Impact of single and combined local air pollution mitigation measures in an urban environment

Urban air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems for human health and several strategies have been developed for its mitigation. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of single and combined mitigation measures on concentrations of air pollutants emitted by traffic at pedestrian level in the same urban environment. The effectiveness of different scenarios of green infrastructure (GI), the implementation of photocatalytic materials and traffic low emission zones (LEZ) are investigated, as well as several combinations of LEZ and GI. A wide set of scenarios is simulated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling for two different wind directions (perpendicular (0°) and 45° wind directions). Wind flow for the BASE scenario without any measure implemented was previously evaluated using wind-tunnel measurements. Air pollutant concentrations for this scenario are compared with the results obtained from the different mitigation scenarios. Reduction of traffic emissions through LEZ is found to be the most effective single measure to improve local air quality. However, GI enhances the effects of LEZ, which makes the combination of LEZ + GI a very effective measure. The effectiveness of this combination depends on the GI layout, the intensity of emission reduction in the LEZ and the traffic diversion in streets surrounding the LEZ. These findings, in line with previous literature, suggest that the implementation of GI may increase air pollutant concentrations at pedestrian level for some cases. However, this study highlights that this negative effect on air quality can turn into positive when used in combination with reductions of local traffic emissions.

Using dispersion models at microscale to assess long-term air pollution in urban hot spots: A FAIRMODE joint intercomparison exercise for a case study in Antwerp

In the framework of the Forum for Air Quality Modelling in Europe (FAIRMODE), a modelling intercomparison exercise for computing NO2 long-term average concentrations in urban districts with a very high spatial resolution was carried out. This exercise was undertaken for a district of Antwerp (Belgium). Air quality data includes data recorded in air quality monitoring stations and 73 passive samplers deployed during one-month period in 2016. The modelling domain was 800 × 800 m2. Nine modelling teams participated in this exercise providing results from fifteen different modelling applications based on different kinds of model approaches (CFD - Computational Fluid Dynamics-, Lagrangian, Gaussian, and Artificial Intelligence). Some approaches consisted of models running the complete one-month period on an hourly basis, but most others used a scenario approach, which relies on simulations of scenarios representative of wind conditions combined with post-processing to retrieve a one-month average of NO2 concentrations. The objective of this study is to evaluate what type of modelling system is better suited to get a good estimate of long-term averages in complex urban districts. This is very important for air quality assessment under the European ambient air quality directives. The time evolution of NO2 hourly concentrations during a day of relative high pollution was rather well estimated by all models. Relative to high resolution spatial distribution of one-month NO2 averaged concentrations, Gaussian models were not able to give detailed information, unless they include building data and street-canyon parameterizations. The models that account for complex urban geometries (i.e. CFD, Lagrangian, and AI models) appear to provide better estimates of the spatial distribution of one-month NO2 averages concentrations in the urban canopy. Approaches based on steady CFD-RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) model simulations of meteorological scenarios seem to provide good results with similar quality to those obtained with an unsteady one-month period CFD-RANS simulations.

Tracing Photoinduced Hydrogen Migration in Alcohol Dications from Time-Resolved Molecular-Frame Photoelectron Angular Distributions

The recent implementation of attosecond and few-femtosecond X-ray pump/X-ray probe schemes in large-scale free-electron laser facilities has opened the way to visualize fast nuclear dynamics in molecules with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we present the results of theoretical calculations showing how polarization-averaged molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (PA-MFPADs) can be used to visualize the dynamics of hydrogen migration in methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropyl alcohol dications generated by X-ray irradiation of the corresponding neutral species. We show that changes in the PA-MFPADs with the pump-probe delay as a result of intramolecular photoelectron diffraction carry information on the dynamics of hydrogen migration in real space. Although visualization of this dynamics is more straightforward in the smaller systems, methanol and ethanol, one can still recognize the signature of that motion in propanol and isopropyl alcohol and assign a tentative path to it. A possible pathway for a corresponding experiment requires an angularly resolved detection of photoelectrons in coincidence with molecular fragment ions used to define a molecular frame of reference. Such studies have become, in principle, possible since the first XFELs with sufficiently high repetition rates have emerged. To further support our findings, we provide experimental evidence of H migration in ethanol-OD from ion-ion coincidence measurements performed with synchrotron radiation.

