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Shimizu T, Lila ASA, Kitayama Y, Abe R, Takata H, Ando H, Ishima Y, Ishida T. Peritoneal B Cells Play a Role in the Production of Anti-polyethylene Glycol (PEG) IgM against Intravenously Injected siRNA-PEGylated Liposome Complexes. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:469-477. [PMID: 38383000 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified (PEGylated) cationic liposomes are frequently used as delivery vehicles for small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based drugs because of their ability to encapsulate/complex with siRNA and prolong the circulation half-life in vivo. Nevertheless, we have reported that subsequent intravenous (IV) injections of siRNA complexed with PEGylated cationic liposomes (PLpx) induces the production of anti-PEG immunoglobulin M (IgM), which accelerates the blood clearance of subsequent doses of PLpx and other PEGylated products. In this study, it is interesting that splenectomy (removal of spleen) did not prevent anti-PEG IgM induction by IV injection of PLpx. This indicates that B cells other than the splenic version are involved in anti-PEG IgM production under these conditions. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that peritoneal cells also secrete anti-PEG IgM in response to the administration of PLpx. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a glycoprotein that is secreted by peritoneal immune cells and has been detected in response to the in vivo administration of PLpx. These observations indicate that IV injection of PLpx stimulates the proliferation/differentiation of peritoneal PEG-specific B cells into plasma cells via IL-6 induction, which results in the production of anti-PEG IgM from the peritoneal cavity of mice. Our results suggest the mutual contribution of peritoneal B cells as a potent anti-PEG immune response against PLpx.
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Alotaibi HF, Alotaibi H, Darwish KM, Khafagy ES, Abu Lila AS, Ali MAM, Hegazy WAH, Alshawwa SZ. The Anti-Virulence Activities of the Antihypertensive Drug Propranolol in Light of Its Anti-Quorum Sensing Effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3161. [PMID: 38137382 PMCID: PMC10741015 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of bacterial resistance is an increasing global concern that requires discovering new antibacterial agents and strategies. Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) systems play important roles in controlling bacterial virulence, and their targeting could lead to diminishing bacterial pathogenesis. In this context, targeting QS systems without significant influence on bacterial growth is assumed as a promising strategy to overcome resistance development. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-QS and anti-virulence activities of the β-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol at sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) against two Gram-negative bacterial models Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens. The effect of propranolol on the expression of QS-encoding genes was evaluated. Additionally, the affinity of propranolol to QS receptors was virtually attested. The influence of propranolol at sub-MIC on biofilm formation, motility, and production of virulent factors was conducted. The outcomes of the propranolol combination with different antibiotics were assessed. Finally, the in vivo protection assay in mice was performed to assess propranolol's effect on lessening the bacterial pathogenesis. The current findings emphasized the significant ability of propranolol at sub-MIC to reduce the formation of biofilms, motility, and production of virulence factors. In addition, propranolol at sub-MIC decreased the capacity of tested bacteria to induce pathogenesis in mice. Furthermore, propranolol significantly downregulated the QS-encoding genes and showed significant affinity to QS receptors. Finally, propranolol at sub-MIC synergistically decreased the MICs of different antibiotics against tested bacteria. In conclusion, propranolol might serve as a plausible adjuvant therapy with antibiotics for the treatment of serious bacterial infections after further pharmacological and pharmaceutical studies.
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Abdallah MH, Abu Lila AS, El-Nahas HM, Ibrahim TM. Optimization of Potential Nanoemulgels for Boosting Transdermal Glimepiride Delivery and Upgrading Its Anti-Diabetic Activity. Gels 2023; 9:494. [PMID: 37367164 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery has been widely adopted as a plausible alternative to the oral route of administration, especially for drugs with poor systemic bioavailability. The objective of this study was to design and validate a nanoemulsion (NE) system for transdermal administration of the oral hypoglycemic drug glimepiride (GM). The NEs were prepared using peppermint/bergamot oils as the oil phase and tween 80/transcutol P as the surfactant/co-surfactant mixture (Smix). The formulations were characterized using various parameters such as globule size, zeta potential, surface morphology, in vitro drug release, drug-excipient compatibility studies, and thermodynamic stability. The optimized NE formulation was then incorporated into different gel bases and examined for gel strength, pH, viscosity, and spreadability. The selected drug-loaded nanoemulgel formulation was then screened for ex vivo permeation, skin irritation, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Characterization studies revealed the spherical shape of NE droplets with an average size of ~80 nm and a zeta potential of -11.8 mV, which indicated good electrokinetic stability of NE. In vitro release studies revealed enhanced drug release from the NE formulation compared to the plain drug. GM-loaded nanoemulgel showed a 7-fold increment in drug transdermal flux compared to plain drug gel. In addition, the GM-loaded nanoemulgel formulation did not elicit any signs of inflammation and/or irritation on the applied skin, suggesting its safety. Most importantly, the in vivo pharmacokinetic study emphasized the potential of nanoemulgel formulation to potentiate the systemic bioavailability of GM, as manifested by a 10-fold rise in the relative bioavailability compared to control gel. Collectively, transdermal NE-based GM gel might represent a promising alternative to oral therapy in the management of diabetes.
