Homochiral light-sensitive metal-organic framework photoelectrochemical gated transistor for enantioselective discrimination of monosaccharides

As pure antipodes may differ in biological interactions, pharmacology, and toxicity, discrimination of enantiomers is important in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Two major challenges in enantiomer determination are transducing and amplifying the distinct chiral-recognition signals. In this study, a light-sensitive organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) with homochiral character is developed for enantiomer discrimination. Demonstrated with the discrimination of glucose enantiomers, the photoelectrochemically active gate electrode is prepared by integrating Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a chiral Cu(II)-metal-organic framework (c-CuMOF) onto TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNT). The captured glucose enantiomers are oxidized to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the oxidase-mimicking AuNPs-loaded c-CuMOF. Based on the confinement effect of the mesopocket structure of the c-CuMOF and the remarkable charge transfer ability of the 1D nanotubular architecture, variations in H2O2 yield are translated into significant changes in OPECT drain currents (ID) by inducing a catalytic precipitation reaction. Variations in ID confer a sensitive discrimination of glucose enantiomers with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 μM for L-Glu and 0.05 μM for D-Glu. This enantiomer-driven gate electrode response strategy not only provides a new route for enantiomer identification, but also helps to understand the origin of the high stereoselectivity in living systems.

ROS-responsive nanoparticle delivery of ferroptosis inhibitor prodrug to facilitate mesenchymal stem cell-mediated spinal cord injury repair

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic condition that results in impaired motor and sensory function. Ferroptosis is one of the main causes of neural cell death and loss of neurological function in the spinal cord, and ferroptosis inhibitors are effective in reducing inflammation and repairing SCI. Although human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (Huc-MSCs) can ameliorate inflammatory microenvironments and promote neural regeneration in SCI, their efficacy is greatly limited by the local microenvironment after SCI. Therefore, in this study, we constructed a drug-release nanoparticle system with synergistic Huc-MSCs and ferroptosis inhibitor, in which we anchored Huc-MSCs by a Tz-A6 peptide based on the CD44-targeting sequence, and combined with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive drug nanocarrier mPEG-b-Lys-BECI-TCO at the other end for SCI repair. Meanwhile, we also modified the classic ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and synthesized a new prodrug Feborastatin-1 (Feb-1). The results showed that this treatment regimen significantly inhibited the ferroptosis and inflammatory response after SCI, and promoted the recovery of neurological function in rats with SCI. This study developed a combination therapy for the treatment of SCI and also provides a new strategy for the construction of a drug-coordinated cell therapy system.

Development and validation of the PLNA score to predict cytokine storm in acute-phase SFTS patients: A single-center cohort study

BACKGROUND

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease known for its high mortality rate and its correlation with Cytokine Storms (CS). Timely detection of CS is crucial for improving the prognosis of the disease. The objective of this investigation was to develop a model for identifying cytokine storms in the acute phase of SFTS.

METHODS

A total of 245 patients diagnosed with SFTS were included in this study between January 2020 and July 2022. Among them, 184 patients were part of the training set, while 61 patients were part of the validation set. Variables identified by LASSO were subsequently included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors. Subsequently, a nomogram was then developed to predict the likelihood of CS in SFTS patients. The predictive efficacy and clinical applicability of the nomogram model were further assessed through ROC analysis and the DCA curve.

RESULTS

Following LASSO analysis, a total of 11 indicators were included in multivariate logistic regression analysis. The findings indicated that PLT (OR 0.865, P < 0.001), LDH (OR 1.002, P < 0.001), Na+ (OR 1.155, P = 0.005), and ALT (OR 1.019, P < 0.001) serve as independently predictors of CS in the acute phase of SFTS. Furthermore, a nomogram named the PLNA was constructed by integrating these four factors. The PLNA model exhibited favorable predictive accuracy with an AUC of 0.958. Moreover, the PLNA model exhibited excellent clinical applicability in both the training and validation sets, as evidenced by the DCA curve.

