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Kwon MJ, Jung HS, Kang SM, Lee SH, Park JH. The Protective Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid for Stress-induced Accelerated Senescence in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Med Sci 2023; 20:1479-1491. [PMID: 37790848 PMCID: PMC10542193 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.85224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] [Imported: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that protects against cardiovascular diseases in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and may have pleotropic effects beyond lowering triglycerides. Many degenerative diseases, such as atherosclerosis and diabetes, are related to cellular senescence as a pathophysiological mechanism. We aimed to examine whether EPA could protect vascular endothelial cells under stress conditions against stress-induced accelerated senescence (SIAS). Methods: Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to H2O2 as oxidative stress and a high glucose concentration with palmitate as a glucolipotoxic condition. Changes in cell viability, apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell cycle analysis were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay, annexin V/ propidium iodide staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. EPA was applied in stress conditions. The degree of senescence was measured by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining and p16 staining using immunofluorescence. Apoptosis and cellular senescence-related proteins were measured by Western blotting. Results: Cultured HUVECs under oxidative and glucolipotoxic stresses revealed accelerated senescence and increased apoptosis. These changes were markedly reversed by EPA administration, and the expressions of apoptosis and cellular senescence-related proteins were reversed by EPA treatment. Conclusion: EPA effectively protects HUVECs against SIAS, which may be one of its pleotrophic effects.
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Kang SM, Park JH. Pleiotropic Benefits of DPP-4 Inhibitors Beyond Glycemic Control. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2021; 14:11795514211051698. [PMID: 34733107 PMCID: PMC8558587 DOI: 10.1177/11795514211051698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are oral anti-diabetic medications that block the activity of the ubiquitous enzyme DPP-4. Inhibition of this enzyme increases the level of circulating active glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 secreted from L-cells in the small intestine. GLP-1 increases the glucose level, dependent on insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells; it also decreases the abnormally increased level of glucagon, eventually decreasing the blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes. DPP-4 is involved in many physiological processes other than the degradation of GLP-1. Therefore, the inhibition of DPP-4 may have numerous effects beyond glucose control. In this article, we review the pleiotropic effects of DPP-4 inhibitors beyond glucose control, including their strong beneficial effects on the stress induced accelerated senescence of vascular cells, and the possible clinical implications of these effects.
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Kang SM, Jung HS, Kwon MJ, Lee SH, Park JH. Effects of anagliptin on the stress induced accelerated senescence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:750. [PMID: 34268363 PMCID: PMC8246235 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) via inhibition of the enzymatic activity of DPP-4 in degrading active circulating glucagon-like peptide-1. In addition to their glucose-lowering effect, DPP-4 inhibitors have pleiotropic effects. Cellular senescence regarded as important pathophysiological mechanism underlying many degenerative diseases, including atherosclerosis. This study was performed to examine whether the DPP-4 inhibitor, anagliptin, can directly protect against stress-induced accelerated senescence (SIAS) of vascular endothelial cells, regardless of changes in ambient glucose level. Methods Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to various concentrations of H2O2, and a fixed high concentration of glucose (25 mM) with varying concentrations of palmitate. Changes in cell viability, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), p16 protein, markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, NOX4, NLRP inflammasome, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and interleukin (IL) 1β levels were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, immunofluorescent staining, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively before and after application of anagliptin. Results The application of oxidative and glucolipotoxic stresses markedly increased the degree of SIAS of HUVECs, represented by increased SA-β-Gal immunopositivity and p16 protein expression. Aggravation of ER stress and inflammatory response were also observed through increased levels of ATF4, CHOP, peIF2α, NOX4, NLRP inflammasome, LDH, and IL1β. These changes were markedly reversed by the administration of anagliptin. Conclusions The DPP-4 inhibitor anagliptin effectively protects HUVECs against SIAS, suggesting its potential use in the development of new treatment strategies for aging.