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Lila ASA, Rajab AAH, Abdallah MH, Rizvi SMD, Moin A, Khafagy ES, Tabrez S, Hegazy WAH. Biofilm Lifestyle in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010148. [PMID: 36676100 PMCID: PMC9865985 DOI: 10.3390/life13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most common infections that are frequently encountered in health care facilities. One of the main mechanisms used by bacteria that allows them to survive hostile environments is biofilm formation. Biofilms are closed bacterial communities that offer protection and safe hiding, allowing bacteria to evade host defenses and hide from the reach of antibiotics. Inside biofilm communities, bacteria show an increased rate of horizontal gene transfer and exchange of resistance and virulence genes. Additionally, bacterial communication within the biofilm allows them to orchestrate the expression of virulence genes, which further cements the infestation and increases the invasiveness of the infection. These facts stress the necessity of continuously updating our information and understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and eradication methods of this growing public health concern. This review seeks to understand the role of biofilm formation in recurrent urinary tact infections by outlining the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in different uropathogens, in addition to shedding light on some biofilm eradication strategies.
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Al Hagbani T, Vishwa B, Abu Lila AS, Alotaibi HF, Khafagy ES, Moin A, Gowda DV. Pulmonary Targeting of Levofloxacin Using Microsphere-Based Dry Powder Inhalation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050560. [PMID: 35631386 PMCID: PMC9145307 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to develop poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with the anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) fluoroquinolone, Levofloxacin (LVX), in the form of dry powder inhalation (DPI). LVX-loaded microspheres were fabricated by solvent evaporation technique. Central Composite Design (CCD) was adopted to optimize the microspheres, with desired particle size, drug loading, and drug entrapment efficiency, for targeting alveolar macrophages via non-invasive pulmonary delivery. Structural characterization studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the absence of any possible chemical interaction between the drug and the polymer used for the preparation of microspheres. In addition, the optimized drug-loaded microspheres exhibited desired average aerodynamic diameter of 2.13 ± 1.24 μm and fine particle fraction of 75.35 ± 1.42%, indicating good aerosolization properties. In vivo data demonstrated that LVX-loaded microspheres had superior lung accumulation, as evident by a two-fold increase in the area under the curve AUC0–24h, as compared with plain LVX. Furthermore, LVX-loaded microspheres prolonged drug residence time in the lung and maintained a relatively high drug concentration for a longer time, which contributed to a reduced leakage in the systemic circulation. In conclusion, inhalable LVX-loaded microspheres might represent a plausible delivery vehicle for targeting pulmonary tuberculosis via enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of LVX while minimizing its systemic off-target side effects.
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Khafagy ES, Abu Lila AS, Sallam NM, Sanad RAB, Ahmed MM, Ghorab MM, Alotaibi HF, Alalaiwe A, Aldawsari MF, Alshahrani SM, Alshetaili A, Almutairy BK, Al Saqr A, Gad S. Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Mucoadhesive Carvedilol Nanosponge: A Promising Platform for Buccal Anti-Hypertensive Delivery. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040235. [PMID: 35448136 PMCID: PMC9028337 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvedilol (CRV) is a non-selective third generation beta-blocker used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure and angina pectoris. Oral administration of CRV showed poor bioavailability (25%), which might be ascribed to its extensive first-pass metabolism. Buccal delivery is known to boost drugs bioavailability. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of bilosomes-based mucoadhesive carvedilol nanosponge for enhancing the oral bioavailability of CRV. The bilosomes were prepared, optimized and characterized for particle size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency and ex-vivo permeation studies. Then, the optimized formula was incorporated into a carboxymethyl cellulose/hydroxypropyl cellulose (CMC/HPC) composite mixture to obtain buccal nanosponge enriched with CRV bilosomes. The optimized bilosome formula (BLS9), showing minimum vesicle size, maximum entrapment, and highest cumulative in vitro release, exhibited a spherical shape with 217.2 nm in diameter, 87.13% entrapment efficiency, and sustained drug release for up to 24 h. In addition, ex-vivo drug permeation across sheep buccal mucosa revealed enhanced drug permeation with bilosomal formulations, compared to aqueous drug suspension. Consecutively, BLS9 was incorporated in a CMC/HPC gel and lyophilized for 24 h to obtain bilosomal nanosponge to enhance CRV buccal delivery. Morphological analysis of the prepared nanosponge revealed improved swelling with a porosity of 67.58%. The in vivo assessment of rats indicated that CRV-loaded nanosponge efficiently enhanced systolic/diastolic blood pressure, decreased elevated oxidative stress, improved lipid profile and exhibited a potent cardio-protective effect. Collectively, bilosomal nanosponge might represent a plausible nanovehicle for buccal delivery of CRV for effective management of hypertension.
