicity.

Are Drugs Associated with Microscopic Colitis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

There is growing evidence of the association of Microscopic Colitis (MC) with the use of specific medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Statins and H2-receptor antagonists (H2RA). In our study, we calculated the pooled odds of MC in patients using these drugs. We performed a detailed search of major databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, web of science, and Embase, to include the studies in which odds of MC were reported after using above mentioned drugs. A random-effects model was used to pool the estimates. Thirteen studies were included in our analysis consisting of 304,482 patients (34,194 cases and 270,018 controls). In eight studies, the control group consisted of a random population selected based on age, gender and same birth year, whereas 3 studies recruited patients who presented with diarrhea and underwent colonoscopy and biopsy to rule out MC. Two studies reported odds of MC for both diarrhea and random control groups. Patients taking PPIs were more likely to develop MC, AOR 2.65 (95% CI 1.81-3.50, I² 98.13%). Similarly, higher odds of association were found in patients taking SSRIs (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.27-2.96, I² 96.46%), NSAIDs (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.33-2.70, I² 92.70%) and Statins (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.19-2.30, I² 96.36%). No difference in odds of developing MC was seen in patients using H2RA compared to the control group (OR 2.70, 95% CI 0.32-5.08, I² 98.67%). We performed a subgroup analysis based on the control group and found higher odds of MC in patients on PPIs compared to the random control group (OR 4.55, 95% CI 2.90-6.19, I² 98.13%). Similarly, higher odds of MC were noted for SSRI (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.54-4.92, I² 98.31%), NSAIDs (OR 3.27, 95% CI 2.06-4.48, I² 95.38%), and Statins (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.41-3.06, I² 98.11%) compared to the random control group. Contrary lower odds of MC were seen in the PPI and H2RA group compared to the diarrhea control group (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.88, I² 7.26%), (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.14-0.78, I² 0%) respectively. We found no difference in odds of MC in patients on SSRIs (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.49-1.42, I² 37.89%), NSAIDs (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.49-1.76, I² 59.37%) Statins (OR 0.91, 95% 0.66-1.17, I² 0%) and H2RA (OR 3.48, 95% CI -0.41-7.36, I² 98.89%) compared to the diarrhea control group. We also analyzed the association use of PPIs and NSAIDs with the development of collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis. Only the use of NSAIDs was associated with increased odds of developing collagenous colitis (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.50-1.72, I² 0%). No increased odds of CC and LC were seen in PPI users. PPIs, NSAIDs, SSRIs, and Statins are associated with an increased risk of MC compared to the random control group. On the contrary, the use of PPIs, NSAIDs, SSRIs, and Statins is not associated with an increased risk of MC when compared to the diarrhea control group.

Hepatic apoptotic markers are not predictors for the virological response to interferon-based therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients

INTRODUCTION

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem worldwide. The majority of cases involving HCV infection develop into chronic hepatitis because of a failure to develop an effective immune response. Apoptosis of the hepatocytes plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection: the interaction between the Fas antigen on hepatocytes and the Fas ligand on T cells corresponds to the main mechanism for hepatocyte damage. Interferon (IFN)-α has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and antiproliferative properties, and apoptosis seems to be a critical event in the action mechanisms of both IFNs. In this study, we aimed to detect any relationship between apoptotic markers in the liver and the response to the treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 180 chronic HCV patients treated with IFN and ribavirin in four centers. Apoptotic markers (Fas, Fas ligand, Fas-associated death domain, caspases 3, 8, and 9, and in-situ apoptosis) were studied in the liver. The age, sex of the patients, response to therapy, ALT level, viral load, and genotype were recorded.

RESULTS

The results of the study showed that the histological activity index and fibrosis correlated with CD95 staining density, caspase-8 intensiveness, and portal and parenchymal Fas ligand scores. The apoptotic parameters of the responsive cases were not significantly different from those of the unresponsive cases.

CONCLUSION

The apoptotic parameters studied in liver tissue are associated with inflammation and fibrosis; however, these parameters may not predict response to treatment.

Hepatocyte transplantation: Consider infusion before incision

Human hepatocyte transplantation is undergoing study as a bridge, or even alternative, to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). This technique has undergone multiple developments over the past thirty years in terms of mode of delivery, source and preparation of cell cultures, monitoring of graft function, and use of immunosuppression. Further refinements and improvements in these techniques will likely allow improved graft survival and function, granting patients higher yield from this technique and potentially significantly delaying need for OLT.

