1
|
Liu B, Zhang Y, Wang R, An Y, Gao W, Bai L, Li Y, Zhao S, Fan J, Liu E. Western diet feeding influences gut microbiota profiles in apoE knockout mice. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:159. [PMID: 30021609 PMCID: PMC6052692 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota plays an important role in many metabolic diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) knock-out (KO) mice are frequently used for the study of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether apoE KO mice have altered gut microbiota when challenged with a Western diet. METHODS In the current study, we assessed the gut microbiota profiling of apoE KO mice and compared with wild-type mice fed either a normal chow or Western diet for 12 weeks using 16S pyrosequencing. RESULTS On a western diet, the gut microbiota diversity was significantly decreased in apoE KO mice compared with wild type (WT) mice. Firmicutes and Erysipelotrichaceae were significantly increased in WT mice but Erysipelotrichaceae was unchanged in apoE KO mice on a Western diet. The weighted UniFrac principal coordinate analysis exhibited clear separation between WT and apoE KO mice on the first vector (58.6%) with significant changes of two dominant phyla (Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes) and seven dominant families (Porphyromonadaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Helicobacteraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Veillonellaceae). Lachnospiraceae was significantly enriched in apoE KO mice on a Western diet. In addition, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae were positively correlated with relative atherosclerosis lesion size in apoE KO. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study showed that there are marked changes in the gut microbiota of apoE KO mice, particularly challenged with a Western diet and these alterations may be possibly associated with atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
Journal Article |
7 |
51 |
2
|
Expression systems and species used for transgenic animal bioreactors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:580463. [PMID: 23586046 PMCID: PMC3613084 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic animal bioreactors can produce therapeutic proteins with high value for pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we compared different systems capable of producing therapeutic proteins (bacteria, mammalian cells, transgenic plants, and transgenic animals) and found that transgenic animals were potentially ideal bioreactors for the synthesis of pharmaceutical protein complexes. Compared with other transgenic animal expression systems (egg white, blood, urine, seminal plasma, and silkworm cocoon), the mammary glands of transgenic animals have enormous potential. Compared with other mammalian species (pig, goat, sheep, and cow) that are currently being studied as bioreactors, rabbits offer many advantages: high fertility, easy generation of transgenic founders and offspring, insensitivity to prion diseases, relatively high milk production, and no transmission of severe diseases to humans. Noticeably, for a small- or medium-sized facility, the rabbit system is ideal to produce up to 50 kg of protein per year, considering both economical and hygienic aspects; rabbits are attractive candidates for the mammary-gland-specific expression of recombinant proteins. We also reviewed recombinant proteins that have been produced by targeted expression in the mammary glands of rabbits and discussed the limitations of transgenic animal bioreactors.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
12 |
44 |
3
|
Bai L, Li Z, Li Q, Guan H, Zhao S, Liu R, Wang R, Zhang J, Jia Y, Fan J, Wang N, Reddy JK, Shyy JYJ, Liu E. Mediator 1 Is Atherosclerosis Protective by Regulating Macrophage Polarization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [PMID: 28642237 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MED1 (mediator 1) interacts with transcription factors to regulate transcriptional machinery. The role of MED1 in macrophage biology and the relevant disease state remains to be investigated. APPROACH AND RESULTS To study the molecular mechanism by which MED1 regulates the M1/M2 phenotype switch of macrophage and the effect on atherosclerosis, we generated MED1/apolipoprotein E (ApoE) double-deficient (MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/-) mice and found that atherosclerosis was greater in MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/- mice than in MED1fl/fl/ApoE-/- littermates. The gene expression of M1 markers was increased and that of M2 markers decreased in both aortic wall and peritoneal macrophages from MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/- mice, whereas MED1 overexpression rectified the changes in M1/M2 expression. Moreover, LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor)-deficient mice received bone marrow from MED1ΔMac mice showed greater atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, MED1 ablation decreased the binding of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) and enrichment of H3K4me1 and H3K27ac to upstream region of M2 marker genes. Furthermore, interleukin 4 induction of PPARγ and MED1 increased the binding of PPARγ or MED1 to the PPAR response elements of M2 marker genes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MED1 is required for the PPARγ-mediated M2 phenotype switch, with M2 marker genes induced but M1 marker genes suppressed. MED1 in macrophages has an antiatherosclerotic role via PPARγ-regulated transactivation.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
8 |
40 |
4
|
Fu Y, Wu Y, Liu E. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: From animal studies to the clinic (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1211-1219. [PMID: 32765664 PMCID: PMC7388508 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have long been important research topics. CRP is an acute phase protein, while CVD is an inflammatory condition. The association between CRP and CVD remains controversial and has been attracting increasing attention. Traditionally, the main marker of CVD is considered to be low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, due to its unique characteristics, CRP may represent a novel marker or a new therapeutic target for CVD. Clinical studies have demonstrated that CRP is a predictor of CVD, but whether it is directly involved in the development and progression of CVD has yet to be fully elucidated. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that lowering plasma CRP levels may reduce the incidence of CVD. The aim of the present review was to investigate the association between CRP and CVD, particularly atherosclerosis, from laboratory animal studies to clinical research.