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Praveen TK, Gangadharappa HV, Abu Lila AS, Moin A, Mehmood K, Krishna KL, Hussain T, Alafanan A, Shakil S, Rizvi SMD. Inflammation targeted nanomedicines: patents and applications in cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:645-663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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El Sayed MM, Shimizu T, Abu Lila AS, Elsadek NE, Emam SE, Alaaeldin E, Kamal A, Sarhan HA, Ando H, Ishima Y, Ishida T. A mouse model for studying the effect of blood anti-PEG IgMs levels on the in vivo fate of PEGylated liposomes. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121539. [PMID: 35124114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies in the systemic circulation might have potential implications for the therapeutic activity of PEGylated products in vivo in the clinic. In order to study the effect of pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies on the in vivo fate and the therapeutic efficiency of PEGylated therapeutics, we developed a BALB/c mouse model by virtue of the intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of hybridoma cells (HIK-M09 and HIK-M11), secreting monoclonal anti-PEG IgM, mimicking the presence of pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies in the blood. In the model, the titers of anti-PEG IgM in the blood increased as a function of hybridoma cells numbers and time after i.p. inoculation. The in vivo levels of anti-PEG IgM decreased in a dose-dependent manner, following i.v. administration of empty PEGylated liposomes. C26 tumor-bearing mice with measurable levels of anti-PEG IgM, receiving i.v. injection of DiR-labeled empty PEGylated liposomes, showed lower levels of liposomal tumor accumulation and higher levels of liver and spleen accumulation, compared to C26 tumor-bearing mice without measurable anti-PEG IgM. This specifies that the presence of anti-PEG IgM in the murine circulation induced accelerated blood clearance of PEGylated liposomes and reduced their tumor accumulation. The biodistribution and antitumor efficacy of commercially available doxorubicin (DXR)-containing PEGylated liposomes, Doxil®, were scrutinized in the anti-PEG IgM mouse model. In C26 tumor-bearing mice having circulating anti-PEG IgM, at 24 h after injection almost no DXR was observed in blood and tumor, and increased DXR accumulation was observed in spleen and liver, compared to tumor-bearing mice with no circulating anti-PEG IgM. The antitumor efficacy of Doxil® was significantly compromised in the C26 tumor-bearing mice in the presence of anti-PEG IgM. These results demonstrate that the anti-PEG IgM mouse model could be a useful prognostic indicator for the therapeutic effectiveness of different formulations of PEGylated therapeutics in pre-clinical studies.
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Abdallah MH, Abu Lila AS, Shawky SM, Almansour K, Alshammari F, Khafagy ES, Makram TS. Experimental Design and Optimization of Nano-Transfersomal Gel to Enhance the Hypoglycemic Activity of Silymarin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030508. [PMID: 35160498 PMCID: PMC8838802 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current advancements in the research investigations focused at using natural products to generate novel dosage forms with a potential therapeutic impact. Silymarin is a natural product obtained from the herb Silybum marianum that has been shown to have remarkable hypoglycemic activity. Owing to the low enteral absorption, instability in stomach secretion, and poor solubility of Silymarin, it was better to be produced as a topical dosage form. A three-factor, three-level Box Behnken (33 BB) design was constructed to develop 15 formulations using three independent variables (phospholipid concentration, surfactant concentration, and sonication time) and two dependent variables (encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release). The optimized formula was added to HPMC gel and the resulting transfersomal gel was investigated for its characteristics, in vitro, ex vivo and hypoglycemic behaviors. The pH of the Silymarin-loaded transfersomal gel was 7.05, the spreadability was 55.35 mm, and the viscosity was 6.27 Pa. Furthermore, Silymarin loaded transfersomal gel had the greatest transdermal flux (92.41 µg/cm2·h), which was much greater than all other formulations. In vivo observations revealed that Silymarin loaded transfersomal gel significantly reduced blood glucose levels, compared to either Silymarin gel or oral Silymarin suspension. The findings show that the developed transfersomal gel could be an effective carrier for Silymarin transdermal delivery.