Aorto-enteric fistula: a dilemma for the endoscopist as a rare cause of gastro-intestinal bleeding

A 78-year-old man with a history of aorta-femoral graft operation was admitted to the hospital with symptoms of syncope, melena and haematemesis. He reported several episodes of melena during the previous year for which he underwent repeated gastro-intestinal endoscopic examinations, which were unable to show the site of the gastro-intestinal bleeding. The third upper gastro-intestinal endoscopic examination disclosed a yellowish ulcerative lesion with irregular borders in the third part of the duodenum, which was considered to be a fistula, between the aorta and the duodenum. The patient underwent an explorative operation that revealed an intact aortic graft, firmly adherent to the duodenal wall, and the duodenum that was eroded in the third portion. The duodenum was transected and a duodenoduodenostomy was performed. Although re-bleeding did not occur, the patient died of sepsis eight days after the operation. Aorto-enteric fistulae can be missed due to the common practice of limiting the endoscopic examination to the second part of the duodenum and not considering them in the differential diagnosis of gastro-intestinal bleeding because of their rarity. Possibly, a number of prior endoscopic examinations may be inconclusive until a correct diagnosis is reached in most of the cases.

The changing epidemiology of delta hepatitis in Türkiye over three decades: A systematic review

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection represents the most serious form of chronic hepatitis. Turkey is among the countries with high HDV and intermediate hepatitis B virus prevalence. In Turkey, hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine series was included in the routine vaccination program in 1998. There have been regional differences in prevalence of HBV and HDV. Although a decline in HDV prevalence is estimated, there are uncertainties about the epidemic patterns of it. HDV prevalence was studied in varying groups and geographic regions. In this study, we aimed to analyse hepatitis D epidemiology in all groups and geographic regions in recent 35 years. During the study period of 35 years, 111 publications were noted. The analysis was done on the basis of three periods: 1999 and before (Period 1), 2000-2009 (Period 2), and 2010 and after (Period 3). The groups studied included inactive carrier state, chronic hepatitis B, all HBsAg-positive individuals and special groups. Among inactive HBV carriers, HDV prevalence did not change significantly over three decades. Among patients with chronic hepatitis, studies reported decreasing (from Period 1 to Period 2) and then increasing (from Period 2 to period 3) HDV prevalence. The studies including all HBsAg-positive patients reported decreasing (from Period 1 to Period 2) and then increasing (from Period 2 to period 3) HDV prevalence. Cumulative data of these 3 groups were taken to reveal HDV prevalence in HBV-infected patients, and it showed decreasing (from Period 1 to Period 2) and then increasing (from Period 2 to period 3) HDV prevalence. Cumulative data of these 3 groups analysed according to the geographic regions of the country showed that Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions still have a high burden of HDV. The study showed that although HDV prevalence decreased from 8.3% in Period 1 to 4.8% in Period 2, it tended to increase 5.5% in Period 3. HDV infection is still a healthcare problem in Turkey.

Stem cell therapy: a potential for the perils of pancreatitis

Acute and chronic pancreatitis carry a significant disease burden and there is no definite treatment that exists for either. They are associated with local and systemic inflammation and lead to numerous complications. Stem cell therapy has been explored for other disease processes and is a topic of research that has gained momentum with regards to implications for acute and chronic pancreatitis. They not only carry the potential to aid in regeneration but also prevent pancreatic injury as well as injury of other organs and hence the resultant complications. Stem cells appear to have immunomodulatory properties and clinical potential as evidenced by numerous studies in animal models. This review article discusses the types of stem cells commonly used and the properties that show promise in the field of pancreatitis.

Liver in the limelight in the corona (COVID-19) time

The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a topic of great interest currently in the medical field due to the significant morbidity and mortality associated with it. There is immense curiosity about this virus as knowledge about it is limited from pathogenesis, host related factors and the variable effect it has on different patient populations. Though it has claimed fame due to its ability to compromise the respiratory system, it possess the capability to infect other organs as well including the liver. It is important for clinicians to recognize that the virus can result in multi-organ dysfunction as well. Presentation with gastrointestinal symptoms and involvement of the liver can be subtle and can be misdiagnosed. Those with pre-existing liver disease may be more susceptible as well as those who are immunosuppressed or have other co-morbidities. This review article provides a brief overview of some of the information that is available so far with regards to how the liver is impacted by the coronavirus.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors induced colitis, stay vigilant: A case report

BACKGROUND

Colitis is one of the immune-related side effects of immunotherapy. Usually, such type of side effect was reported to develop within a few weeks of treatment initiation, our case started within a few days.

CASE SUMMARY

We present a case of a 37-year-old gentleman with bright red loose stools, abdominal pain, and tenesmus. A diagnosis of colitis was made based on endoscopic and histologic findings. Treatment was thereafter continued with oral steroids and discontinuation of the immunotherapy medications. Symptoms resolved after starting the treatment and the patient continued to be symptom-free on subsequent follow-up. The unique about this case report is that the patient developed bloody diarrhea within five days of the 1^st immunotherapy cycle, and the patient was on combined ipilimumab and nivolumab.

CONCLUSION

Immunotherapy related complications might occur within days from being on immunotherapy; we need more research to open the way for future pathological and clinical research to further understand the pathophysiology behind it.