Collapse
|
Review |
5 |
31 |
5
|
Li YD, Liu BN, Zhao SH, Zhou YL, Bai L, Liu EQ. Changes in gut microbiota composition and diversity associated with post-cholecystectomy diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:391-403. [PMID: 33584071 PMCID: PMC7856843 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i5.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-cholecystectomy diarrhea (PCD) frequently occurs in patients following gallbladder removal. PCD is part of the post-cholecystectomy (PC) syndrome, and is difficult to treat. After cholecystectomy, bile enters the duodenum directly, independent of the timing of meals. The interaction between the bile acids and the intestinal microbes is changed. Therefore, the occurrence of PCD may be related to the change in microbiota. However, little is known about the relationship between the gut microbiota and PCD. AIM To better understand the role of the gut microbiota in PCD patients. METHODS Fecal DNA was isolated. The diversity and profiles of the gut microbiota were analyzed by performing high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut microbiota were characterized in a healthy control (HC) group and a PC group. Subsequently, the PC group was further divided into a PCD group and a post-cholecystectomy non-diarrhea group (PCND) according to the patients' clinical symptoms. The composition, diversity and richness of microbial communities were determined and compared. RESULTS In the PC and HC groups, 720 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. The PC group had fewer OTUs than the HC group. β-diversity was decreased in the PC group. This indicated decreased microbial diversity in the PC group. Fifteen taxa with differential abundance between the HC and PC groups were identified. In the PCD group compared to the PCND group, significant decreases in microbial diversity, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and richness of probiotic microbiota (Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus), and an increase in detrimental microbiota (Prevotella and Sutterella) were observed. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between Prevotella and Bifidobacterium. Using a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional analysis, it was found that the abundances of gut microbiota involved in lipid metabolism pathways were markedly lower in the PCD group compared to the PCND group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that gut dysbiosis may play a critical role in PCD, which provides new insights into therapeutic options for PCD patients.
Collapse
|
Basic Study |
4 |
25 |
6
|
Safety Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes and Their Relationship with Cardiovascular Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010075. [PMID: 29304018 PMCID: PMC5800174 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Smoking leads to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. Most importantly, it is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular atherosclerosis. In recent years, electronic cigarettes have become a popular alternative to traditional cigarettes, since modern micro-electronic techniques provide the possibility of simulating the process of traditional smoking. Additionally, it is convenient and fashionable. Nevertheless, comments about the safety of electronic cigarettes remain controversial. Although the research about electronic cigarettes increased exponentially, there has been no systematic study of its safety. The aim of the current study is to review the literature reports about the safety of electronic cigarettes, and to understand their hazards and disadvantages. It was found that most of the current research about electronic cigarettes comprises short-term and in vitro studies. There are few reports of in vivo and long-term studies. Notably, the level of harmful components such as volatile organic compounds, tobacco-specific nitrosamines and heavy metals in electronic cigarettes are even higher than in traditional cigarettes. Therefore, the harm of electronic cigarettes should not be underestimated. In conclusion, the question of whether electronic cigarettes are a safe and sufficient substitute for traditional smoking needs further investigation.
