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Fricker AD, Yao T, Lindemann SR, Flores GE. Enrichment and characterization of human-associated mucin-degrading microbial consortia by sequential passage. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae078. [PMID: 38794902 PMCID: PMC11180985 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucin is a glycoprotein secreted throughout the mammalian gastrointestinal tract that can support endogenous microorganisms in the absence of complex polysaccharides. While several mucin-degrading bacteria have been identified, the interindividual differences in microbial communities capable of metabolizing this complex polymer are not well described. To determine whether community assembly on mucin is deterministic across individuals or whether taxonomically distinct but functionally similar mucin-degrading communities are selected across fecal inocula, we used a 10-day in vitro sequential batch culture fermentation from three human donors with mucin as the sole carbon source. For each donor, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to characterize microbial community succession, and the short-chain fatty acid profile was determined from the final community. All three communities reached a steady-state by day 7 in which the community composition stabilized. Taxonomic comparisons amongst communities revealed that one of the final communities had Desulfovibrio, another had Akkermansia, and all three shared other members, such as Bacteroides. Metabolic output differences were most notable for one of the donor's communities, with significantly less production of acetate and propionate than the other two communities. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of developing stable mucin-degrading communities with shared and unique taxa. Furthermore, the mechanisms and efficiencies of mucin degradation across individuals are important for understanding how this community-level process impacts human health.
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Gurung M, Schlegel BT, Rajasundaram D, Fox R, Bode L, Yao T, Lindemann SR, LeRoith T, Read QD, Simecka C, Carroll L, Andres A, Yeruva L. Microbiota from human infants consuming secretors or non-secretors mothers' milk impacts the gut and immune system in mice. mSystems 2024; 9:e0029424. [PMID: 38530054 PMCID: PMC11019842 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00294-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal secretor status is one of the determinants of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) composition, which, in turn, influences the gut microbiota composition of infants. To understand if this change in gut microbiota impacts immune cell composition, intestinal morphology, and gene expression, 21-day-old germ-free C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with fecal microbiota from infants whose mothers were either secretors (SMM) or non-secretors (NSM) or from infants consuming dairy-based formula (MFM). For each group, one set of mice was supplemented with HMOs. HMO supplementation did not significantly impact the microbiota diversity; however, SMM mice had a higher abundance of genus Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Blautia, whereas, in the NSM group, there was a higher abundance of Akkermansia, Enterocloster, and Klebsiella. In MFM, gut microbiota was represented mainly by Parabacteroides, Ruminococcaceae_unclassified, and Clostrodium_sensu_stricto. In mesenteric lymph node, Foxp3+ T cells and innate lymphoid cells type 2 were increased in MFM mice supplemented with HMOs, while in the spleen, they were increased in SMM + HMOs mice. Similarly, serum immunoglobulin A was also elevated in MFM + HMOs group. Distinct global gene expression of the gut was observed in each microbiota group, which was enhanced with HMOs supplementation. Overall, our data show that distinct infant gut microbiota due to maternal secretor status or consumption of dairy-based formula and HMO supplementation impacts immune cell composition, antibody response, and intestinal gene expression in a mouse model. IMPORTANCE Early life factors like neonatal diet modulate gut microbiota, which is important for the optimal gut and immune function. One such factor, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the composition of which is determined by maternal secretor status, has a profound effect on infant gut microbiota. However, how the infant gut microbiota composition determined by maternal secretor status or consumption of infant formula devoid of HMOs impacts infant intestinal ammorphology, gene expression, and immune signature is not well explored. This study provides insights into the differential establishment of infant microbiota derived from infants fed by secretor or non-secretor mothers milk or those consuming infant formula and demonstrates that the secretor status of mothers promotes Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides sps. establishment. This study also shows that supplementation of pooled HMOs in mice changed immune cell composition in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and immunoglobulins in circulation. Hence, this study highlights that maternal secretor status has a role in infant gut microbiota composition, and this, in turn, can impact host gut and immune system.