CONCLUSIONS

The PLNA model, constructed using clinical indicators, can predict the probability of cytokine storm in the acute phase of SFTS patients.

Supertough MXene/Sodium Alginate Composite Fiber Felts Integrated with Outstanding Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Heating Properties

The development of multifunctional MXene-based fabrics for smart textiles and portable devices has garnered significant attention. However, very limited studies have focused on their structure design and associated mechanical properties. Here, the supertough MXene fiber felts composed of MXene/sodium alginate (SA) fibers were fabricated. The fracture strength and bending stiffness of felts can be up to 97.8 MPa and 1.04 N mm2, respectively. Besides, the fracture toughness of felts was evaluated using the classic Griffith theory, yielding to a critical stress intensity factor of 1.79 M P a m . In addition, this kind of felt presents outstanding electrothermal conversion performance (up to 119 °C at a voltage of 2.5 V), high cryogenic and high-temperature tolerance of photothermal conversion performance (-196 to 160 °C), and excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (54.4 dB in the X-band). This work provides new structural design concepts for high-performance MXene-based textiles, broadening their future applications.

Construction of Nanoflower Cobalt-Based Catalyst for Methane-Free CO Hydrogenation to Hydrocarbon Reaction

Methane and its oxidation product (i. e., CO2) are both greenhouse gases. In the product chain of CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbon reaction, methane is also an unwanted product due to its poor added value. Herein we investigated the effect of structure-directing agent urotropine on cobalt-based catalyst supported on Al-O-Zn type carrier and achieved an initial and pioneering exploration of methane-free CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbon reaction at mild CO conversion range. The catalyst modified by urotropine has a nanoflower micromorphology and can significantly change the reaction performance, almost completely eliminating the ability of the catalyst to inhibit C-C coupling within a mild CO conversion range, that is, it can produce no or less C1-C4 gaseous hydrocarbons, while rich in condensed hydrocarbons (i. e., C5+ hydrocarbon selectivity can reach as high as 92.8 %-100.0 %).

The differences in cytokine signatures between severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus and hantavirus are categorized under the Bunyavirales order. The severe disease progression in both SFTS and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is associated with cytokine storms. This study aimed to explore the differences in cytokine profiles and immune responses between the two diseases. A cross-sectional, single-center study involved 100 participants, comprising 46 SFTS patients, 48 HFRS patients, and 6 healthy controls. The study employed the Luminex cytokine detection platform to measure 48 cytokines. The differences in cytokine profiles and immune characteristics between the two diseases were further analyzed using multiple linear regression, principal component analysis, and random forest method. Among the 48 cytokines tested, 30 showed elevated levels in SFTS and/or HFRS compared to the healthy control group. Furthermore, there were 19 cytokines that exhibited significant differences between SFTS and HFRS. Random forest analysis suggested that TRAIL and CTACK were predictive of SFTS, while IL2Ralpha, MIG, IL-8, IFNalpha2, HGF, SCF, MCP-3, and PDGFBB were more common with HFRS. It was further verified by the receiver operating characteristic with area under the curve >0.8 and P-values <0.05, except for TRAIL. Significant differences were observed in the cytokine profiles of SFTS and HFRS, with TRAIL, IL2Ralpha, MIG, and IL-8 being the top 4 cytokines that most clearly distinguished the two diseases.

IMPORTANCE

SFTS and HFRS differ in terms of cytokine immune characteristics. TRAIL, IL-2Ralpha, MIG, and IL-8 were the top 4 that differed markedly between SFTS and HFRS.