Collapse
|
Review |
7 |
24 |
7
|
Qu P, Rom O, Li K, Jia L, Gao X, Liu Z, Ding S, Zhao M, Wang H, Chen S, Xiong X, Zhao Y, Xue C, Zhao Y, Chu C, Wen B, Finney AC, Zheng Z, Cao W, Zhao J, Bai L, Zhao S, Sun D, Zeng R, Lin J, Liu W, Zheng L, Zhang J, Liu E, Chen YE. DT-109 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in nonhuman primates. Cell Metab 2023; 35:742-757.e10. [PMID: 37040763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) prevalence is rising with no pharmacotherapy approved. A major hurdle in NASH drug development is the poor translatability of preclinical studies to safe/effective clinical outcomes, and recent failures highlight a need to identify new targetable pathways. Dysregulated glycine metabolism has emerged as a causative factor and therapeutic target in NASH. Here, we report that the tripeptide DT-109 (Gly-Gly-Leu) dose-dependently attenuates steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice. To enhance the probability of successful translation, we developed a nonhuman primate model that histologically and transcriptionally mimics human NASH. Applying a multiomics approach combining transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics, we found that DT-109 reverses hepatic steatosis and prevents fibrosis progression in nonhuman primates, not only by stimulating fatty acid degradation and glutathione formation, as found in mice, but also by modulating microbial bile acid metabolism. Our studies describe a highly translatable NASH model and highlight the need for clinical evaluation of DT-109.
Collapse
|
|
2 |
22 |
8
|
Qu P, Luo S, Du Y, Zhang Y, Song X, Yuan X, Lin Z, Li Y, Liu E. Extracellular vesicles and melatonin benefit embryonic develop by regulating reactive oxygen species and 5-methylcytosine. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12635. [PMID: 32012354 PMCID: PMC7154726 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Embryo culture conditions are crucial as they can affect embryo quality and even offspring. Oviductal extracellular vesicles (EVs) long been considered a major factor influencing interactions between the oviduct and embryos, and thus its absence is associated with inferior embryonic development in in vitro culture. Herein, we demonstrated that melatonin is present in oviduct fluids and oviduct fluid-derived EVs. Addition of either EVs (1.87 × 1011 particles/mL) or melatonin (340 ng/mL) led to a significant downregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), as well as an increase in the blastocyst rate of embryos, which was inhibited by the addition of luzindole-a melatonin receptor agonist. A combination of EVs (1.87 × 1010 particles/mL) and melatonin (at 34.3 pg/mL) led to the same results as well as a significant decrease in the apoptosis index and increase in the inner cell mass (ICM)/trophectoderm (TE) index. These results suggest that an EV-melatonin treatment benefits embryonic development. Our findings provide insights into the role of EVs and melatonin during cell communication and provide new evidence of the communication between embryos and maternal oviduct.
Collapse
|
research-article |
5 |
22 |
9
|
Bai L, Liu B, Ji C, Zhao S, Liu S, Wang R, Wang W, Yao P, Li X, Fu X, Yu H, Liu M, Han F, Guan N, Liu H, Liu D, Tao Y, Wang Z, Yan S, Florant G, Butcher MT, Zhang J, Zheng H, Fan J, Enqi Liu. Hypoxic and Cold Adaptation Insights from the Himalayan Marmot Genome. iScience 2018; 11:519-530. [PMID: 30581096 PMCID: PMC6354217 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) is a hibernating mammal that inhabits the high-elevation regions of the Himalayan mountains. Here we present a draft genome of the Himalayan marmot, with a total assembly length of 2.47 Gb. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Himalayan marmot diverged from the Mongolian marmot approximately 1.98 million years ago. Transcriptional changes during hibernation included genes responsible for fatty acid metabolism in liver and genes involved in complement and coagulation cascades and stem cell pluripotency pathways in brain. Two selective sweep genes, Slc25a14 and ψAamp, showed apparent genotyping differences between low- and high-altitude populations. As a processed pseudogene, ψAamp may be biologically active to influence the stability of Aamp through competitive microRNA binding. These findings shed light on the molecular and genetic basis underlying adaptation to extreme environments in the Himalayan marmot.