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Lee YH, Jung HS, Kwon MJ, Jang JE, Kim TN, Lee SH, Kim MK, Park JH. Melatonin protects INS-1 pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis and senescence induced by glucotoxicity and glucolipotoxicity. Islets 2020; 12:87-98. [PMID: 32673151 PMCID: PMC7527021 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2020.1783162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melatonin is a hormone known as having very strong anti-oxidant property. Senescence is a biological state characterized by the loss of cell replication and the changes consisting of a pro-inflammatory phenotype, leading to Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) which is now regarded as one of the fundamental processes of many degenerative diseases. Increased cell division count induces cell senescence via DNA damage in response to elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). We wanted to test whether melatonin could reduce apoptosis and stress induced premature pancreatic β-cell senescence induced by glucotoxicity and glucolipotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHOD Cultured rodent pancreatic β-cell line (INS-1 cell) was used. Glucotoxicity (HG: hyperglycemia) and glucolipotoxicity (HGP: hyperglycemia with palmitate) were induced by hyperglycemia and the addition of palmitate. The degrees of the senescence were measured by SA-β-Gal and P16lnk4A staining along with the changes of cell viabilities, cell cycle-related protein and gene expressions, endogenous anti-oxidant defense enzymes, and Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion (GSIS), before and after melatonin treatment. RESULTS Cultured INS-1 cells in HG and HGP conditions revealed accelerated senescence, increased apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, compromised endogenous anti-oxidant defense, and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Melatonin decreased apoptosis and expressions of proteins related to senescence, increase the endogenous anti-oxidant defense, and improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. CONCLUSION Melatonin protected pancreatic β-cell from apoptosis, decreased expressions of the markers related to the accelerated senescence, and improved the biological deteriorations induced by glucotoxicity and glucolipotoxicity.
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Kwon MJ, Lee YJ, Jung HS, Shin HM, Kim TN, Lee SH, Rhee BD, Kim MK, Park JH. The direct effect of lobeglitazone, a new thiazolidinedione, on pancreatic beta cells: A comparison with other thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 151:209-223. [PMID: 30954516 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The direct effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on pancreatic beta cells have been controversial. The aim of this study was to find out whether a novel TZD, lobeglitazone, has beneficial effects on pancreatic beta cells and db/db mice compared to those of other TZDs. METHODS INS-1 cells were incubated at a high-glucose concentration with various concentrations of troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and lobeglitazone. Apoptosis and proliferation of beta cells, markers for ER stress and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were assessed. In addition, C57BL/6 db/db mice were treated with pioglitazone or lobeglitazone for 4 weeks, and metabolic parameters and the configuration of pancreatic islets were also examined. RESULTS Lobeglitazone and other TZDs decreased INS-1 cell apoptosis in high-glucose conditions. Lobeglitazone and other TZDs significantly decreased hyperglycemia-induced increases in ER stress markers and increased GSIS. Metabolic parameters showed greater improvement in db/db mice treated with pioglitazone and lobeglitazone than in control mice. Islet size, cell proliferation, and beta cell mass were increased, and collagen surrounding the islets was decreased in treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Lobeglitazone showed beneficial effects on beta cell survival and function against hyperglycemia. The prosurvival and profunction effects of lobeglitazone were comparable to those of other TZDs.
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Kim YJ, Park SM, Jung HS, Lee EJ, Kim TK, Kim TN, Kwon MJ, Lee SH, Rhee BD, Kim MK, Park JH. Ginsenoside Rg3 prevents INS-1 cell death from intermittent high glucose stress. Islets 2016; 8:57-64. [PMID: 27246809 PMCID: PMC4987017 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2016.1161874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Rg3 has been proposed to mediate anti-diabetic effects, but their direct effect on pancreatic β cell viability and mechanisms are not clearly understood. Recent studies suggest that intermittent high glucose (IHG) could be more harmful to pancreatic β cells than sustained high glucose. There are few reports about the effect of the ginsenosideRg3 to β cell apoptosis and proliferation against IHG. METHODS INS-1 cells were treated with alternative glucose concentration with or without ginsenoside Rg3. Cell apoptosis and viability were detected by Annexin V staining and MTT assay. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was analyzed by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Quantification of secreted insulin protein was measured using rat/mouse Insulin ELISA kits. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining and florescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed to compare cell proliferation. RESULT INS-1 cell viability was decreased under IHG and increased with Rg3 treatment.Rg3 significantly reduced the apoptotic INS-1 cells against IHG. The quantification of secreted insulin concentration was increased with Rg3. Rg3 increased INS-1 cell proliferation. ERK and p38 MAPK pathways reduced by IHG were activated by the ginsenoside Rg3. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg3 protected INS-1 cell death from IHG with reducing apoptosis and increasing proliferation.