Synthesis of fluorescent AuNCs with RNA as template

Although nucleic acids have been widely used as templates for the synthesis of nanomaterials, the synthesis of RNA-templated gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) has not been explored. In this work, we developed a simple strategy for synthesis of RNA-templated fluorescent AuNCs. We first evaluated the adsorption of different nucleoside monophosphates (NMP) on gold atoms. Our density function theory simulation and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrated that adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a superior gold binder than other NMPs or deoxyadenosine monophosphate. Afterwards, NMP-templated synthesis of AuNCs was conducted in various pH environments, and our results indicated that bright green light-emitting AMP-templated AuNCs can be obtained at pH ∼6.0. In order to study the synthesis mechanism of AuNCs, we investigated the effects of reducing agent type and addition time, and the negative charge carried by template nucleotides on the fluorescence of AuNCs. Finally, we extended the template AMP into RNA hairpin structure, the fluorescence intensity was the highest when the cyclic bases were poly 16 A. This study opens new routes to synthesize fluorescent AuNCs using RNA templates.

YHP: Y-chromosome Haplogroup Predictor for predicting male lineages based on Y-STRs

Human Y chromosome reflects the evolutionary process of males. Male lineage tracing by Y chromosome is of great use in evolutionary, forensic, and anthropological studies. Identifying the male lineage based on the specific distribution of Y haplogroups narrows down the investigation scope, which has been used in forensic scenarios. However, existing software aids in familial searching using Y-STRs (Y-chromosome short tandem repeats) to predict Y-SNP (Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism) haplogroups, they often lack resolution. In this study, we developed YHP (Y Haplogroup Predictor), a novel software offering high-resolution haplogroup inference without requiring extensive Y-SNP sequencing. Leveraging existing datasets (219 haplogroups, 4064 samples in total), YHP predicts haplogroups with 0.923 accuracy under the highest haplogroup resolution, employing a random forest algorithm. YHP, available on Github (https://github.com/cissy123/YHP-Y-Haplogroup-Predictor-), facilitates high-resolution haplogroup prediction, haplotype mismatch analysis, and haplotype similarity comparison. Notably, it demonstrates efficacy in East Asian populations, benefiting from training data from eight distinct East Asian ethnic populations. Moreover, it enables seamless integration of additional training sets, extending its utility to diverse populations.

Observation of Agonistic Behavior in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and Transcriptome Analysis

Agonistic behavior has been identified as a limiting factor in the development of intensive L. vannamei aquaculture. However, the characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying agonistic behavior in L. vannamei remain unclear. In this study, we quantified agonistic behavior through a behavioral observation system and generated a comprehensive database of eyestalk and brain ganglion tissues obtained from both aggressive and nonaggressive L. vannamei employing transcriptome analysis. The results showed that there were nine behavior patterns in L. vannamei which were correlated, and the fighting followed a specific process. Transcriptome analysis revealed 5083 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in eyestalk and 1239 DEGs in brain ganglion between aggressive and nonaggressive L. vannamei. Moreover, these DEGs were primarily enriched in the pathways related to the energy metabolism process and signal transduction. Specifically, the phototransduction (dme04745) signaling pathway emerges as a potential key pathway for the adjustment of the L. vannamei agonistic behavior. The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1-like (LOC113809193) was screened out as a significant candidate gene within the phototransduction pathway. Therefore, these findings contribute to an enhanced comprehension of crustacean agonistic behavior and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of L. vannamei varieties suitable for high-density aquaculture environments.

In-situ observation of silk nanofibril assembly via graphene plasmonic infrared sensor

Silk nanofibrils (SNFs), the fundamental building blocks of silk fibers, endow them with exceptional properties. However, the intricate mechanism governing SNF assembly, a process involving both protein conformational transitions and protein molecule conjunctions, remains elusive. This lack of understanding has hindered the development of artificial silk spinning techniques. In this study, we address this challenge by employing a graphene plasmonic infrared sensor in conjunction with multi-scale molecular dynamics (MD). This unique approach allows us to probe the secondary structure of nanoscale assembly intermediates (0.8-6.2 nm) and their morphological evolution. It also provides insights into the dynamics of silk fibroin (SF) over extended molecular timeframes. Our novel findings reveal that amorphous SFs undergo a conformational transition towards β-sheet-rich oligomers on graphene. These oligomers then connect to evolve into SNFs. These insights provide a comprehensive picture of SNF assembly, paving the way for advancements in biomimetic silk spinning.