Collapse
|
Journal Article |
7 |
21 |
10
|
Lp-PLA2 silencing protects against ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis via Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in human THP1 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:1017-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
|
|
9 |
19 |
11
|
Long J, Sun L, Gong F, Zhang C, Mao A, Lu Y, Li J, Liu E. Third-generation sequencing: A novel tool detects complex variants in the α-thalassemia gene. Gene 2022; 822:146332. [PMID: 35181504 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thalassemia is a monogenic disorder with a high carrier rate in the southern region of China. Most laboratories currently follow the protocol of testing hematologic indicators in individuals with positive hematologic indicators and then using the hot-spot mutation test kit. A novel thalassemia gene test is performed if there is a mismatch between the hematology and hot-spot mutation test results. However, due to the large population in southern China, some individuals carry complex α-globin gene cluster (CAGC) variants in NG_000006.1, which are difficult to detect using conventional thalassemia genetic analysis protocols, leading to missed or false genetic test results for individuals carrying these complex α-globin gene cluster variants. When an individual carries a complex α-thalassemia gene variant, and an individual carries a β- thalassemia gene variant, there may be clinical symptoms that might complicate clinical consultation and prenatal diagnosis if not accurately detected. Third-generation sequencing (TGS) enables long-read single-molecule sequencing with high detection accuracy, and long-length DNA chain reads in high-fidelity reads mode. TGS can be used to analyze high homology and rich GC DNA sequences. RESULTS Four samples that showed abnormalities in the thalassemia genetic test were studied using TGS, revealing that they carried genotypes with complex α-globin gene cluster variants, one of which was a complex variant αα anti3.7 α anti3.7 α 17.2. CONCLUSIONS TGS detects complex α-globin gene cluster variants. This study may provide a reference protocol for the use of TGS for the detection of complex α-globin gene cluster variants. TGS can reveal individuals with complex α-thalassemia genotypes in the population and improve the accuracy of genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
Collapse
|
|
3 |
18 |
12
|
Jin F, Wang Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Wang X, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Liu E, Fan J, Wang Y. Bre Enhances Osteoblastic Differentiation by Promoting the Mdm2-Mediated Degradation of p53. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1760-1772. [PMID: 28436570 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Bre is a conserved cellular protein expressed in various tissues. Its major function includes DNA damage repair and anti-apoptosis. Recent studies indicate that Bre is potentially involved in stem cell differentiation although pathophysiological significance along with the molecular mechanisms is still unclear. Here, we report that Bre protein was substantially expressed in the bone tissue and its expression was highly upregulated during the osteogenic differentiation. To test a hypothesis that Bre plays functional roles in the process of osteogenic differentiation, we examined the expression of Bre in an osteoporosis mouse model. Compared with the normal bone tissue, Bre expression in osteoporotic bone was also significantly reduced. Moreover, knockdown of Bre in the mouse bone marrow mesenchymal cells significantly reduced the expression of osteogenic marker genes, the alkaline phosphatase activity, and the mineralization capacity, while overexpression of Bre greatly promoted the osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, we founded that knockdown of Bre led to activation of the p53 signaling pathways exhibited by increased p53, p21, and Mdm2. However, when we inhibited the p53 by siRNA silencing or pifithrin-α, the impaired osteogenesis caused by Bre knockdown was greatly restored. Finally, we found that Bre promoted the Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation by physically interacting with p53. Taken together, our results revealed a novel function of Bre in osteoblast differentiation through modulating the stability of p53. Stem Cells 2017;35:1760-1772.