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Kwon MJ, Chung HS, Yoon CS, Lee EJ, Kim TK, Lee SH, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim MK, Park JH. Low glibenclamide concentrations affect endoplasmic reticulum stress in INS-1 cells under glucotoxic or glucolipotoxic conditions. Korean J Intern Med 2013; 28:339-46. [PMID: 23682228 PMCID: PMC3654132 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2013.28.3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS β-Cell apoptosis caused by increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an important pathogenic component of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In theory, sulfonylureas, used for the treatment of diabetes, can contribute to ER stress. We assessed changes in ER stress in pancreatic β-cells under glucotoxic or glucolipotoxic conditions using low concentrations of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide (GB). METHODS Low concentrations of GB (10 or 100 nM) were added to INS-1 cells cultured under glucotoxic or glucolipotoxic conditions. The degree of viability, level of apoptosis and levels of markers associated with ER stress were measured. RESULTS Apoptosis decreased in response to low concentrations of GB under glucolipotoxic but not glucotoxic conditions. Most ER stress markers decreased upon the addition of GB. Under glucotoxic conditions, changes in the levels of ER stress markers were not consistent. However, all decreased significantly under glucolipotoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Low concentrations of GB exerted antiapoptotic effects through the attenuation of ER stress under glucolipotoxic conditions.
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Kim M, Chung H, Yoon C, Lee E, Kim T, Kim T, Kwon M, Lee S, Rhee B, Park J. Increase of INS-1 cell apoptosis under glucose fluctuation and the involvement of FOXO-SIRT pathway. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 98:132-9. [PMID: 22579214 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Variations of blood glucose level have been reported to be more harmful than sustained high glucose, but the effects on pancreatic β-cells have not yet been clarified. FOXO transcription factors are important for cell fate. We tried to clarify the effect of glucose variability on INS-1 cells, and the potential mechanisms related with FOXO-SIRT pathway. METHODS INS-1 cells were exposed to control, SHG (sustained high glucose) or IHG (intermittent high glucose) alternating every 12 h for 5 days. RESULTS INS-1 cells in SHG showed lower apoptosis and higher GSIS than IHG. Deacetylated FOXO and binding with SIRT were higher in SHG than IHG. Administration of PI3K inhibitor and/or SIRT inhibitor increased apoptosis and decreased Mn-SOD and Bcl-2 in SHG. CONCLUSIONS [corrected] IHG was more harmful to INS-1 cells than SHG. The degree of phosphorylation and acetylation of FOXO transcription factors were different between SHG and IHG, which might be one mechanism of increased INS-1 cell apoptosis in IHG.
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Kwon MJ, Chung HS, Yoon CS, Ko JH, Jun HJ, Kim TK, Lee SH, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim MK, Park JH. The Effects of Glyburide on Apoptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in INS-1 Cells in a Glucolipotoxic Condition. Diabetes Metab J 2011; 35:480-8. [PMID: 22111039 PMCID: PMC3221023 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-cell death due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been regarded as an important pathogenic component of type 2 diabetes. The possibility has been suggested that sulfonylurea, currently being used as one of the main oral hypoglycemic agents of type 2 diabetes, increases ER stress, which could lead to sulfonylurea failure. The authors of the present study examined ER stress of β-cells in a glucolipotoxic condition using glyburide (GB) in an environment mimicking type 2 diabetes. METHODS Apoptosis was induced by adding various concentrations of GB (0.001 to 200 µM) to a glucolipotoxic condition using 33 mM glucose, and the effects of varied concentrations of palmitate were evaluated via annexin V staining. The markers of ER stress and pro-apoptotic markers were assessed by Western blotting and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the anti-apoptotic markers were evaluated. RESULTS Addition of any concentration of GB in 150 µM palmitate and 33 mM glucose did not increase apoptosis. The expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF-2α) was increased and cleaved caspase 3 was decreased by adding GB to a glucolipotoxic condition. However, other ER stress-associated markers such as Bip-1, X-box binding protein-1, ATF-4 and C/EBP-homologous protein transcription factor and anti-apoptotic markers phosphor-p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phosphorylation of Akt did not change significantly. CONCLUSION GB did not show further deleterious effects on the degree of apoptosis or ER stress of INS-1 cells in a glucolipotoxic condition. Increased phosphorylation of eIF-2α may attenuate ER stress for adaptation to increased ER protein load.