Photoionization of the water molecule with XCHEM

We have evaluated total and partial photoionization cross sections, β asymmetry parameters, and molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPADs) of the water molecule by using the XCHEM methodology. This method accounts for electron correlation in the electronic continuum, which is crucial to describe Feshbach resonances and their autoionization decay. We have identified a large number of Feshbach resonances, some of them previously unknown, in the region between 12.2 and 18.7 eV, for which we provide energy positions and widths. Many of these resonances lead to pronounced peaks in the photoionization spectra, some of them remarkably wide (up to 0.2 eV, for resonances converging to the third ionization threshold), which should be observable in high-energy resolution experiments. We show that, in the vicinity of these peaks, both asymmetry parameters and MFPADs vary very rapidly with photoelectron energy, which, as in atoms and simpler molecules, reflects the interference between direct ionization and autoionization, which is mostly driven by electron correlation.

Controlling Fragmentation of the Acetylene Cation in the Vacuum Ultraviolet via Transient Molecular Alignment

An open-loop control scheme of molecular fragmentation based on transient molecular alignment combined with single-photon ionization induced by a short-wavelength free electron laser (FEL) is demonstrated for the acetylene cation. Photoelectron spectra are recorded, complementing the ion yield measurements, to demonstrate that such control is the consequence of changes in the electronic response with molecular orientation relative to the ionizing field. We show that stable C₂H₂⁺ cations are mainly produced when the molecules are parallel or nearly parallel to the FEL polarization, while the hydrogen fragmentation channel (C₂H₂⁺ → C₂H⁺ + H) predominates when the molecule is perpendicular to that direction, thus allowing one to distinguish between the two photochemical processes. The experimental findings are supported by state-of-the art theoretical calculations.

Stereodynamics effects in grazing-incidence fast-molecule diffraction

Grazing-incidence fast-projectile diffraction has been proposed both as a complement and an alternative to thermal-energy projectile scattering, which explains the interest that this technique has received in recent years, especially in the case of atomic projectiles. On the other hand, despite the richer physics involved, molecular projectiles have received much less attention. In this work, we present a theoretical study of grazing-incidence fast-molecule diffraction of H₂ from KCl(001) using a six-dimensional density functional theory based potential energy surface and a time-dependent wavepacket propagation method. The analysis of the computed diffraction patterns as a function of the molecular alignment, and their comparison with the available experimental data, where the initial distribution of rotational states in the molecule is not known, reveals a puzzling stereodynamics effect of the diffracted projectiles: diffracted molecules aligned perpendicular, or quasi perpendicular, to the surface reproduce rather well the experimental diffraction pattern, whereas those molecules aligned parallel to or tilted with respect to the surface do not behave as in the experiments. These results call for more detailed investigations of the molecular beam generation process.

Estimates of population exposure to atmospheric pollution and health-related externalities in a real city: The impact of spatial resolution on the accuracy of results

Health impacts of atmospheric pollution is an important issue in urban environments. Its magnitude depends on population exposure which have been frequently estimated by considering different approaches relating pollutant concentration and population exposed to it. However, the uncertainties due to the spatial resolution of the model used to estimate the pollutant concentration or due to the lack of representativeness of urban air quality monitoring station (AQMS) have not been evaluated in detail. In this context, NO₂ annual average concentration at pedestrian level in the whole city of Pamplona (Spain) modelled at high spatial resolution (~1 m) by Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations is used to estimate the total population exposure and health-related externalities by using different approaches. Air pollutant concentration and population are aggregated at different spatial resolutions ranging from a horizontal grid cell size of 100 m × 100 m to a coarser resolution where the whole city is covered by only one cell (6 km × 5 km). In addition, concentrations at AQMS locations are also extracted to assess the representativeness of those AQMS. The case with a spatial resolution of 100 m × 100 m for both pollutant-concentration distribution and population data is used as a reference (Base case) and compared with those obtained with the other approaches. This study indicates that the spatial resolution of concentration and population distribution in the city should be 1 km × 1 km or finer to obtain appropriate estimates of total population exposure (underestimations <13%) and health-related externalities (underestimations <37%). For the cases with coarser resolutions, a strong underestimation of total population exposure (>31%) and health-related externalities (>76%) was found. On the other hand, the use of AQMS concentrations can induce important errors due to the limited spatial representativeness, in particular in terms of population exposure.