Collapse
|
Journal Article |
8 |
14 |
13
|
Temporal and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic lesions in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:506159. [PMID: 22505812 PMCID: PMC3312324 DOI: 10.1155/2012/506159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The diet-induced atherosclerotic rabbit is an ideal model for atherosclerosis study, but temporal changes in atherosclerotic development in hypercholesterolemic rabbits are poorly understood. Japanese white rabbits were fed a high-cholesterol diet to induce sustained hypercholesterolemia, and each group of 10-12 animals was then sacrificed at 6, 12, 16, or 28 weeks. The rabbit aortas were harvested, and the sizes of the gross and intima atherosclerotic lesions were quantified. The cellular component of macrophages (Mφs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in aortic intimal lesions was also quantified by immunohistochemical staining, and the correlation between plasma cholesterol levels and the progress of atherosclerotic lesions was studied. The ultrastructure of the atherosclerotic lesions was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Widely variable atherosclerotic plaques were found from 6 weeks to 28 weeks, and the lesional progress was closely correlated with cholesterol exposure. Interestingly, a relatively reduced accumulation of Mφ, an increased numbers of SMCs, and a damaged endothelial layer were presented in advanced lesions. Moreover, SMCs were closely correlated with cholesterol exposure and lesional progress for the whole period. Cholesterol exposure directly determines atherosclerotic progress in a rabbit model, and the changes in the cellular component of advanced lesions may affect plaque stability in an atherosclerotic rabbit model.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
13 |
13 |
14
|
Qu P, Shen C, Du Y, Qin H, Luo S, Fu S, Dong Y, Guo S, Hu F, Xue Y, Liu E. Melatonin Protects Rabbit Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Embryos from Electrofusion Damage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2186. [PMID: 32042116 PMCID: PMC7010831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The study’s objectives were to examine the effects of electrofusion on rabbit somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos, and to test melatonin as a protective agent against electrofusion damage to SCNT embryos. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the epigenetic state (H3K9me3), and the content of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated transcripts (IRE-1 and CHOP) were measured. Melatonin was added during the preimplantation development period. The total blastocyst cell numbers were counted, and the fragmentation rate and apoptotic index were determined and used to assess embryonic development. Electrofusion increased (1) ROS levels at the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-cell stages; (2) H3K9me3 levels at the 2-, 4-, and 8-cell stage; and (3) the expression of IRE-1 and CHOP at the 8-cell, 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages. The treatment of SCNT embryos with melatonin significantly reduced the level of ROS and H3K9me3, and the expression levels of IRE-1 and CHOP. This treatment also significantly reduced the fragmentation rate and apoptotic index of blastocysts and increased their total cell number. In conclusion, the electrofusion of rabbit SCNT embryos induced oxidative stress, disturbed the epigenetic state, and caused ER stress, while melatonin reduced this damage. Our findings are of signal importance for improving the efficiency of SCNT and for optimizing the application of electrical stimulation in other biomedical areas.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
5 |
13 |
15
|
Li Y, Zhao S, Wang Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Zhu N, Zheng H, Wu M, Cheng D, Li Y, Bai L, Fan J, Liu E. Urotensin II promotes atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95089. [PMID: 24747943 PMCID: PMC3991611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is a vasoactive peptide composed of 11 amino acids that has been implicated to contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether UII affects the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. UII was infused for 16 weeks through an osmotic mini-pump into male Japanese White rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Plasma lipids and body weight were measured every 4 weeks. Aortic atherosclerotic lesions along with cellular components, collagen fibers, matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 were examined. Moreover, vulnerability index of atherosclerotic plaques was evaluated. UII infusion significantly increased atherosclerotic lesions within the entire aorta by 21% over the control (P = 0.013). Atherosclerotic lesions were increased by 24% in the aortic arch (P = 0.005), 11% in the thoracic aorta (P = 0.054) and 18% in the abdominal aorta (P = 0.035). These increases occurred without changes in plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides or body weight. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that macrophages and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were significantly enhanced by 2.2-fold and 1.6-fold in UII group. In vitro studies demonstrated that UII up-regulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion protein-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which was inhibited by the UII receptor antagonist urantide. In conclusion, our results showed that UII promotes the development of atherosclerotic lesions and destabilizes atherosclerotic plaques in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
11 |
13 |
16
|