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Xu Y, Liu X, Ma M, Wang M, Hua W, Yao T, Sui Z. Structural and rheological characterization of water-soluble and alkaline-soluble fibers from hulless barley. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2897-2906. [PMID: 38018273 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highland hulless barley has garnered attention as a promising economic product and a potential healthy food ingredient. The present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the molecular structure of extractable fibers obtained from a specific highland hulless barley. Water-soluble fiber (WSF) and alkaline-soluble fiber (ASF) were extracted using enzymatic digestion and an alkaline method, respectively. The purified fibers underwent a thorough investigation for their structural characterization. RESULTS The monosaccharide composition revealed that WSF primarily consisted of glucose (91.7%), whereas ASF was composed of arabinose (54.5%) and xylose (45.5%), indicating the presence of an arabinoxylan molecule with an A/X ratio of 1.2. The refined structural information was further confirmed through methylation, 1 H NMR and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. WSF fiber exclusively exhibited α-anomeric patterns, suggesting it was an α-glucan. It has a low molecular weight of 5 kDa, as determined by gel permeation chromatography. Conversely, ASF was identified as a heavily branched arabinoxylan with 41.55% of '→2,3,4)-Xylp-(1→' linkages. ASF and WSF exhibited notable differences in their morphology, water absorption capabilities and rheological properties. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, molecular models of WSF and ASF were proposed. The deep characterization of these fiber structures provides valuable insights into their physicochemical and functional properties, thereby unlocking their potential applications in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Chai K, Yang J, Tu Y, Wu J, Fang K, Shi S, Yao T. Molecular Deformation Is a Key Factor in Screening Aggregation Inhibitor for Intrinsically Disordered Protein Tau. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:717-728. [PMID: 38559297 PMCID: PMC10979476 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Direct inhibitor of tau aggregation has been extensively studied as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. However, the natively unfolded structure of tau complicates the structure-based ligand design, and the relatively large surface areas that mediate tau-tau interactions in aggregation limit the potential for identifying high-affinity ligand binding sites. Herein, a group of isatin-pyrrolidinylpyridine derivative isomers (IPP1-IPP4) were designed and synthesized. They are like different forms of molecular "transformers". These isatin isomers exhibit different inhibitory effects on tau self-aggregation or even possess a depolymerizing effect. Our results revealed for the first time that the direct inhibitor of tau protein aggregation is not only determined by the previously reported conjugated structure, substituent, hydrogen bond donor, etc. but also depends more importantly on the molecular shape. In combination with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, a new inhibition mechanism was proposed: like a "molecular clip", IPP1 could noncovalently bind and fix a tau polypeptide chain at a multipoint to prevent the transition from the "natively unfolded conformation" to the "aggregation competent conformation" before nucleation. At the cellular and animal levels, the effectiveness of the inhibitor of the IPP1 has been confirmed, providing an innovative design strategy as well as a lead compound for Alzheimer's disease drug development.
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Jackson R, Yao T, Bulut N, Cantu-Jungles TM, Hamaker BR. Protein combined with certain dietary fibers increases butyrate production in gut microbiota fermentation. Food Funct 2024; 15:3186-3198. [PMID: 38441170 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The modern diet delivers nearly equal amounts of carbohydrates and protein into the colon representing an important protein increase compared to past higher fiber diets. At the same time, plant-based protein foods have become increasingly popular, and these sources of protein are generally less digestible than animal protein sources. As a result, a significant amount of protein is expected to reach the colon and be available for fermentation by gut microbiota. While studies on diet-microbiota interventions have mainly focused on carbohydrate fermentation, limited attention has been given to the role of protein or protein-fiber mixtures as fermentation substrates for the colonic microbiota. In this study, we aimed to investigate: (1) how changing the ratio of protein to fiber substrates affects the types and quantities of gut microbial metabolites and bacteria; and (2) how the specific fermentation characteristics of different types of fiber might influence the utilization of protein by gut microbes to produce beneficial short chain fatty acids. Our results revealed that protein fermentation in the gut plays a crucial role in shaping the overall composition of microbiota communities and their metabolic outputs. Surprisingly, butyrate production was maintained or increased when fiber and protein were combined, and even when pure protein samples were used as substrates. These findings suggest that indigestible protein in fiber-rich substrates may promote the production of microbial butyrate perhaps including the later stages of fermentation in the large intestine.