Management of congenital and acquired airway pathologies in newborns by a cross-disciplinary committee at a third level hospital

INTRODUCTION

Neonatal airway examination through flexible/rigid bronchoscopy has proved to be useful in the presence of persistent stridor and extubation failure, as well as to assess complications following cardiac surgery. At our institution, these examinations are carried out by a pulmonologist, a neonatologist, an otorhinolaryngologist, and a pediatric surgeon from the pediatric airway committee, established in 2014.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the airway examinations performed in neonates during their stay at the neonatology/neonatal intensive care unit since the airway committee was established.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A retrospective study of the airway examinations conducted in neonates from 2015 to 2019 was carried out. Clinical and demographic data, number of examinations, indications, findings, and complications were collected. Results are presented as mean and standard deviation. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

92 airway examinations were analyzed in 51 patients (54.9% of whom were female). 51% of the patients were premature. Extubation failure and persistent respiratory symptoms following successful extubation were the most frequent indications for airway examination (35.3%). Stratification by gestational age or weight at birth was not associated with an increased risk of pathological findings at examination (p > 0.05). The most frequent finding was vocal cord paralysis (n = 14; 27.5%). In 10 patients (19.6%), no pathological findings were observed.

CONCLUSION

Airway examination is useful in patients with stridor to identify vocal cord paralysis following extubation failure. It also allows congenital airway pathologies to be diagnosed and treated. The number of examinations with no pathological findings was similar to that reported in international series.

Scattering of light by ZnO nanorod arrays

The optical properties of ZnO nanorod (NR) arrays were investigated by optical total transmittance (TT) and diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy in the visible region. The NRs were grown electrochemically in a three-electrode cell over a glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The mean length, radius, and density of NR samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results were correlated with the observed optical properties. Since light scattering for these NR arrays is highly dependent on their morphology, therefore, a model for light scattering based in the Mie theory for cylinders was implemented to understand the observed spectra. The mean scattering and extinction cross sections were calculated from the morphology of the samples. They were used to fit the DR spectra. From the fittings, the TT spectra of the samples could be calculated. A good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. This indicates that the implemented model represents well the observed scattering phenomena.

Normal and off-normal incidence dissociative dynamics of O2(v,J) on ultrathin Cu films grown on Ru(0001)

The dissociative adsorption of molecular oxygen on metal surfaces has long been controversial, mostly due to the spin-triplet nature of its ground state, to possible non-adiabatic effects, such as an abrupt charge transfer from the metal to the molecule, or even to the role played by the surface electronic state. Here, we have studied the dissociative adsorption of O₂ on Cu_ML/Ru(0001) at normal and off-normal incidence, from thermal to super-thermal energies, using quasi-classical dynamics, in the framework of the generalized Langevin oscillator model, and density functional theory based on a multidimensional potential energy surface. Our simulations reveal a rather intriguing behavior of dissociative adsorption probabilities, which exhibit normal energy scaling at incidence energies below the reaction barriers and total energy scaling above, irrespective of the reaction channel, either direct dissociation, trapping dissociation, or molecular adsorption. We directly compare our results with existing scanning tunneling spectroscopy and microscopy measurements. From this comparison, we infer that the observed experimental behavior at thermal energies may be due to ligand and strain effects, as already found for super-thermal incidence energies.