Wang R, Yang L, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu L, Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Bai L, Zhao S, Liu E, Zhang YJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces HMGB1 secretion via activating PKC-delta to trigger inflammatory response. Virology 2018. [PMID: 29522984 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes inflammatory injuries in infected pigs. PRRSV induces secretion of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) that enhances inflammatory response. However, the mechanism of PRRSV-induced HMGB1 secretion is unknown. Here, we discovered PRRSV induced HMGB1 secretion via activating protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ). HMGB1 secretion was positively correlated with PKCδ activation in PRRSV-infected cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Suppression of PKCδ with inhibitor and siRNA significantly blocked PRRSV-induced HMGB1 translocation and secretion, which indicates PKCδ activation is essential for the PRRSV-mediated HMGB1 secretion. In addition, PKCδ knockdown in PRRSV-infected cells led to downregulation of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1beta and IL-6. Moreover, PRRSV E and pORF5a proteins were found to activate PKCδ and consequent HMGB1 secretion. These results demonstrate PRRSV activates PKCδ to induce HMGB1 secretion via E and pORF5a. This finding provides insights on the inflammatory response and pathogenesis of PRRSV infection.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
7 |
13 |
17
|
Qu P, Wang Y, Zhang C, Liu E. Insights into the roles of sperm in animal cloning. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:65. [PMID: 32070430 PMCID: PMC7027237 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has shown a wide application in the generation of transgenic animals, protection of endangered animals, and therapeutic cloning. However, the efficiency of SCNT remains very low due to some poorly characterized key factors. Compared with fertilized embryos, somatic donor cells lack some important components of sperm, such as sperm small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) and proteins. Loss of these factors is considered an important reason for the abnormal development of SCNT embryo. This study focused on recent advances of SCNT and the roles of sperm in development. Sperm-derived factors play an important role in nucleus reprogramming and cytoskeleton remodeling during SCNT embryo development. Hence, considering the role of sperm may provide a new strategy for improving cloning efficiency.
Collapse
|
Review |
5 |
13 |
18
|
Shi JM, Pei J, Liu EQ, Zhang L. Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) crosslinking analysis of the behavior of amyloid-β peptide in solution and in phospholipid membranes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173871. [PMID: 28323849 PMCID: PMC5360245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and state of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) oligomers often need to be checked by reliable experimental methods. Electrophoresis is a commonly applied measurement method. However, due to the presence of detergents, oligomers are easily broken during electrophoresis, which makes it very hard to accurately assess Aβ aggregate states. In the current study, bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) was used to cross-link Aβ1-42 oligomers prior to electrophoresis. When compared to a previously reported Aβ cross-linking agent, glutaraldehyde, it was quite apparent that BS3 is more suitable for detecting intra-membrane Aβ oligomers and extra-membrane Aβ oligomers states. As such, our findings provide an efficient method for analyzing Aβ proteins or other proteins that are easily aggregated in solution and in phospholipid membranes.
Collapse
|
Journal Article |
8 |
13 |
19
|
MED1 Deficiency in Macrophages Accelerates Intimal Hyperplasia via ROS Generation and Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3010577. [PMID: 34853629 PMCID: PMC8629658 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3010577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) is a component of the mediator complex and functions as a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Previously, we showed that MED1 in macrophages has a protective effect on atherosclerosis; however, the effect of MED1 on intimal hyperplasia and mechanisms regulating proinflammatory cytokine production after macrophage MED1 deletion are still unknown. In this study, we report that MED1 macrophage-specific knockout (MED1 ΔMac) mice showed aggravated neointimal hyperplasia, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and macrophage accumulation in injured arteries. Moreover, MED1 ΔMac mice showed increased proinflammatory cytokine production after an injury to the artery. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, MED1 ΔMac macrophages showed increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced expression of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase and glutathione reductase. The overexpression of PGC1α attenuated the effects of MED1 deficiency in macrophages. In vitro, conditioned media from MED1 ΔMac macrophages induced more proliferation and migration of VSMCs. To explore the potential mechanisms by which MED1 affects inflammation, macrophages were treated with BAY11-7082 before LPS treatment, and the results showed that MED1 ΔMac macrophages exhibited increased expression of phosphorylated-p65 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (p-STAT1) compared with the control macrophages, suggesting the enhanced activation of NF-κB and STAT1. In summary, these data showed that MED1 deficiency enhanced inflammation and the proliferation and migration of VSMCs in injured vascular tissue, which may result from the activation of NF-κB and STAT1 due to the accumulation of ROS.