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Yao T, Xu Z, Ma M, Wen Y, Liu X, Sui Z. Impact of granule-associated lipid removal on the property changes of octenylsuccinylated small-granule starches. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121448. [PMID: 37940310 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch granule associated lipids (GALs) are known to alter the properties and functions of small granule starches. To test the hypothesis that the removal GALs from small granule starches could increase the overall reactive surface and improve octenyl-succinylation (OSA) modification efficiency, four small granules starches from rice, oat, quinoa, amaranth and a waxy maize starch were subjected to defat, OSA esterification and combined defatted and OSA treatment. The combined treatment showed a significant improvement in the degree of substitution for all starches from both tritration and 1H NMR methodologies. Confocal microscopy revealed a more uniform distribution of OSA groups on the starch surface. After GALs removal, the bimodal granule size distribution was diminished but reappeared during OSA modification. Pasting viscosity increased for the OSA and GALs removed quinoa, waxy maize and amaranth starches, but it decreased on modified rice and oat starches. OSA treatment alone significantly altered the gelling and rheological properties towards a more soft and less stable starch structure. The combined treatment compensated these changes to some extent and filled the property gap between the native and OSA modified starches. This study demonstrated that removing GALs can achieve more profound OSA derivatization.
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Yao T, Ma M, Sui Z. Structure and Function of Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides in Foods. Foods 2023; 12:3872. [PMID: 37893765 PMCID: PMC10606401 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are abundantly found in various foods [...].
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Yao T, Deemer DG, Chen MH, Reuhs BL, Hamaker BR, Lindemann SR. Differences in fine arabinoxylan structures govern microbial selection and competition among human gut microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121039. [PMID: 37321733 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers are known to modulate microbiome composition, but it is unclear to what extent minor fiber structural differences impact community assembly, microbial division of labor, and organismal metabolic responses. To test the hypothesis that fine linkage variations afford different ecological niches for distinct communities and metabolism, we employed a 7-day in vitro sequential batch fecal fermentation with four fecal inocula and measured responses using an integrated multi-omics approach. Two sorghum arabinoxylans (SAXs) were fermented, with one (RSAX) having slightly more complex branch linkages than the other (WSAX). Although there were minor glycoysl linkage differences, consortia on RSAX retained much higher species diversity (42 members) than on WSAX (18-23 members) with distinct species-level genomes and metabolic outcomes (e.g., higher short chain fatty acid production from RSAX and more lactic acid produced from WSAX). The major SAX-selected members were from genera of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium and family Lachnospiraceae. Carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZyme) genes in metagenomes revealed broad AX-related hydrolytic potentials among key members; however, CAZyme genes enriched in different consortia displayed various catabolic domain fusions with diverse accessory motifs that differ among the two SAX types. These results suggest that fine polysaccharide structure exerts deterministic selection effect for distinct fermenting consortia.
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Yao T, Yi LZ, Wang KK, Li YD, Qu YQ, Feng SY, Wang SP, Feng YL. [Effects of neonatal stimulator of interferon genes innate immune signaling pathway of HBsAg-positive mothers on non/hypo-response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2023; 44:1447-1453. [PMID: 37743280 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20230715-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effects of neonatal stimulator of interferon genes (STING) innate immune signaling pathway of HBsAg-positive mothers on non/hypo-response to hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) in their infants. Methods: From November 2019 to June 2022, HBsAg-positive mothers and their infants in the Third People's Hospital of Taiyuan were recruited as the study subjects. The epidemiological and clinical data were collected by questionnaire survey and medical records review. The key molecular proteins of STING innate immune signaling pathway (STING, pIRF3) and immune cells associated with vaccine response (DC, T and B and plasma cells) in neonatal cord blood were detected by flow cytometry. Follow up was conducted for infants for 1-2 months after the full vaccination of HepB. Serum hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) was detected by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Unconditional logistic regression model, nomogram and Bayesian network model were used to evaluate the effect of STING innate immune signaling pathway on non/hypo-response to HepB and related factors in infants, and the relationship between various factors. Results: A total of 195 pairs of HBsAg-positive mothers and infants were recruited, the rate of non/hypo-response to HepB in the infants was 12.31% (24/195). High maternal HBV DNA load, low expression of neonatal STING, low expression of pIRF3 and low percentage of plasma cells were risk factors for non/hypo-response to HepB in the infants (OR=4.70, 3.46, 3.18 and 2.20, all P<0.05). The nomogram constructed by these factors had good predictive efficacy (area under curve=0.81, 95%CI: 0.63-0.83). The results of Bayesian network model showed that the infants with a high maternal HBV DNA load had a higher conditional probability of low STING expression (62.50%) and a higher conditional probability of low pIRF3 expression (58.54%). The conditional probabilities of low expression of DC, T, B and plasma cells were 53.16%, 60.20%, 68.42% and 57.14%, respectively. Conclusion: Maternal HBV DNA might inhibit STING innate immune signaling pathways in infants and immune cells associated with HepB response, resulting in non/hypo-response to HepB in infants of HBsAg-positive mothers.