FGD5 in basal cells induces CXCL14 secretion that initiates a feedback loop to promote murine mammary epithelial growth and differentiation

The interactions of environmental compartments with epithelial cells are essential for mammary gland development and homeostasis. Currently, the direct crosstalk between the endothelial niche and mammary epithelial cells remains poorly understood. Here, we show that faciogenital dysplasia 5 (FGD5) is enriched in mammary basal cells (BCs) and mediates critical interactions between basal and endothelial cells (ECs) in the mammary gland. Conditional deletion of Fgd5 reduced, whereas conditional knockin of Fgd5 increased, the engraftment and expansion of BCs, regulating ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland. Mechanistically, murine mammary BC-expressed FGD5 inhibited the transcriptional activity of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), leading to subsequent transcriptional activation and secretion of CXCL14. Furthermore, activation of CXCL14/CXCR4/ERK signaling in primary murine mammary stromal ECs enhanced the expression of HIF-1α-regulated hedgehog ligands, which initiated a positive feedback loop to promote the function of BCs. Collectively, these findings identify functionally important interactions between BCs and the endothelial niche that occur through the FGD5/CXCL14/hedgehog axis.

High-Entropy Strategy to Achieve Electronic Band Convergence for High-Performance Thermoelectrics

Multiband convergence has attracted significant interest due to its positive effects on further improving thermoelectric performance. However, the current research mainly focuses on two- or three-band convergence in lead chalcogenides through doping and alloying. Therefore, exploring a new strategy to facilitate more-band convergence has instructive significance and practical value in thermoelectric research. Herein, we first propose a high-entropy strategy to achieve four-band convergence for optimizing thermoelectric performance. Taking high-entropy AgSbPbSnGeTe5 as an example, we found that the emergence of more-band convergence occurs as the configuration entropy increases; in particular, the four-band convergence occurs in high-entropy AgSbPbSnGeTe5. The overlap of multiatom orbitals in the high-entropy sample contributes to the convergence of four valence bands, promoting the improvement of electrical performance. Meanwhile, due to large lattice distortion and disordered atoms, the phonon mean free path is effectively compressed, resulting in low lattice thermal conductivity of high-entropy AgSbPbSnGeTe5. Consequently, AgSbPbSnGeTe5 achieved an intrinsically high ZT value of 1.22 at 673 K, providing a cornerstone for further optimizing thermoelectric performance. For example, by generally optimizing the carrier concentration, a peak ZT value of ∼1.75 at 723 K is achieved. These insights offer a comprehensive understanding of the band structure affected by unique structures of high-entropy materials and also shed useful light on innovation mechanisms and functionalities for future improvement of thermoelectric performance.

4-Octyl itaconate alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via activating the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease with a relapsing-remitting course. Although its etiology remains unknown, excessive oxidative stress in colon is a major intermediate factor that can promote the progression of UC. In the present study, we investigated the effect and the underlying mechanisms of 4-Octyl itaconate (OI) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. Our work identified that OI alleviated the colitis by reducing the oxidative stress and the apoptosis in colon tissue, then increasing the tight junction proteins expression and in turn enhancing the intestinal barrier function, thereby creating less severe inflammatory responses. Moreover, our results demonstrated that OI reduced the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) expression and subsequent upregulated nuclear factor E2-related factor (NRF2) expression and its nuclear translocation which in turn induced the expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). In addition, ML385, a NRF2 antagonist, can inhibit the protective effects of OI on UC, indicating that the role of OI in this colitis model could be dependent on the activation of KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. Notably, OI co-administration significantly enhanced the therapeutic effects of mesalazine or 1400W on UC. Collectively, itaconate may have a great potential for use in the treatment of IBD.