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Askoura M, Abbas HA, Al Sadoun H, Abdulaal WH, Abu Lila AS, Almansour K, Alshammari F, Khafagy ES, Ibrahim TS, Hegazy WAH. Elevated Levels of IL-33, IL-17 and IL-25 Indicate the Progression from Chronicity to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Virus Patients. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010057. [PMID: 35056005 PMCID: PMC8781674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most epidemic viral infections in the world. Three-quarters of individuals infected with HCV become chronic. As a consequence of persistent inflammation, a considerable percentage of chronic patients progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokines, which are particularly produced from T-helper cells, play a crucial role in immune protection against HCV and the progression of the disease as well. In this study, the role of interleukins IL-33, IL-17, and IL-25 in HCV patients and progression of disease from chronicity to hepatocellular carcinoma will be characterized in order to use them as biomarkers of disease progression. The serum levels of the tested interleukins were measured in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C (CHC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and healthy controls (C), and their levels were correlated to the degree of liver fibrosis, liver fibrosis markers and viral load. In contrast to the IL-25 serum level, which increased in patients suffering from HCC only, the serum levels of both IL-33 and IL-17 increased significantly in those patients suffering from CHC and HCC. In addition, IL-33 serum level was found to increase by liver fibrosis progression and viral load, in contrast to both IL-17 and IL-25. Current results indicate a significant role of IL-33 in liver inflammation and fibrosis progress in CHC, whereas IL-17 and IL-25 may be used as biomarkers for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Askoura M, Almalki AJ, Lila ASA, Almansour K, Alshammari F, Khafagy ES, Ibrahim TS, Hegazy WAH. Alteration of Salmonella enterica Virulence and Host Pathogenesis through Targeting sdiA by Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122564. [PMID: 34946165 PMCID: PMC8707642 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common cause of many enteric infections worldwide and is successfully engineered to deliver heterologous antigens to be used as vaccines. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease is a promising genome editing tool. In the current study, a CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to target S.enterica sdiA that encodes signal molecule receptor SdiA and responds to the quorum sensing (QS) signaling compounds N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). For this purpose, sdiA was targeted in both S.enterica wild type (WT) and the ΔssaV mutant strain, where SsaV has been reported to be an essential component of SPI2-T3SS. The impact of sdiA mutation on S. enterica virulence was evaluated at both early invasion and later intracellular replication in both the presence and absence of AHL. Additionally, the influence of sdiA mutation on the pathogenesis S. enterica WT and mutants was investigated in vivo, using mice infection model. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various antibiotics against S. enterica strains were determined. Present findings show that mutation in sdiA significantly affects S.enterica biofilm formation, cell adhesion and invasion. However, sdiA mutation did not affect bacterial intracellular survival. Moreover, in vivo bacterial pathogenesis was markedly lowered in S.enterica ΔsdiA in comparison with the wild-type strain. Significantly, double-mutant sdiA and ssaV attenuated the S. enterica virulence and in vivo pathogenesis. Moreover, mutations in selected genes increased Salmonella susceptibility to tested antibiotics, as revealed by determining the MICs and MBICs of these antibiotics. Altogether, current results clearly highlight the importance of the CRISPR-Cas9 system as a bacterial genome editing tool and the valuable role of SdiA in S.enterica virulence. The present findings extend the understanding of virulence regulation and host pathogenesis of Salmonellaenterica.
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Lila ASA, Abdallah MH, Khafagy ES, Shehata TM, Soliman MS, Younes KM, Omran M, Gad S. Design, synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of 2-amino-4- aryl-6-substituted pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives. TROP J PHARM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v20i10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To synthesize novel pyridine derivatives and evaluate their efficiency as potent inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) enzyme for cancer therapy.Methods: Pyridine scaffold were synthesized using one-pot multicomponent condensation reaction of arylidine with different primary amines. The cytotoxic potential of the new compounds was assessed using various cell lines. Furthermore, molecular docking studies based on the crystal structure of CDK2 was carried out to determine the possible binding modes that influence the anticancer activities.Results: The results indicate that one-pot multicomponent reaction generated a series of functionalized pyridines with good yield. In vitro cytotoxicity study revealed superior cytotoxicity of the designed compounds against prostate and cervical cancer cell lines compared to 5-fluorouracil (standard anticancer compound) with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.1 – 0.85 and 1.2 –74.1 μM, respectively. Finally, molecular modeling simulation of the newly synthesized compounds showed that they fit well and are stabilized into CDK2 active site via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.Conclusion: The results indicate that the newly synthesized pyridine can exert potent anticancer activity presumably via inhibition of CDK2. However, this will need to be confirmed in in vivo studies.