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Wang M, Zhang C, Xu Y, Ma M, Yao T, Sui Z. Impact of Six Extraction Methods on Molecular Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Young Hulless Barley Leaves. Foods 2023; 12:3381. [PMID: 37761090 PMCID: PMC10527962 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Young hulless barley leaves are gaining recognition for potential health benefits, and the method of extracting polysaccharides from them is critical for potential food industry applications. This study delves into a comparative analysis of six distinct fiber extraction techniques: hot water extraction; high-pressure steam extraction; alkaline extraction; xylanase extraction; cellulase extraction; and combined xylanase and cellulase extraction. This analysis included a thorough comparison of polysaccharide-monosaccharide composition, structural properties, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and rheological properties among fibers extracted using these methods. The results underscore that the combined enzymatic extraction method yielded the highest extraction yield (22.63%), while the rest of the methods yielded reasonable yields (~20%), except for hot water extraction (4.11%). Monosaccharide composition exhibited divergence across methods; alkaline extraction yielded a high abundance of xylose residues, whereas the three enzymatic methods demonstrated elevated galactose components. The extracted crude polysaccharides exhibited relatively low molecular weights, ranging from 5.919 × 104 Da to 3.773 × 105 Da across different extraction methods. Regarding antioxidant activities, alkaline extraction yielded the highest value in the ABTS assay, whereas enzymatically extracted polysaccharides, despite higher yield, demonstrated lower antioxidant capacity. In addition, enzymatically extracted polysaccharides exerted stronger shear thinning behavior and higher initial viscosity.
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Yao T, Sui Z, Janaswamy S. Complexing curcumin and resveratrol in the starch crystalline network alters in vitro starch digestion: Towards developing healthy food materials. Food Chem 2023; 425:136471. [PMID: 37269637 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Starch is an abundant and common food ingredient capable of complexing with various bioactive compounds (BCs), including polyphenols. However, little information is available about using native starch network arrangement for the starch-BCs inclusion. Herein, two BCs, curcumin, and resveratrol, were undertaken to delineate the role of different starch crystalline types on their encapsulation efficiency. Four starches with different crystalline types, botanical sources, and amylose content were examined. The results suggest that B-type hexagonal packing is necessary to encapsulate curcumin and resveratrol successfully. The increase in XRD crystallinity while maintaining the FTIR band at 1048/1016 cm-1 suggests that BCs are likely entrapped inside the starch granule than attaching to the granule surface. A significant change in starch digestion is seen only for the B-starch complexes. Embedding BCs in the starch network and controlling starch digestion could be a cost-effective and valuable approach to designing and developing novel starch-based functional food ingredients.