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Ko J, Jun H, Chung H, Yoon C, Kim T, Kwon M, Lee S, Jung S, Kim M, Park JH. Comparison of EGF with VEGF non-viral gene therapy for cutaneous wound healing of streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Metab J 2011; 35:226-35. [PMID: 21785742 PMCID: PMC3138097 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds, various kinds of growth factors have been employed. It is the short half-life of administered growth factors in hostile wound beds that have limited wide-spread clinical usage. To overcome this limitation, growth factor gene therapy could be an attractive alternative rather than direct application of factors onto the wound beds. We administered two growth factor DNAs, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into a cutaneous wound on diabetic mice. We compared the different characteristics of the healing wounds. METHODS Streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes into C57BL/6J mice. The ultrasound micro-bubble destruction method with SonoVue as a bubbling agent was used for non-viral gene delivery of EGF(828) and VEGF(165) DNAs. Each gene was modified for increasing efficacy as FRM-EGF(828) or minicircle VEGF(165). The degree of neoangiogenesis was assessed using qualitative laser Doppler flowmetry. We compared wound size and histological findings of the skin wounds in each group. RESULTS In both groups, accelerated wound closure was observed in the mice receiving gene therapy compared with non treated diabetic control mice. Blood flow detected by laser doppler flowmetry was better in the VEGF group than in the EGF group. Wound healing rates and histological findings were more accelerated in the EGF gene therapy group than the VEGF group, but were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Both non-viral EGF and VEGF gene therapy administrations could improve the speed and quality of skin wound healing. However, the detailed histological characteristics of the healing wounds were different.
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Kim MK, Suk JH, Kwon MJ, Chung HS, Yoon CS, Jun HJ, Ko JH, Kim TK, Lee SH, Oh MK, Rhee BD, Park JH. Nateglinide and acarbose for postprandial glucose control after optimizing fasting glucose with insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 92:322-8. [PMID: 21376417 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Basal insulin treatment is frequently used in type 2 diabetes, but the successful control of postprandial glucose is challenging. We compared the effect of preferential postprandial glucose targeting drugs for postprandial glucose control after optimizing fasting glucose with basal insulin. METHODS This study was performed in 58, insulin naïve type 2 diabetes. After fasting glucose was optimized by insulin glargine, nateglinide or acarbose was initiated and then crossed over after second wash out period. 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and 7 point self monitoring blood glucose for 3 days at the end of each period was performed. RESULTS Both drugs effectively reduced postprandial glucose levels compared with the insulin glargine monotherapy. No significant differences were found between nateglinide and acarbose in terms of mean glucose level, standard deviation of glucose levels, mean average glucose excursion and average daily risk range. Homeostasis model analysis (HOMA)% β, corrected insulin response and insulin-to-glucose ratio were significantly higher in the responder group compared with the non-responder. There was no episode of severe hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Nateglinide and acarbose are equally effective in type 2 diabetes for postprandial glucose excursions during basal insulin treatment. The markers of beta cell function might be used for predicting response. (Clinical trial reg. no. NCT 00437918, clinicaltrial.gov.).
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Kim M, Suk J, Kim H, Jung H, Kim T, Park J. Post-prandial lipid levels for assessing target goal achievement in type 2 diabetic patients taking statin. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:387-92. [PMID: 20191037 PMCID: PMC2826752 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is inconvenient to perform serum lipid analysis in fasting state in diabetic patients with drug treatment. In patients with statin treatment and Asian diet, it has not been clearly known whether non-fasting values could be used for the clinical decision making in diabetic patients. In this study, fasting and post-prandial plasma lipid profiles of hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients taking statin, were measured in whom standard diabetic breakfast in traditional Korean style were provided. In repeated-measures ANOVA, there were no significant differences among fasting, post-prandial 2 and 4 hr low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values. When compared to fasting levels, both post-prandial 2 hr and 4 hr LDL cholesterol levels were misclassified as not achieved target goal only in 4% of patients. Post-prandial HDL cholesterol matched with fasting values in women, without exception. In conclusion, the fasting and post-prandial LDL and HDL cholesterol levels are not significantly different each other and can be used in the assessment of achieving target goal in type 2 diabetes taking statin after Korean diet.
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