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Hegazy WAH, Rajab AAH, Abu Lila AS, Abbas HA. Anti-diabetics and antimicrobials: Harmony of mutual interplay. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1832-1855. [PMID: 34888011 PMCID: PMC8613656 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i11.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases, and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes. The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes, assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation. On a parallel basis, microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment, all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment. Standing at the crossroads between diabetes, immunity and infection, we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes, shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents. Furthermore, we focused on the anti-diabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.
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Abdallah MH, Lila ASA, Unissa R, Elsewedy HS, Elghamry HA, Soliman MS. Brucine-Loaded Ethosomal Gel: Design, Optimization, and Anti-inflammatory Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:269. [PMID: 34762193 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucine, one of the natural medications obtained from Nux vomica seeds, is used as an anti-inflammatory drug. Several investigations were performed to overcome its drawbacks, which will affect significantly its pharmaceutical formulation. The goal of the current investigation was to design, optimize, and evaluate the anti-inflammatory performance of BRU ethosomal gel. Brucineethosomal formulations were prepared using thin film hydration method and optimized by central composite design approach using three independent variables (lecithin concentration, cholesterol concentration, and ethanol percentage) and three response variables (vesicular size, encapsulation efficiency, and skin permeation). The optimized formulation was examined for its stability and then incorporated into HPMC gel to get BRU ethosomal gel. The obtained BRU-loaded ethosomal gel was evaluated for its physical properties, in vitro release, and ex vivo permeation and skin irritation. Finally, carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema test was adopted for the anti-inflammatory activity. The developed BRU ethosomal gel exhibited good physical characteristics comparable with the conventional developed BRU gel. In vitro release of BRU from ethosomal gel was effectively extended for 6 h. Permeation of BRU from ethosomes was significantly higher than all formulations (p < 0.05), since it recorded steady state transdermal flux value 0.548 ± 0.03 μg/cm2 h with enhancement ratio 2.73 ± 0.23. Eventually, BRU ethosomal gel exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity as manifested by a significant decrease in rat hind paw inflammation following 24 h. In conclusion, the study emphasized the prospective of ethosomal gel as a fortunate carrier for intensifying the anti-inflammatory effect of Brucine.
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Khayyat AN, Abbas HA, Khayat MT, Shaldam MA, Askoura M, Asfour HZ, Khafagy ES, Abu Lila AS, Allam AN, Hegazy WAH. Secnidazole Is a Promising Imidazole Mitigator of Serratia marcescens Virulence. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112333. [PMID: 34835458 PMCID: PMC8617784 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that causes diverse nosocomial infections. S. marcescens has developed considerable resistance to different antibiotics and is equipped with an armory of virulence factors. These virulence factors are regulated in S. marcescens by an intercellular communication system termed quorum sensing (QS). Targeting bacterial virulence and QS is an interesting approach to mitigating bacterial pathogenesis and overcoming the development of resistance to antimicrobials. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-virulence activities of secnidazole on a clinical isolate of S. marcescens. The effects of secnidazole at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) on virulence factors, swarming motility, biofilm formation, proteases, hemolysin activity, and prodigiosin production were evaluated in vitro. Secnidazole's protective activity against S. marcescens pathogenesis was assessed in vivo in mice. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was conducted to evaluate the binding ability of secnidazole to the S. marcescens SmaR QS receptor. Our findings showed that secnidazole at sub-MICs significantly reduced S. marcescens virulence factor production in vitro and diminished its pathogenesis in mice. The insilico docking study revealed a great ability of secnidazole to competitively hinder the binding of the autoinducer to the SmaR QS receptor. In conclusion, secnidazole is a promising anti-virulence agent that may be used to control infections caused by S. marcescens.
