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Heredia-Torres TG, Rincón-Sánchez AR, Lozano-Sepúlveda SA, Galan-Huerta K, Arellanos-Soto D, García-Hernández M, Garza-Juarez ADJ, Rivas-Estilla AM. Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in HCV-Induced Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122762. [PMID: 36560766 PMCID: PMC9786602 DOI: 10.3390/v14122762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer induced by a viral infection is among the leading causes of cancer. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic oncogenic positive-sense RNA virus that leads to chronic infection, exposing the liver to a continuous process of damage and regeneration and promoting hepatocarcinogenesis. The virus promotes the development of carcinogenesis through indirect and direct molecular mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, steatosis, genetic alterations, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proliferation, and apoptosis, among others. Recently, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) showed sustained virologic response in 95% of cases. Nevertheless, patients treated with DAAs have reported an unexpected increase in the early incidence of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies suggest that HCV induces epigenetic regulation through non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, and chromatin remodeling, which modify gene expressions and induce genomic instability related to HCC development that persists with the infection's clearance. The need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of carcinogenesis is evident. The aim of this review was to unravel the molecular pathways involved in the development of carcinogenesis before, during, and after the viral infection's resolution, and how these pathways were regulated by the virus, to find control points that can be used as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Guadalupe Heredia-Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CIIViM, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Ana Rosa Rincón-Sánchez
- IBMMTG, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico
| | - Sonia Amelia Lozano-Sepúlveda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CIIViM, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Kame Galan-Huerta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CIIViM, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Daniel Arellanos-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CIIViM, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Marisela García-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CIIViM, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Aurora de Jesús Garza-Juarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CIIViM, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Ana María Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CIIViM, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-81-8333-7747
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Rios-Ibarra CP, Verduzco-Garza B, Ortiz-Lopez R, Grondin Y, Salinas-Santander M, Arvizu-Gutierrez LA, Sanchez-Salazar MG, Cervantes-Astorga E, Orozco-Nunnelly DA, Rivas-Estilla AM. Transcriptional Profile of HCV Replicon Cells after Treatment with Acetylsalicylic Acid. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2022; 52:222-229. [PMID: 35414501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been demonstrated in vitro that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment halves hepatitis C virus (HCV) expression in hepatocarcinoma cells. However, the signaling pathway that promotes this ASA-induced antiviral effect has not yet been identified. AIM The aim of this work was to identify alterations in the transcriptional profile of Huh-7-HCV-subgenomic replicon cells with vs. without ASA treatment. This comparison sheds light onto the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the antiviral effects of ASA. METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cells that express non-structural HCV proteins (Huh-7-HCV-replicon cells) were exposed to 4 mM ASA for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Total RNA was isolated, and cDNA was synthesized. Transcripts were then tagged with biotin and purified. Thereafter, they were fragmented and hybridized on HG-U133 Plus 2 Gene Expression chips. Hybridization signals were captured using a GeneChip 3000 7G Scanner and analyzed via Expression Console and dChip Software. RESULTS When exposed to ASA, hepatocarcinoma cells with non-structural HCV proteins were found to differentially regulate genes with oxidative roles in the cell. The most upregulated genes were interleukin 8 (IL-8), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and metallothioneins (MTs), while the most downregulated genes were ribonucleotide reductases (RRs). CONCLUSION These results show that ASA modulates the expression of genes with antioxidant functions. This suggests that ASA induces a remodeling of the antioxidant microenvironment, which may in turn interfere with the replication of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Patricia Rios-Ibarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, USA
| | | | - Rocio Ortiz-Lopez
- CIDCS, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina, campus Monterrey, Mexico, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Maria Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, USA
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez DR, Lozano-Sepulveda SA, Delgado-Montemayor C, Waksman N, Cordero-Perez P, Rivas-Estilla AM. Turnera diffusa extract attenuates profibrotic, extracellular matrix and mitochondrial markers in activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Ann Hepatol 2021; 22:100281. [PMID: 33220464 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix which includes the accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I (COL1α1), as well as remodeling induced by metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMPs), where hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a central role. In addition, the transcription factor SNAI1 (which participates in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2, a mitochondrial marker) plays an important role in chronic liver disease. Turnera diffusa (TD), a Mexican endemic plant, has been shown to possess antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity in vitro. We treated human HSC (LX2 cells) with a methanolic extract of Turnera diffusa (METD) to evaluate the mechanism involved in its hepatoprotective effect measured as fibrosis modulation, EMT, and mitochondrial markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS HSC LX-2 cells were treated with METD (100 and 200ng/mL) alone or combined with TGF-β (10ng/mL) at different time points (24, 48, and 72h). α-SMA, COL1α1, MMP2, TIMP1, SNAI1, and MFN2 mRNAs and protein levels were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western Blot analysis. RESULTS We found that METD decreases COL1α1-mRNA, α-SMA, and TIMP1 protein expression in LX2 cells treated with and TGF-β. This treatment also decreases MFN2 and TIMP1 protein expression and induces overexpression of MMP2-mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a methanolic extract of Turnera diffusa is associated with an antifibrotic effect by decreasing profibrotic and mitochondrial markers together with the possible induction of apoptosis through SNAI1 expression in activated HSC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Raquel Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Deptartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Sonia Amelia Lozano-Sepulveda
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Deptartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Delgado-Montemayor
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Noemí Waksman
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Paula Cordero-Perez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. José E. González", Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ana María Rivas-Estilla
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Deptartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Rivas-Estilla AM, Lozano-Sepulveda SA. Where is the focus on hepatitis C research after the introduction of DAAs: To Understand, knowledge, prevent or cure hepatitis C? Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:119-120. [PMID: 32138868 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Rivas-Estilla
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México.
| | - Sonia A Lozano-Sepulveda
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
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Martinez-Liu C, Martínez-Acuña N, Arellanos-Soto D, Galan-Huerta K, Lozano-Sepulveda S, Martínez-Guzmán MDC, Rivas-Estilla AM. SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico: Beyond Detection Methods, Scope and Limitations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:124. [PMID: 33466884 PMCID: PMC7830507 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus that was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan China, now called SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease called COVID-19, has spread from China to the entire world in a few months. Due to its contagious potential (R0: 5.7) and because there is still no effective treatment to stop the infection, and a vaccine for prevention it is not yet available to the general population, COVID-19 is currently considered a global health problem. The need to implement sensitive methods for the identification of individuals with COVID-19 has led to the development of different molecular and immunological tests. The importance of a timely and accurate diagnosis is essential to determine the course of the pandemic. The interpretation of the results obtained by each test as well as the factors that affect these results have not been fully described. In this review, we describe and analyze the different SARS-CoV-2 detection methods that have been performed in Mexico and are available worldwide, outlining their strengths and weaknesses. Further, a broader perspective of the correct use and interpretation of the results obtained with these diagnostic tools is proposed to improve the containment strategy and identify the true impact of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Martinez-Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.M.-L.); (N.M.-A.); (D.A.-S.); (K.G.-H.); (S.L.-S.)
| | - Natalia Martínez-Acuña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.M.-L.); (N.M.-A.); (D.A.-S.); (K.G.-H.); (S.L.-S.)
| | - Daniel Arellanos-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.M.-L.); (N.M.-A.); (D.A.-S.); (K.G.-H.); (S.L.-S.)
| | - Kame Galan-Huerta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.M.-L.); (N.M.-A.); (D.A.-S.); (K.G.-H.); (S.L.-S.)
| | - Sonia Lozano-Sepulveda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.M.-L.); (N.M.-A.); (D.A.-S.); (K.G.-H.); (S.L.-S.)
| | | | - Ana Maria Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez”, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (C.M.-L.); (N.M.-A.); (D.A.-S.); (K.G.-H.); (S.L.-S.)
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Lozano-Sepúlveda SA, Rincón-Sanchez AR, Rivas-Estilla AM. Antioxidants benefits in hepatitis C infection in the new DAAs era. Ann Hepatol 2020; 18:410-415. [PMID: 31122787 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Some of the evidence on whether antioxidant supplements are effective in treatment of liver diseases is contradictory. Here we perform a descriptive analysis of the available data in vivo and in vitro of the possible antiviral action and controversy of several antioxidant molecules against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Lozano-Sepúlveda
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eluterio Gonzalez", Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ana R Rincón-Sanchez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana M Rivas-Estilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eluterio Gonzalez", Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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Lozano-Sepulveda SA, Galan-Huerta K, Martínez-Acuña N, Arellanos-Soto D, Rivas-Estilla AM. SARS-CoV-2 another kind of liver aggressor, how does it do that? Ann Hepatol 2020; 19:592-596. [PMID: 32858226 PMCID: PMC7445466 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection include more frequently fever and cough, but complications (such as pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure) can occur in persons with additional comorbidities. Liver dysfunction is one of the most striking affections among patients suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may represent a new king of liver aggressor. However, the molecular process underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. In this work, we overview the most recent findings between the molecular biology of the virus, pathogenic mechanisms, and its relationship to liver disease observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana María Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez", Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L, Mexico.