PresRecST: a novel herbal prescription recommendation algorithm for real-world patients with integration of syndrome differentiation and treatment planning

OBJECTIVES

Herbal prescription recommendation (HPR) is a hot topic and challenging issue in field of clinical decision support of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, almost all previous HPR methods have not adhered to the clinical principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment planning of TCM, which has resulted in suboptimal performance and difficulties in application to real-world clinical scenarios.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We emphasize the synergy among diagnosis and treatment procedure in real-world TCM clinical settings to propose the PresRecST model, which effectively combines the key components of symptom collection, syndrome differentiation, treatment method determination, and herb recommendation. This model integrates a self-curated TCM knowledge graph to learn the high-quality representations of TCM biomedical entities and performs 3 stages of clinical predictions to meet the principle of systematic sequential procedure of TCM decision making.

RESULTS

To address the limitations of previous datasets, we constructed the TCM-Lung dataset, which is suitable for the simultaneous training of the syndrome differentiation, treatment method determination, and herb recommendation. Overall experimental results on 2 datasets demonstrate that the proposed PresRecST outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithm by significant improvements (eg, improvements of P@5 by 4.70%, P@10 by 5.37%, P@20 by 3.08% compared with the best baseline).

DISCUSSION

The workflow of PresRecST effectively integrates the embedding vectors of the knowledge graph for progressive recommendation tasks, and it closely aligns with the actual diagnostic and treatment procedures followed by TCM doctors. A series of ablation experiments and case study show the availability and interpretability of PresRecST, indicating the proposed PresRecST can be beneficial for assisting the diagnosis and treatment in real-world TCM clinical settings.

CONCLUSION

Our technology can be applied in a progressive recommendation scenario, providing recommendations for related items in a progressive manner, which can assist in providing more reliable diagnoses and herbal therapies for TCM clinical task.

MCP-3 as a prognostic biomarker for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a longitudinal cytokine profile study

Introduction

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is characterized by a high mortality rate and is associated with immune dysregulation. Cytokine storms may play an important role in adverse disease regression, this study aimed to assess the validity of MCP-3 in predicting adverse outcomes in SFTS patients and to investigate the longitudinal cytokine profile in SFTS patients.

Methods

The prospective study was conducted at Yantai Qishan Hospital from May to November 2022. We collected clinical data and serial blood samples during hospitalization, patients with SFTS were divided into survival and non-survival groups based on the clinical prognosis.

Results

The levels of serum 48 cytokines were measured using Luminex assays. Compared to healthy controls, SFTS patients exhibited higher levels of most cytokines. The non-survival group had significantly higher levels of 32 cytokines compared to the survival group. Among these cytokines, MCP-3 was ranked as the most significant variable by the random forest (RF) model in predicting the poor prognosis of SFTS patients. Additionally, we validated the predictive effects of MCP-3 through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with an AUC of 0.882 (95% CI, 0.787-0.978, P <0.001), and the clinical applicability of MCP-3 was assessed favorably based on decision curve analysis (DCA). The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the level of MCP-3 was positively correlated with ALT, AST, LDH, α-HBDH, APTT, D-dimer, and viral load (P<0.01).

Discussion

For the first time, our study identified and validated that MCP-3 could serve as a meaningful biomarker for predicting the fatal outcome of SFTS patients. The longitudinal cytokine profile analyzed that abnormally increased cytokines were associated with the poor prognosis of SFTS patients. Our study provides new insights into exploring the pathogenesis of cytokines with organ damage and leading to adverse effects.