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Abu Lila AS, Abdallah MH, Wani SUD, Gangadharappa H, Younes KM, Khafagy ES, Shehata TM, Soliman MS. Folic acid-conjugated raloxifene-loaded graphene-based nanocarrier: Fabrication, characterization and antitumor screening. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Moin A, Wani SUD, Osmani RA, Abu Lila AS, Khafagy ES, Arab HH, Gangadharappa HV, Allam AN. Formulation, characterization, and cellular toxicity assessment of tamoxifen-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles in breast cancer. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1626-1636. [PMID: 34328806 PMCID: PMC8330732 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1958106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural polymeric biomaterial that is widely adopted for the preparation of drug delivery systems. Herein, we aimed to fabricate and characterize SF nanoparticles loaded with the selective estrogen receptor modulator; tamoxifen citrate (TC-SF-NPs) and to assess their in vitro efficacy against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). TC-loaded SF-NPs were characterized for particle size, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and release profile. In addition, we examined the in vitro cytotoxicity of TC-SF-NPs against human breast cancer cell lines and evaluated the anticancer potential of TC-SF-NPs through apoptosis assay and cell cycle analysis. Drug-loaded SF-NPs showed an average particle size of 186.1 ± 5.9 nm and entrapment efficiency of 79.08%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the nanoparticles had a spherical morphology with smooth surface. Tamoxifen release from SF-NPs exhibited a biphasic release profile with an initial burst release within the first 6 h and sustained release for 48 h. TC-SF-NPs exerted a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cell lines. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that cells accumulate in G0/G1 phase, with a concomitant reduction of S- and G2-M-phase cells upon treatment with TC-SF-NPs. Consequently, the potent anticancer activities of TC-SF-NPs against breast cancer cells were mainly attributed to the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Our results indicate that SF nanoparticles may represent an attractive nontoxic nanocarrier for the delivery of anticancer drugs.
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Aldawsari MF, Alalaiwe A, Khafagy ES, Al Saqr A, Alshahrani SM, Alsulays BB, Alshehri S, Abu Lila AS, Danish Rizvi SM, Hegazy WAH. Efficacy of SPG-ODN 1826 Nanovehicles in Inducing M1 Phenotype through TLR-9 Activation in Murine Alveolar J774A.1 Cells: Plausible Nano-Immunotherapy for Lung Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136833. [PMID: 34202080 PMCID: PMC8268145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are the first line of defense against intruding pathogens and play a critical role in cancer immunology. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family mediates an important role in recognizing and mounting an immune response against intruding microbes. TLR-9 is a member of the intracellular TLR family, which recognizes unmethylated CG motifs from the prokaryotic genome. Upon its activation, TLR-9 triggers downstream of the MyD-88-dependent transcriptional activation of NF-κB, and subsequently results in abundant inflammatory cytokines expression that induces a profound inflammatory milieu. The present exploratory investigation aimed at elucidating the potency of schizophyllan for entrapping ODN 1826 (SPG-ODN 1826)-mediated stimulation of TLR-9 in provoking an inflammatory-type response in murine alveolar macrophages. Schizophyllan (SPG), a representative of the β-glucan family, was used in the present study as a nanovehicle for endosomal trafficking of CpG ODN 1826. TEM analysis of SPG-ODN 1826 nanovehicles revealed that the prepared nanovehicles are spherical and have an average size of about 100 nm. Interestingly, SPG-ODN 1826 nanovehicles were competent in delivering their therapeutic payload within endosomes of murine alveolar macrophage (J774A.1) cells. Exposure of these nanovehicles within LPS stimulated J774A.1, resulted in a significant provocation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.01) in comparison to CpG ODN 1826 alone. Moreover, the formulated nanovehicles succeeded in generating a profound Th1-based cytokine profile constituted by enhanced expression of IFN-γ (p < 0.001) and IL-1β (p < 0.001) inflammatory cytokines. These findings clearly indicated the immunostimulatory potential of SPG-ODN 1826 nanovehicles for inducing the Th1-type phenotype, which would certainly assist in skewing M2 phenotype into the much-desired M1 type during lung cancer.
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Abdallah MH, Abu Lila AS, Unissa R, Elsewedy HS, Elghamry HA, Soliman MS. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of brucine-loaded nanoemulgel. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111868. [PMID: 34034223 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucine (BRU) is a natural product derived from nux-vomica seeds. It is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive drug to relieve arthritis and traumatic pain. Nevertheless, its use is significantly limited by its low aqueous solubility, as well as the gastrointestinal problems and systemic toxicity that may occur following oral administration. The goal of this study, therefore, was to formulate and evaluate a nanoemulgel formulation of BRU for enhanced topical anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. Different formulations were developed (BRU gel, emulgel and nanoemulgel) using 1% w/w NaCMC as a gelling agent. The formulated preparations were assessed for their physical appearance, spreadability, viscosity, particle size, in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies. In addition, the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema method was adopted to scrutinize the anti-inflammatory activity, while the hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing test were used to assess the anti-nociceptive activity of different formulations in male BALB/c mice. The formulated BRU-loaded preparations showed good physical characteristics. Cumulative drug release from BRU-loaded nanoemulgel was remarkably higher than that of the other formulations. Ex vivo drug permeation of the nanoemulgel formulation across rat skin showed enhanced drug permeation and higher transdermal flux as compared to BRU-loaded gel or emulgel. Most importantly, the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema model verified the efficient anti-inflammatory potential of BRU-loaded nanoemulgel. In addition, BRU-loaded nanoemulgel exhibited significant protective effects against thermal stimulation in the hot plate test and remarkably inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice. Furthermore, a skin irritation test indicated that BRU-loaded nanoemulgel elicited neither edema nor erythema upon application to rat skin. Collectively, our results suggest that myrrh oil-based nanoemulgel might represent a promising delivery vehicle for potentiating the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive actions of brucine.