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Rios-Ibarra CP, Torres-De La Cruz V, Ochoa-Ruiz AG, Rivas-Estilla AM. Quantification of nitric oxide by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorometric method in subgenomic hepatitis C virus-replicon expressing Huh7 cells upon treatment with acetylsalicylic acid. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2621-2626. [PMID: 30186494 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As nitric oxide (NO) expression levels are lower in hepatocytes compared with other cell types, it is difficult to quantify this compound via Griess assay. The aim of the present study was to quantify NO concentration in the cell culture medium from a subgenomic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-replicon expressing Huh-7 cell system using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detector in the presence or absence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment. HCV-replicon cells were incubated with ASA (4 mM) for 24, 48 and 72 h. Thereafter, the medium was collected to measure nitrites (NO2-) as an indirect indicator of NO levels using diaminonaphtalene as a derivate agent. NO levels were significantly higher (1.7-fold) in Huh-7 replicon cells treated with ASA (72 h post-treatment) than untreated cells (P<0.05); NO inhibitor reduced ~30% the level of NO in Huh-7 replicon cells treated with ASA (48 h post-treatment; P<0.05). The findings suggested that the HPLC-fluorescence method provided an accurate and efficient measurement of NO production in Huh-7-HCV-replicon cells culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Patricia Rios-Ibarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, México.,Department of Bioengineering, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, México
| | - Victor Torres-De La Cruz
- Biomedical Research Center, Northeast Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64720, México
| | - Andrea Gabriela Ochoa-Ruiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, México
| | - Ana María Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, México
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Lozano-Sepulveda SA, Bautista-Osorio E, Merino-Mascorro JA, Varela-Rey M, Muñoz-Espinosa LE, Cordero-Perez P, Martinez-Chantar ML, Rivas-Estilla AM. S-adenosyl-L-methionine modifies antioxidant-enzymes, glutathione-biosynthesis and methionine adenosyltransferases-1/2 in hepatitis C virus-expressing cells. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3746-3757. [PMID: 27076759 PMCID: PMC4814737 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i14.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the mechanism(s) by which S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) decreases hepatitis C virus (HCV) expression.
METHODS: We examined the effects of SAM on viral expression using an HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. Huh7 HCV-replicon cells were treated with 1 mmol/L SAM for different times (24-72 h), then total RNA and proteins were isolated. cDNA was synthesized and real time-PCR was achieved to quantify HCV-RNA, superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD-1, SOD-2) catalase, thioredoxin 1, methionine adenosyltransferase 1A and 2A (MAT1A, MAT2A) expression, and GAPDH and RPS18 as endogenous genes. Expression of cellular and viral protein was evaluated by western-blot analysis using antibodies vs HCV-NS5A, SOD-1, SOD-2, catalase, thioredoxin-1, MAT1A, MAT2A, GAPDH and actin. Total glutathione levels were measured at different times by Ellman’s recycling method (0-24 h). Reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels were quantified by the dichlorofluorescein assay (0-48 h); Pyrrolidin dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was tested as an antioxidant control and H2O2 as a positive oxidant agent.
RESULTS: SAM exposition decreased HCV-RNA levels 50%-70% compared to non-treated controls (24-72 h). SAM induced a synergic antiviral effect with standard IFN treatment but it was independent of IFN signaling. In addition, 1 mmol/L SAM exposition did not modify viral RNA stability, but it needs cellular translation machinery in order to decrease HCV expression. Total glutathione levels increased upon SAM treatment in HCV-replicon cells. Transcriptional antioxidant enzyme expression (SOD-1, SOD-2 and thioredoxin-1) was increased at different times but interestingly, there was no significant change in ROS levels upon SAM treatment, contrary to what was detected with PDTC treatment, where an average 40% reduction was observed in exposed cells. There was a turnover from MAT1A/MAT2A, since MAT1A expression was increased (2.5 fold-times at 48 h) and MAT2A was diminished (from 24 h) upon SAM treatment at both the transcriptional and translational level.