Estimates of pedestrian exposure to atmospheric pollution using high-resolution modelling in a real traffic hot-spot

Atmospheric pollution is a very relevant risk for the human health, in particular in urban environments, where most people lives and high levels of pollution are found. Population exposure is traditionally estimated through concentration recorded at air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) or modelled at a spatial resolution of the order of 1 km². However, these methodologies have limitations in urban areas where strong gradients of concentration, even in the same street, exist. In addition, the movements of pedestrians make difficult to compute reliable estimates of pollutant concentration to which people are exposed to. In this context, the main objective of this study is to estimate the exposure of pedestrians to ambient nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations with high spatial resolution in a real urban traffic hot-spot under different methodologies. To achieve this objective, a novel methodology which combines high-resolution NOx concentrations from computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations with the pedestrian flows obtained by pedestrian mobility microsimulations is applied to an urban area of Madrid, Spain. High-resolution maps show pedestrian exposure peaks, at bus stops and crosswalks, that cannot be captured by the simpler methods based on spatial average concentration (SAC) or concentration measured in an AQMS. Total daily exposure obtained is 1.19 · 10⁹ person s μg m^-3, while SAC and AQMS concentration methods yielded 9-23% and 30-40% lower values. In conclusion, the proposed methodology allows to determine the areas with higher exposure in order to design local strategies to reduce the impact on human health. In addition, from a more general point of view, the total exposure in the studied area is better estimated by using spatial average concentration than through concentration recorded by AQMS. The assessment of the spatial representative of AQMS becomes necessary to use AQMS concentration to evaluate air quality and population exposure of an urban area.

Attosecond timing of electron emission from a molecular shape resonance

Shape resonances in physics and chemistry arise from the spatial confinement of a particle by a potential barrier. In molecular photoionization, these barriers prevent the electron from escaping instantaneously, so that nuclei may move and modify the potential, thereby affecting the ionization process. By using an attosecond two-color interferometric approach in combination with high spectral resolution, we have captured the changes induced by the nuclear motion on the centrifugal barrier that sustains the well-known shape resonance in valence-ionized N2. We show that despite the nuclear motion altering the bond length by only 2%, which leads to tiny changes in the potential barrier, the corresponding change in the ionization time can be as large as 200 attoseconds. This result poses limits to the concept of instantaneous electronic transitions in molecules, which is at the basis of the Franck-Condon principle of molecular spectroscopy.

A solid-state integrated photo-supercapacitor based on ZnO nanorod arrays decorated with Ag2S quantum dots as the photoanode and a PEDOT charge storage counter-electrode

A planar solid-state photocapacitor with two electrodes has been prepared for the first time using a passivated film of ZnS with Ag2S quantum dots deposited on ZnO nanorods, which were electrochemically grown on ZnO seed layers, as the photoanode. The supercapacitor part is composed of a electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) PEDOT film as the counter-electrode and an ionic liquid-based electrolyte between them deposited by the dip coating method. The different nanostructures and electrodes were morphologically and structurally characterized, and the device was electrochemically characterized and could reach a potential of 0.33 V during photocharge and a storage efficiency of 6.83%.

Time-resolved molecular dynamics of single and double hydrogen migration in ethanol

Being the lightest, most mobile atom that exists, hydrogen plays an important role in the chemistry of hydrocarbons, proteins and peptides and most biomolecules. Hydrogen can undergo transfer, exchange and migration processes, having considerable impact on the chemical behavior of these molecules. Although much has been learned about reaction dynamics involving one hydrogen atom, less is known about those processes where two or more hydrogen atoms participate. Here we show that single and double hydrogen migrations occurring in ethanol cations and dications take place within a few hundred fs to ps, using a 3D imaging and laser pump-probe technique. For double hydrogen migration, the hydrogens are not correlated, with the second hydrogen migration promoting the breakup of the C-O bond. The probability of double hydrogen migration is quite significant, suggesting that double hydrogen migration plays a more important role than generally assumed. The conclusions are supported by state-of-the-art molecular dynamics calculations.