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Tu Y, Wu J, Chai K, Hu X, Hu Y, Shi S, Yao T. A turn-on unlabeled colorimetric biosensor based on aptamer-AuNPs conjugates for amyloid-β oligomer detection. Talanta 2023; 260:124649. [PMID: 37167677 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) have been identified as core biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For the first time, a "turn-on" unlabeled colorimetric aptasensor based on aptamer-polythymine (polyT)-polyadenine (polyA)-gold nanoparticles (pA-pT-apt@AuNPs) was developed for highly sensitive and specific detection of amyloid-β1-40 oligomers (Aβ40-O). In this system, polyA sequence could preferentially anchor onto AuNPs surface as well as reduce the non-specific adsorption, and the aptamer could form upright conformation for the specific recognition of Aβ40-O. The aggregation of pA-pT-apt@AuNPs was induced by MgCl2. However, the addition of Aβ40-O enabled the aptamer fold adaptively upon recognition and aptamer-Aβ40-O complex formed surrounding AuNPs, effectively stabilizing pA-pT-apt@AuNPs against salt-induced aggregation, therefore the color of pA-pT-apt@AuNPs solution still retained red. Based on this principle, the proposed aptasensor exhibited high sensitivity with the limit of detection of 3.03 nM and a linear detectable range from 10.00 nM to 100.0 nM. The superb sensitivity was achieved via the optimization of the length of polyA and polyT spacer. This pA-pT-apt@AuNPs based colorimetric aptasensor provides a rapid, cost-effective, highly sensitive detection method for Aβ40-O, which is valuable for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Yao T, Liu X. Financial Time Series Forecasting: A Combinatorial Forecasting Model Based on STOA Optimizing VMD. INT J ARTIF INTELL T 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218213022500427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yao T, Chen C, Fenglei Y, Wenliang L, Guangjun L, Xiaojie H. 934P Clinical and genomic characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer in young patients under 40 years old. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chang Y, Yao T, Shi J, Wu YT, Yang F, Yuan CL, Nie XY, Wang FZ, Feng YL, Wang S. [Non/hypo-response to hepatitis B vaccination and influencing factors in HIV-infected patients in the context of different immunization schedules]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2022; 43:696-701. [PMID: 35589575 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20211214-00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To study the non/hypo-response to hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected patients, identify the influencing factors and provide evidence for the development of hepatitis B prevention and control strategies and measures for special population. Methods: On the basis of the randomized controlled trial of 20 µg hepatitis B vaccine immunization at 0-1-6 month, 0-1-2-6 month and 60 µg hepatitis B vaccine immunization at 0-1-2-6 month, the HIV-infected patients who completed one-month follow-up after the full course vaccination were selected as study subjects. Quantification of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in serum samples was performed by using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) and demographic characteristics, disease history, HIV infection and treatment status of the study subjects were collected. Statistical analysis was conducted by χ2 test, t test, unconditional logistic regression and interaction analyses. Results: The non/hypo-response rates to hepatitis B vaccination were 34.65% (35/101), 24.49% (24/98) and 10.99% (10/91) in 20 µg group at 0-1-6 month or 0-1-2-6 month and 60 µg group at 0-1-2-6 month (P<0.001), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for confounding factors, the risk for non/hypo-response was 0.22 times higher in HIV-infected patients receiving 60 µg hepatitis B vaccine at 0-1-2-6 month than in patients receiving 20 µg hepatitis B vaccine at 0-1-6 month (95%CI: 0.10-0.50), the risk for non/hypo-response was higher in men than in women (OR=3.65, 95%CI: 1.88-7.07), and the risk for non/hypo-response was 2.64 times higher in those without hepatitis B vaccination history than in those with hepatitis B vaccination history (95%CI: 1.10-6.32). Moreover, there were multiplicative interactions between immunization schedule and gender (OR=2.49, 95%CI: 1.24-5.00). Conclusion: The non/hypo-response rate to hepatitis B vaccination was significantly lower in HIV-infected patients receiving 60 µg hepatitis B vaccine at 0-1-2-6 month than in those receiving 20 µg hepatitis B vaccine at 0-1-6 month and 0-1-2-6 month. Gender, vaccination schedule and history of hepatitis B vaccination were the influencing factors of the non/hypo-response to hepatitis B vaccination. There was a multiplicative interaction between vaccination schedule and gender, and men receiving 20 µg hepatitis B vaccines had a higher risk for non/hypo-response to hepatitis B vaccination.