CONCLUSION: A likely mechanism(s) by which SAM diminish HCV expression could involve modulating antioxidant enzymes, restoring biosynthesis of glutathione and switching MAT1/MAT2 turnover in HCV expressing cells.
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Lozano-Sepulveda SA, Bryan-Marrugo OL, Cordova-Fletes C, Gutierrez-Ruiz MC, Rivas-Estilla AM. Oxidative stress modulation in hepatitis C virus infected cells. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2880-2889. [PMID: 26692473 PMCID: PMC4678374 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i29.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, where the virus can induce cellular stress. Oxidative cell damage plays an important role in HCV physiopathology. Oxidative stress is triggered when the concentration of oxygen species in the extracellular or intracellular environment exceeds antioxidant defenses. Cells are protected and modulate oxidative stress through the interplay of intracellular antioxidant agents, mainly glutathione system (GSH) and thioredoxin; and antioxidant enzyme systems such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, and heme oxygenase-1. Also, the use of natural and synthetic antioxidants (vitamin C and E, N-acetylcysteine, glycyrrhizin, polyenylphosphatidyl choline, mitoquinone, quercetin, S-adenosylmethionine and silymarin) has already shown promising results as co-adjuvants in HCV therapy. Despite all the available information, it is not known how different agents with antiviral activity can interfere with the modulation of the cell redox state induced by HCV and decrease viral replication. This review describes an evidence-based consensus on molecular mechanisms involved in HCV replication and their relationship with cell damage induced by oxidative stress generated by the virus itself and cell antiviral machinery. It also describes some molecules that modify the levels of oxidative stress in HCV-infected cells.
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Sánchez-garcía A, Ríos-ibarra CP, Rincón-sánchez AR, Ortiz-lópez R, Garza-juárez A, Morlett-chávez J, Martínez-rodríguez H, Rivas-estilla AM. Use of proteomic analysis tools to identify HCV-proteins down-regulated by acetylsalicylic acid. Ann Hepatol 2013; 12:725-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s1665-2681(19)31313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
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Rivas-Estilla AM, Bryan-Marrugo OL, Trujillo-Murillo K, Pérez-Ibave D, Charles-Niño C, Pedroza-Roldan C, Ríos-Ibarra C, Ramírez-Valles E, Ortiz-López R, Islas-Carbajal MC, Nieto N, Rincón-Sánchez AR. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) induction is implicated in the antioxidative and antiviral activity of acetylsalicylic acid in HCV-expressing cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1264-73. [PMID: 22442156 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00237.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the participation of oxidative stress in the negative regulation of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA induced by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). We used the HCV subgenomic replicon cell system that stably expresses HCV-nonstructural proteins (Huh7 HCV replicon cells) and the parental cell line. Cells were exposed to 4 mM ASA at different times (12-72 h), and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was used as an antioxidant control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidized protein levels, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured to evaluate oxidative stress. In addition, viral RNA and prostaglandin (PGE(2)) levels were determined. We observed that ASA treatment decreased ROS production and oxidized protein levels in a time-dependent fashion in both parental and HCV replicon cells with a greater extent in the latter. Similar results were found with PDTC exposure. Average GPx activity was decreased, whereas a striking increase was observed in average cytosolic SOD activity at 48 and 72 h in both cells exposed to ASA, compared with untreated cells. HCV replicon cells showed higher levels of Cu/Zn-SOD expression (mRNA and protein) with ASA treatment (48 and 72 h), whereas NS5A protein levels showed decreased expression. In addition, we found that inhibition of SOD1 expression reversed the effect of ASA. Interestingly, PDTC downregulated HCV-RNA expression (55%) and PGE(2) (60%) levels, imitating ASA exposure. These results suggest that ASA treatment could reduce cellular oxidative stress markers and modify Cu/Zn-SOD expression, a phenomenon that may contribute to the mechanisms involved in HCV downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Rivas-Estilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, México.
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Rios-Ibarra C, Blitvich BJ, Farfan-Ale J, Ramos-Jimenez J, Muro-Escobedo S, Martínez-Rodriguez HR, OrtizLópez R, Torres-López E, Rivas-Estilla AM. Fatal human case of West Nile disease, Mexico, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:741-3. [PMID: 20350413 PMCID: PMC3321966 DOI: 10.3201/eid1604.091614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
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