Charge migration in photo-ionized aromatic amino acids

Attosecond pump-probe spectroscopy is a unique tool for the direct observation of the light-activated electronic motion in molecules and it offers the possibility to capture the first instants of a chemical reaction. Recently, advances in attosecond technology allowed the charge migration processes to be revealed in biochemically relevant molecules. Although this purely electronic process might be key for a future chemistry at the electron time scale, the influence of this ultrafast charge flow on the reactivity of a molecule is still debated. In this work, we exploit extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses to activate charge migration in two aromatic amino acids, namely phenylalanine and tryptophan. Advanced numerical calculations are performed to interpret the experimental data and to discuss the effects of the nuclear dynamics on the activated quantum coherences. By comparing the experimental results obtained in the two molecules, we show that the presence of different functional groups strongly affects the fragmentation pathways, as well as the charge rearrangement. The observed charge dynamics indeed present peculiar aspects, including characteristic periodicities and decoherence times. Numerical results indicate that, even for a very large molecule such as tryptophan, the quantum coherences can survive the nuclear dynamics for several femtoseconds. These results open new and important perspectives for a deeper understanding of the photo-induced charge dynamics, as a promising tool to control the reactivity of bio-relevant molecules via photo-excitation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.

Site-selective-induced isomerization of formamide

We theoretically demonstrate the possibility to site-selectively induce and track isomerization in formamide by using a femtosecond X-ray-pump/X-ray-probe scheme.

Impact of probiotics on development and behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster - a potential in vivo model to assess probiotics

In vitro models are frequently used in probiotic research. However, such models often fail to predict in vivo functionality and efficacy. This fact complicates the screening process for selecting the most suitable strains, prior to accomplish expensive animal studies and clinical intervention trials. Therefore, additional sensitive, discriminating and cost-effective models are needed to conduct preliminary assays before undertaking human intervention studies definitely proving efficacy. With this purpose in mind, we explored the potential of axenic Drosophila melanogaster populations as well as of these axenic flies treated with probiotic microbial strains as a model to test the effects of probiotics on a subset of developmental and behavioural traits. An axenic D. melanogaster progeny from the wild-type Canton S strain was obtained and its eggs were further developed until pupae eclosion occurred in growth medium containing either of two probiotic strains: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Whereas B. animalis Bb12 colonised the flies, the capacity of L. rhamnosus LGG to colonise was considerably lower in our experimental conditions. Regarding the influence of microbial load on the flies' development, the axenic condition caused a decrease in egg survival, and lowered adults' average weight with respect to wild-type flies. Both probiotics were able to counteract these effects. An earlier emergence of adults was observed from eggs treated with L. rhamnosus GG in comparison to the other fly populations. The axenic condition did not influence negative geotaxis behaviour in Drosophila; however, flies mono-associated with B. animalis Bb12 moved faster than wild-type. Our results suggest that the use of axenic/probiotic-treated D. melanogaster populations may be an affordable model for preliminary testing of the effects of probiotics on developmental or behavioural aspects.

Graphene catalyzes the reversible formation of a C-C bond between two molecules

Carbon deposits are well-known inhibitors of transition metal catalysts. In contrast to this undesirable behavior, here we show that epitaxial graphene grown on Ru(0001) promotes the reversible formation of a C-C bond between -CH₂CN and 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ). The catalytic role of graphene is multifaceted: First, it allows for an efficient charge transfer between the surface and the reactants, thus favoring changes in carbon hybridization; second, it holds the reactants in place and makes them reactive. The reaction is fully reversible by injecting electrons with an STM tip on the empty molecular orbitals of the product. The making and breaking of the C-C bond is accompanied by the switching off and on of a Kondo resonance, so that the system can be viewed as a reversible magnetic switch controlled by a chemical reaction.

Control of H_{2} Dissociative Ionization in the Nonlinear Regime Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Free-Electron Laser Pulses

The role of the nuclear degrees of freedom in nonlinear two-photon single ionization of H_{2} molecules interacting with short and intense vacuum ultraviolet pulses is investigated, both experimentally and theoretically, by selecting single resonant vibronic intermediate neutral states. This high selectivity relies on the narrow bandwidth and tunability of the pulses generated at the FERMI free-electron laser. A sustained enhancement of dissociative ionization, which even exceeds nondissociative ionization, is observed and controlled as one selects progressively higher vibronic states. With the help of ab initio calculations for increasing pulse durations, the photoelectron and ion energy spectra obtained with velocity map imaging allow us to identify new photoionization pathways. With pulses of the order of 100 fs, the experiment probes a timescale that lies between that of ultrafast dynamical processes and that of steady state excitations.