Dynamic Insights into the Growth Mechanisms of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks on Graphene Surfaces

Producing high-quality two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is crucial for industrial applications. However, this remains significantly challenging with current synthetic techniques. A deep understanding of the intermolecular interactions, reaction temperature, and oligomers is essential to facilitate the growth of highly crystalline COF films. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to explore the growth of 2D COFs from monomer assemblies on graphene. Our results showed that chain growth reactions dominated the COF surface growth and that van der Waals (vdW) interactions were important in enhancing the crystallinity through monomer preorganization. Moreover, appropriately tuning the reaction temperature improved the COF crystallinity and minimized the effects of amorphous oligomers. Additionally, the strength of the interface between the COF and the graphene substrate indicated that the adhesion force was proportional to the crystallinity of the COF. This work reveals the mechanisms for nucleation and growth of COFs on surfaces and provides theoretical guidance for fabricating high-quality 2D polymer-based crystalline nanomaterials.

Ultra-Strong Janus Covalent Organic Framework Membrane with Smart Response to Organic Vapor

Vapor-driven smart Janus materials have made significant advancements in intelligent monitoring, control, and interaction, etc. Nevertheless, the development of ultrafast response single-layer Janus membrane, along with a deep exploration of the smart response mechanisms, remains a long-term endeavor. Here, the successful synthesis of a high-crystallinity single-layer Covalent organic framework (COF) Janus membrane is reported by morphology control. This kind of membrane displays superior mechanical properties and specific surface area, along with excellent responsiveness to CH2Cl2 vapor. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms reveals that the vapor-induced breathing effect of the COF and the stress mismatch of the Janus structure play a crucial role in its smart deformation performance. It is believed that this COF Janus membrane holds promise for complex tasks in various fields.

Gonadal transcriptome sequencing reveals sexual dimorphism in expression profiling of sex-related genes in Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus)

Asia arowana (Scleropages formosus) is an ornamental fish with high economic value, while its sex determination mechanism is still poorly understood. By far, no morphological evidence or molecular marker has been developed for effective distinguishment of genders, which poses a critical challenge to our captive breeding efforts. In this study, we sequenced gonadal transcriptomes of adult Asian arowanas and revealed differential expression profiling of sex-related genes. Based on the comparative transcriptomics analysis of testes (n = 3) and ovaries (n = 3), we identified a total of 8,872 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 18,490 differentially expressed transposable elements (TEs) between male and female individuals. Interestingly, the expression of TEs usually has been more significantly testis-biased than related coding genes. As expected, several genes related to females (such as foxl2 and cyp19a1a) are significantly transcribed in the ovary, and some genes related to male gonad development (such as dmrt1, gsdf and amh) are highly expressed in the testis. This sexual dimorphism is valuable for ascertaining the differential expression patterns of sex-related genes and enriching the genetic resources of this economically important species. These valuable genetic materials thereby provide instructive references for gender identification and one-to-one breeding practices so as to expand fish numbers for a rapid elevation of economic value.

High-Strength Polycrystalline Covalent Organic Framework with Abnormal Thermal Transport Insensitive to Grain Boundary

Grain boundaries (GBs) in two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) unavoidably form during the fabrication process, playing pivotal roles in the physical characteristics of COFs. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to elucidate the fracture failure and thermal transport mechanisms of polycrystalline COFs (p-COFs). The results revealed that the tilt angle of GBs significantly influences out-of-plane wrinkles and residual stress in monolayer p-COFs. The tensile strength of p-COFs can be enhanced and weakened with the tilt angle, which exhibits an inverse relationship with the defect density. The crack always originates from weaker heptagon rings during uniaxial tension. Notably, the thermal transport in p-COFs is insensitive to the GBs due to the variation of minor polymer chain length at defects, which is abnormal for other 2D crystalline materials. This study contributes insights into the impact of GBs in p-COFs and offers theoretical guidance for structural design and practical applications of advanced COFs.

Application of deep learning in radiation therapy for cancer

In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence, deep learning has been gradually applied to clinical treatment and research. It has also found its way into the applications in radiotherapy, a crucial method for cancer treatment. This study summarizes the commonly used and latest deep learning algorithms (including transformer, and diffusion models), introduces the workflow of different radiotherapy, and illustrates the application of different algorithms in different radiotherapy modules, as well as the defects and challenges of deep learning in the field of radiotherapy, so as to provide some help for the development of automatic radiotherapy for cancer.