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Emam SE, Elsadek NE, Abu Lila AS, Takata H, Kawaguchi Y, Shimizu T, Ando H, Ishima Y, Ishida T. Anti-PEG IgM production and accelerated blood clearance phenomenon after the administration of PEGylated exosomes in mice. J Control Release 2021; 334:327-334. [PMID: 33957196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there is an increasing interest in exosomes or extracellular vesicles as potential candidates for delivering RNAs, proteins, genes, and anticancer agents. Engineering of exosome properties is rapidly evolving as a means of expanding exosome applications. PEGylation of exosomes is a technique used to improve their in vivo stability, circulation half-lives, and sometimes to allow the binding targeting ligands to the exosome exterior. According to FDA guidelines for the development of PEGylated proteins, immunological responses to PEGylated molecules and particles should be examined. In this study, we prepared PEGylated exosomes and investigated the production of anti-PEG IgM antibodies after single i.v. injections in mice. In addition, we monitored blood concentrations and tumor accumulation of a second dose of PEGylated exosomes administered after the initial dose. Single injections of PEGylated exosomes in mice induced anti-PEG IgM production in a T cell-dependent manner. The anti-PEG IgM production decreased when the injection dose of PEGylated exosomes was further increased. Anti-PEG IgM induced by injection of PEGylated exosomes decreased blood concentrations of a second dose of PEGylated exosomes and suppressed their tumor accumulation in a C26 murine colorectal cancer model. Initial injection doses of either PEGylated liposomes or PEGylated ovalbumin (PEG-OVA), both of them induced anti-PEG IgM production, also decreased the blood concentration of PEGylated exosomes. Interestingly, anti-PEG IgM induced by injection of PEGylated exosomes did not affect the blood concentration of PEG-OVA. These results imply the importance of monitoring anti-PEG IgM when repeat PEGylated exosome doses are required and/or when PEGylated exosomes are used together with other PEGylated therapeutics.
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Bhosale RR, Osmani RAM, Abu Lila AS, Khafagy ES, Arab HH, Gowda DV, Rahamathulla M, Hani U, Adnan M, Gangadharappa HV. Ghatti gum-base graft copolymer: a plausible platform for pH-controlled delivery of antidiabetic drugs. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14871-14882. [PMID: 35423983 PMCID: PMC8697774 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01536b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to develop a novel pH-sensitive polymeric delivery system (GG-g-PMMA) for antidiabetic therapy via grafting ghatti gum (GG) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) chains. The free radical polymerization technique was adopted to graft ghatti gum with methyl methacrylate, using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a redox initiator. The impact on grafting parameters such as grafting percentage (G%) and grafting efficiency (GE), of monomer and initiator concentrations was evaluated. The batch with higher grafting efficiency and percentage grafting was selected and characterized by elemental analysis (C, H and N), DSC, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, 1H-NMR and SEM morphology study. In addition, the efficacy of GG-g-PMMA-based pellets loaded with the hypoglycemic agent, metformin hydrochloride, to sustain drug release was investigated. In vitro release studies demonstrated a pH-dependent sustained release of the drug from GG-g-PMMA pellets. In addition, acute oral toxicity studies and histopathological analysis suggested the safety and biocompatibility of the grafted gum. Most importantly, in vivo efficacy studies underscored the efficient hypoglycemic potential of the prepared formulation, which was comparable to that of a sustained release marketed formulation. These results suggest that the developed pH-sensitive polymeric delivery system (GG-g-PMMA) might represent a promising delivery vehicle for facilitated antidiabetic therapy.