Theory, Abstraction and Design in Medical Informatics

Objective: To analyze the scientific and engineering components of Medical Informatics. A clear characterization of these components should be undertaken to categorize different areas of Medical Informatics and create a research agenda for the future. Methods: We have adapted a classical ACM and IEEE report on computing to analyze Medical Informatics from three different viewpoints: Theory, Abstraction, and Design.

Results: We suggest that Medical Informatics can be considered from these three perspectives: (1) Theory, from which medical informaticians formally characterize the properties of the objects of study, creating new theories or using and adapting existing theories (e.g., from mathematics), (2) Abstraction, from which medical informaticians deal with all aspects of medical information and create new abstractions, methods, and technology-independent models, which can be experimentally verified, and (3) Design, from which medical informaticians develop systems or act as information brokers or advisors between medical and technology professionals, to improve the quality of computer applications in medicine.

Conclusion: Based on this framework, we suggest that Medical Informatics has an independent scientific character, different from other applied informatics areas. Finally, we analyze these three perspectives using data mining in medicine.

Tuberculosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, or both? A case report

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatose infection, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GP) is a small vessel vasculitis, both of which affect the lungs. The combination of these diseases is rare. Both have similar clinical features, making the differential diagnosis difficult.

CASE REPORT

It concerns a 37 year-old female undergoing treatment for pulmonary TB, who presented with left ocular proptosis, eyelid and conjunctival edema and erythema. Orbital biopsy revealed GP. C-Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were elevated. The patient responded well to immunosuppressive treatment.

CONCLUSION

TB and GP can associate. Diagnosis should include not only C-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, but also a biopsy, in order to select the appropriate treatment.

A new concept of a transparent photocapacitor

This work presents a new concept of a transparent solid-state photocapacitor which exhibits high transmittance compared to other reported results, and an acceptable specific capacitance.

Imaging the square of the correlated two-electron wave function of a hydrogen molecule

The toolbox for imaging molecules is well-equipped today. Some techniques visualize the geometrical structure, others the electron density or electron orbitals. Molecules are many-body systems for which the correlation between the constituents is decisive and the spatial and the momentum distribution of one electron depends on those of the other electrons and the nuclei. Such correlations have escaped direct observation by imaging techniques so far. Here, we implement an imaging scheme which visualizes correlations between electrons by coincident detection of the reaction fragments after high energy photofragmentation. With this technique, we examine the H₂ two-electron wave function in which electron–electron correlation beyond the mean-field level is prominent. We visualize the dependence of the wave function on the internuclear distance. High energy photoelectrons are shown to be a powerful tool for molecular imaging. Our study paves the way for future time resolved correlation imaging at FELs and laser based X-ray sources.

Electron-electron correlation is a complex and interesting phenomenon that occurs in multi-electron systems. Here, the authors demonstrate the imaging of the correlated two-electron wave function in hydrogen molecule using the coincident detection of the electron and proton after the photoionization.

Acceso lateroungueal en los tumores glómicos periungueales. Revisión de 75 casos

Introducción: Los tumores glómicos son tumores benignos, poco frecuentes, localizados preferentemente en la mano, que presentan una clínica muy característica y cuyo tratamiento es quirúrgico.

Material y métodos: Se han revisado retrospectivamente 75 tumores glómicos periungueales, diagnosticados clínicamente y confirmados por estudio anatomopatológico que fueron extirpados quirúrgicamente por vía lateroungueal.

Resultados: El empleo de la vía lateroungueal para la exéresis de los tumores glómicos periungueales fue efectiva en todos los casos, sin originar distrofias ungueales y con un porcentaje de recidivas bajo (11,9%).

Discusión: El diagnóstico de los tumores glómicos es fundamentalmente clínico, aunque se apoya en las pruebas de imagen (radiografía, ecografía y resonancia magnética). Su tratamiento es quirúrgico, existiendo múltiples vías de abordaje. Existe un riesgo de recidiva, que debe ser conocido por el paciente previamente a la cirugía.

Conclusiones: El acceso lateroungueal en los tumores glómicos es un método seguro, que permite su exéresis completa.