Collapse
|
|
4 |
12 |
20
|
Overexpression of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Increases Macrophage-Derived Foam Cell Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Transgenic Rabbits. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3824276. [PMID: 29317793 PMCID: PMC5727764 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3824276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) are inversely associated with the risk of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases; thus, pharmacological inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is considered to be a therapeutic method of raising HDL-C levels. However, many CETP inhibitors have failed to achieve a clinical benefit despite raising HDL-C. In the study, we generated transgenic (Tg) rabbits that overexpressed the human CETP gene to examine the influence of CETP on the development of atherosclerosis. Both Tg rabbits and their non-Tg littermates were fed a high cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. Plasma lipids and body weight were measured every 4 weeks. Gross lesion areas of the aortic atherosclerosis along with lesional cellular components were quantitatively analyzed. Overexpression of human CETP did not significantly alter the gross atherosclerotic lesion area, but the number of macrophages in lesions was significantly increased. Overexpression of human CETP did not change the plasma levels of total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol but lowered plasma HDL-C and increased triglycerides. These data revealed that human CETP may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis mainly by decreasing HDL-C levels and increasing the accumulation of macrophage-derived foam cells.
Collapse
|
Journal Article |
8 |
11 |
21
|
Wang W, Chen Y, Bai L, Zhao S, Wang R, Liu B, Zhang Y, Fan J, Liu E. Transcriptomic analysis of the liver of cholesterol-fed rabbits reveals altered hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6437. [PMID: 29692426 PMCID: PMC5915436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbits are a suitable animal model for atherosclerosis due to their sensitivity to dietary cholesterol. Moreover, rabbits have lipoprotein profiles that are more similar to humans than those of other laboratory animals. However, little is known about the transcriptomic information related to atherosclerosis in rabbits. We aimed to determine the changes in the livers of rabbits fed a normal chow diet (control) or high cholesterol diet (HCD) by histological examinations and RNA sequencing analysis. Compared with the control group, the lipid levels and small LDL subfractions in plasma were increased, and aortic atherosclerotic plaques were formed in the HCD group. Most importantly, HCD resulted in lipid accumulation and inflammation in the livers. Transcriptomic analysis of the liver showed that HCD induces 1183 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that mainly participate in the regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the signaling pathways involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism were enriched by KEGG pathway analysis. In addition, hepatic DEGs of the HCD group were further validated by real-time PCR. These results suggest that HCD causes liver lipid accumulation and inflammatory response. Although the relationships between these hepatic changes and atherogenesis need further investigation, these findings provide a fundamental framework for future research on human atherosclerosis using rabbit models.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
7 |
10 |
22
|
Zhang G, Li C, Niu Y, Yu Q, Chen Y, Liu E. Osteoprotective Effect of Radix Scutellariae in Female Hindlimb-Suspended Sprague-Dawley Rats and the Osteogenic Differentiation Effect of Its Major Constituent. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071044. [PMID: 28671635 PMCID: PMC6152069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of medicinal herbs have demonstrated therapeutic effects for the prevention and treatment of disuse-induced osteoporosis. As a common ingredient in proprietary traditional Chinese medicines, the anti-osteoporosis effects of Radix Scutellariae extract (RSE, 50 mg/kg/day) were evaluated in a hindlimb suspended rat model. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the micro-architecture observed by MicroCT assay with bone biomechanical properties evaluated by a three-point bending test. To elucidate potential mechanisms, the osteogenic differentiation effect of baicalin as the most abundant ingredient in RSE was investigated in rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC). After drug administration for 42 days, tibia-BMD was significantly increased to 0.176 ± 0.007 and 0.183 ± 0.011 g/cm2 and f-BMD was enhanced to 0.200 ± 0.017 and 0.207 ± 0.021 g/cm2 for RSE and ALE treatment, respectively, whereas tibia-BMD and femur-BMD of the HLS group were 0.157 ± 0.009 and 0.176 ± 0.008 g/cm2. Deterioration of bone trabecula microstructure was improved by RSE and ALE with increased morphological parameters such as bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number, as well as connectivity density compared to the HLS group (p < 0.01). A three-point bending test suggested that bone mechanical strength was also enhanced by RSE and ALE treatments with increased maximum stress, young’s modulus, maximum load, and stiffness compared to those of the HLS group (p < 0.05). Besides, serum TRACP levels were significantly suppressed by RSE and ALE treatments. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that baicalin significantly increased ALP activities and the formation of mineralized nodules in rBMSC. Conclusively, supplementation of RSE could significantly prevent weightlessness induced osteoporosis, which might attribute to the osteogenic differentiation enhancement effect of baicalin.