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Al Saqr A, Khafagy ES, Alalaiwe A, Aldawsari MF, Alshahrani SM, Anwer MK, Khan S, Lila ASA, Arab HH, Hegazy WAH. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Using Green Machinery: Characterization and In Vitro Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030808. [PMID: 33809859 PMCID: PMC8004202 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with plant extracts has gained considerable interest in the field of biomedicine. Recently, the bioreduction nature of herbal extracts has helped to synthesize spherical GNPs of different potential from gold salt. In this study, a fast ecofriendly method was adopted for the synthesis of GNPs using fresh peel (aqueous) extracts of Benincasa hispida, which acted as reducing and stabilizing agents. The biosynthesized GNPs were characterized by UV–VIS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering. In addition, the in vitro antibacterial and anticancer activities of synthesized GNPs were investigated. The formation of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by the existence of a sharp absorption peak at 520 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of the GNPs. TEM analysis revealed that the prepared GNPs were spherical in shape and had an average particle size of 22.18 ± 2 nm. Most importantly, the synthesized GNPs exhibited considerable antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the biosynthesized GNPs exerted remarkable in vitro cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell line, while sparing normal human primary osteoblast cells. Such cytotoxic effect was attributed to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contributed to the damage of HeLa cells. Collectively, peel extracts of B. hispida can be efficiently used for the synthesis of GNPs, which can be adopted as a natural source of antimicrobial and anticancer agent.
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Moin A, Gangadharappa HV, Adnan M, Rizvi SM, Ashraf SA, Patel M, Abu Lila AS, Allam AN. Modulation of Drug Release from Natural Polymer Matrices by Response Surface Methodology: in vitro and in vivo Evaluation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:5325-5336. [PMID: 33293794 PMCID: PMC7719052 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s279955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The present work aimed at challenging the efficacy of natural gums, karaya and locust bean gum, as matrix-forming polymers for the formulation of sustained-release tablets of diltiazem, a model drug. Methods Central design composite was adopted for the formulation and optimization of tablet formulations. The two gums have been selected as independent variables. The dependent factors chosen were the amount of drug released in 1st hour (Y1), amount of drug released after 12 h (Y2), diffusion exponent (Y3), and time for half of the total drug released (T50%) (Y4). Wet granulation approach was used for the formulation of tablets. FT-IR, DSC, in vitro dissolution, swelling-erosion investigations, SEM, and stability studies were carried out. Results and Discussion It was evident that the release pattern from the prepared formulations was significantly influenced by the quantity of gum(s) in the tablet. FT-IR and DSC results confirm drug-polymer compatibility. Polynomial equations were used for the prediction of quantitative impact of independent factors at different levels on response variables. After ANOVA analysis, the significant factors were considered for constrained optimization to get the optimized formula. The optimized formula generated by the response surface methodology was evaluated both for in vitro and in vivo properties. The optimized formula and a sustained-release marketed product were subjected to in vivo studies in rabbits and the results of the t-test demonstrated insignificant variation in pharmacokinetic parameters among the two formulations, confirming that the prepared tablet showed sustained-release profile. Conclusion The results indicated that karaya and locust bean gum can be effectively used to formulate sustained-release tablets.
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Khalil HE, Shaikh S, Rizvi SMD, Moin A, Lila ASA, Shehata TM, Elsewedy HS. Dual-targeting potential of active constituents of Nigella sativa against FimH and CTX-M-15: A plausible therapeutic strategy against drug-resistant uropathogenic strains. PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:2847-2857. [PMID: 33879446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic strains belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family are considered one of factors for urinary tract infections, and type 1 pilus fimbrial adhesin (FimH) and beta lactamase CTX-M-15 play crucial roles in their pathogenesis and resistance. Thus, a promising approach is to explore dual-targeting therapeutic agents that act against both FimH and CTX-M-15. In the present study, active constituents of Nigella sativa were selected on the basis of significant activity against UTIs. Molecular docking was used to target active constituents of Nigella sativa to the active sites of FimH and CTX-M-15; these included thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol, thymohydroquinone and longifolene. Dithymoquinone was found to be the most potent dual inhibitor, with binding energy of -7.01 and -5.38kcal/mol against CTX-M-15 and FimH, respectively; In addition, Dithymoquinone exhibited superior activity compared to positive controls avibactam and heptyl α-D-mannopyranoside. Further molecular dynamic simulation studies were carried out to assess the stability of dithymoquinone-target protein complexes via RMSD, Rg, SASA, hydrogen bond number, and RMSF analysis. Both protein-ligand complexes were conserved and attained equilibrium at around 2.0 to 2.5 ns during10 ns runs. These results suggest that active constituents of Nigella sativa, particularly dithymoquinone, might represent a plausible therapeutic strategy against resistant uropathogenic bacteria.
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Soliman MS, Moin A, Hussain T, Gowda D, Dixit SR, Abu Lila AS. Development and optimization of dual drug-loaded nanoparticles for the potent anticancer effect on renal carcinoma. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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