Reversible Insertion of [AlCl4 ]- Superhalides in Graphite

Graphite-based dual-ion batteries are with potential higher energy density, making them a unique candidate in energy storage systems. However, anion insertion into graphite in aqueous environment remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report that the reversible insertion of Al-Cl superhalide into expanded graphite (EG) delivers an ultrahigh specific capacity of ~171 mAh g-1 from an aqueous deep eutectic solvent (DES) gel electrolyte of 50 m ChCl+5 m AlCl3 . High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the EG generates turbostratic structure during Al-Cl superhalide (de)insertion instead of presenting typical graphite intercalation compounds (GIC), thus attributing to the high capacity during Al-Cl superhalide insertion.

Changes in Adiposity and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: The REGARDS Study

OBJECTIVES

Adiposity may have a role in the risk of dementia. Fewer studies have focused on the relationship between change in adiposity and cognitive decline. Our study aimed to explore the association between the change in adiposity and cognitive function in Black and White older adults.

METHODS

The participants were 12,204 older adults without cognitive impairment (62.8 ± 8.0 years) in the United States. The percent body mass index change (%BMI change) and percent waist circumference change (%WC change) were measured at 2 in-home visits (first: 2003-2007, second: 2013-2016). Cognitive status was assessed by the Six-Item Screener annually. Memory and executive function were measured by word list learning, MOCA recall and orientation, and letter and animal fluency every 2 years. Logistic regression or linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between percent change in adiposity and cognitive function.

RESULTS

After 12.7 ± 1.7 years, a greater decrease in %BMI change or %WC change was significantly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Compared to older adults with -5% ≤ change ≤ 5% from baseline, a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment and greater loss in memory and executive function were found among those who experienced more than a 10% decline in %BMI change or %WC change. Older adults who experienced a 5%-10% decrease in %BMI change had a higher risk of cognitive impairment and greater loss of memory compared to those with -5% ≤ change ≤ 5%.

DISCUSSION

A greater decrease in %BMI (>5%) and %WC (>10%) change was associated with greater cognitive loss observed over time.

Microstructure evolution and the deformation mechanism in nanocrystalline superior-deformed tantalum

The temperature-controlled relationship between the mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of tantalum (Ta) enables the extension of its application potential in various areas of life, including energy and electronics industries. In this work, the microstructure and deformation behavior of nanocrystalline superior-deformed Ta have been investigated in a wide temperature range. The structural analysis revealed that the high-performance Ta consists of several different substructures, with an average size of about 20 nm. The tensile behavior of nanocrystalline Ta (NC-Ta) was analysed and simulated at various temperatures from 100 K to 1500 K by the molecular dynamics (MD) method. It is shown that with increasing average grain size, the elastic modulus of NC-Ta linearly increases, and the impact factor reaches a value close to 1.8. The critical grain size, as obtained from the Hall-Petch relationship, was found to be about 8.2 nm. For larger grains, the flow stress follows the Hall-Petch relationship, and the thermal behavior of twin bands determines the deformation process. On the other hand, when grains are smaller than the critical size, the relationship between the flow stress and structure transforms into the inverse Hall-Petch relationship, and the deformation mechanism is controlled by grain rotation, boundary sliding or atomic migration. The results of numerical simulations revealed that temperature significantly affects the critical grain size for the plastic deformation of NC-Ta. In addition, it is demonstrated that both the elastic modulus and dislocation density decrease with increasing temperature. These findings provide guidance for the design of polycrystalline tantalum materials with tailored mechanical properties for specific industrial applications such as heat exchangers and condensers in aerospace, bone substitutes in biomedicine, and surface acoustic wave filters or capacitors in electronics.