Collapse
|
Journal Article |
8 |
10 |
23
|
Fan J, Chen Y, Yan H, Liu B, Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen YE, Liu E, Liang J. Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits: Progress and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3512. [PMID: 30413026 PMCID: PMC6274909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are one of the most widely used animal models for the study of human lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis because they are more sensitive to a cholesterol diet than other experimental animals such as rodents. Currently, two hypercholesterolemic rabbit models are frequently used for atherosclerosis studies. One is a cholesterol-fed wild-type rabbit and the other is the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit, which is genetically deficient in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor function. Wild-type rabbits can be easily induced to develop severe hypercholesterolemia with a cholesterol-rich diet due to the marked increase in hepatically and intestinally derived remnant lipoproteins, called β-very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are rich in cholesteryl esters. WHHL rabbits are characterized by elevated plasma LDL levels on a standard chow diet, which resembles human familial hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, both rabbit models develop aortic and coronary atherosclerosis, but the elevated plasma cholesterol levels are caused by completely different mechanisms. In addition, cholesterol-fed rabbits but not WHHL rabbits exhibit different degrees of hepatosteatosis. Recently, we along with others have shown that there are many differentially expressed genes in the atherosclerotic lesions and livers of cholesterol-fed rabbits that are either significantly up- or down-regulated, compared with those in normal rabbits, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism. Therefore, dietary cholesterol plays an important role not only in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis but also in hepatosteatosis. In this review, we make an overview of the recent progress in genomic and transcriptomic analyses of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. These transcriptomic profiling data should provide novel insight into the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis or hepatic dysfunction caused by dietary cholesterol.
Collapse
|
Review |
7 |
9 |
24
|
Cheng D, Wang Y, Gao S, Wang X, Sun W, Bai L, Cheng G, Chu Y, Zhao S, Liu E. Atorvastatin delays the glucose clearance rate in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 72:24-9. [PMID: 26054671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of statin might increase the risk of new-onset diabetes in hypercholesterolemic patients based on the recent clinical evidence. However, the causal relationship must be clarified and confirmed in animal experiments. Therefore, we mimicked hypercholesterolemia by feeding rabbits a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and performed 16 weeks of atorvastatin administration to investigate the effect of statin on glucose metabolism. The intravenous glucose tolerance test showed that plasma glucose levels in the statin-treated rabbits were consistently higher and that there was a slower rate of glucose clearance from the blood than in HCD rabbits. The incremental area under the curve for glucose in the statin-treated rabbits was also significantly larger than in the HCD rabbits. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the intravenous insulin tolerance test. The glucose-lowering ability of exogenous insulin was not impaired by statin treatment in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The administration of a single dose of statin did not affect glucose metabolism in normal rabbits. The statin also significantly increased the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase and decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits, whereas it did not affect plasma levels of glucose and insulin. The current results showed that atorvastatin treatment resulted in a significant delay of glucose clearance in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and this rabbit model could be suitable for studying the effects of statin on glucose metabolism.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
10 |
9 |
25
|
Autocrine Human Urotensin II Enhances Macrophage-Derived Foam Cell Formation in Transgenic Rabbits. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:843959. [PMID: 26640798 PMCID: PMC4659961 DOI: 10.1155/2015/843959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Circulating urotensin II (UII) is involved in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the role of autocrine UII in the development of atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that autocrine UII would promote atherosclerosis. Transgenic rabbits were created as a model to study macrophage-specific expressing human UII (hUII) and used to investigate the role of autocrine UII in the development of atherosclerosis. Transgenic rabbits and their nontransgenic littermates were fed a high cholesterol diet to induce atherosclerosis. Comparing the transgenic rabbits with their nontransgenic littermates, it was observed that hUII expression increased the macrophage-positive area in the atherosclerotic lesions by 45% and the positive area ratio by 56% in the transgenic rabbits. Autocrine hUII significantly decreased the smooth muscle cell-positive area ratio in transgenic rabbits (by 54%), without affecting the plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose and adipose tissue contents. These results elucidated for the first time that autocrine UII plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis by increasing the accumulation of macrophage-derived foam cell.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
10 |
8 |