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Yao T, Janaswamy S. Ordered hydrocolloids networks as delivery vehicles of nutraceuticals: Optimal encapsulation of curcumin and resveratrol. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ostrowski MP, La Rosa SL, Kunath BJ, Robertson A, Pereira G, Hagen LH, Varghese NJ, Qiu L, Yao T, Flint G, Li J, McDonald SP, Buttner D, Pudlo NA, Schnizlein MK, Young VB, Brumer H, Schmidt TM, Terrapon N, Lombard V, Henrissat B, Hamaker B, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Tripathi A, Pope PB, Martens EC. Mechanistic insights into consumption of the food additive xanthan gum by the human gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:556-569. [PMID: 35365790 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Processed foods often include food additives such as xanthan gum, a complex polysaccharide with unique rheological properties, that has established widespread use as a stabilizer and thickening agent. Xanthan gum's chemical structure is distinct from those of host and dietary polysaccharides that are more commonly expected to transit the gastrointestinal tract, and little is known about its direct interaction with the gut microbiota, which plays a central role in digestion of other dietary fibre polysaccharides. Here we show that the ability to digest xanthan gum is common in human gut microbiomes from industrialized countries and appears contingent on a single uncultured bacterium in the family Ruminococcaceae. Our data reveal that this primary degrader cleaves the xanthan gum backbone before processing the released oligosaccharides using additional enzymes. Some individuals harbour Bacteroides intestinalis that is incapable of consuming polymeric xanthan gum but grows on oligosaccharide products generated by the Ruminococcaceae. Feeding xanthan gum to germfree mice colonized with a human microbiota containing the uncultured Ruminococcaceae supports the idea that the additive xanthan gum can drive expansion of the primary degrader Ruminococcaceae, along with exogenously introduced B. intestinalis. Our work demonstrates the existence of a potential xanthan gum food chain involving at least two members of different phyla of gut bacteria and provides an initial framework for understanding how widespread consumption of a recently introduced food additive influences human microbiomes.
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Feng YL, Han YJ, Yao T, Wang JM, Liu HT, Guo HP, Chai GW, Liu LM, Wang FZ, Wang SP. [Immunogenicity and influencing factors of hepatitis B vaccination based on different vaccination schedules among chronic kidney disease patients]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2022; 43:241-247. [PMID: 35184491 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20210807-00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the immunogenicity and influencing factors of hepatitis B vaccination based on different vaccination schedules among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods: CKD patients who participated in randomized controlled trials in four hospitals in Shanxi province and completed three doses of 20 µg vaccination (at months 0, 1 and 6) and four doses of 20 µg or 60 µg vaccination (at months 0, 1, 2, and 6) were surveyed from May 2019 to July 2020.According to the ratio of 1∶1∶1, 273 CKD patients were divided into 3 groups randomly. Quantification of the anti-hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody (anti-HBs) in serum samples was performed using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay at months 1 and 6 after the entire course of the vaccinations. The positive rate, high-level positive rate, geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HBs, and the influencing factors were analyzed by χ2 tests, analysis of variance, unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 273 CKD patitents were participants.The positive rates in the CKD patients with four doses of 20 µg vaccination (92.96%,66/71) or 60 µg vaccination (93.15%, 68/73) were higher than that in the CKD patients with three doses of 20 µg vaccination (81.69%, 58/71) at month one after the full course of the vaccinations (P<0.05). The GMCs of anti-HBs showed similar results (2 091.11 mIU/ml and 2 441.50 mIU/ml vs. 1 675.21 mIU/ml) (P<0.05). The positive rate was higher in the CKD patients with four doses of 60 µg vaccination (94.83%,55/58) than in those with three doses of 20 µg vaccination (78.79%,52/66) (P<0.05) at month six after the full course of the vaccinations. And the GMC of anti-HBs in the patients with four doses of 60 µg vaccination (824.28 mIU/ml) was significantly higher than those in the patients with 3 or 4 doses of 20 µg vaccination (639.74 mIU/ml and 755.53 mIU/ml) (P<0.05). After controlling the confounding factors, the positive rate in the CKD patients with four doses of 60 µg vaccination were 3.19 (95%CI: 1.02-9.96) and 5.32 (95%CI: 1.27-22.19) times higher than those in the patients with three doses of 20 µg vaccination at months 1 and 6 after the full course of the vaccinations, respectively. The positive rate in CKD patients without immune suppression or hormone therapy was 3.33 (95%CI: 1.26-8.80) and 4.78 (95%CI: 1.47-15.57) times higher than those in the patients with such therapy, respectively. Conclusions: Four doses of 20 µg or 60 µg hepatitis B vaccination could improve the immunogenicity in patients with CKD. And four doses of 60 µg vaccination might play a positive role in maintaining anti-HBs in this population. The immunogenicity in the CKD patients with immune suppression or hormone therapy was poor.
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Zhang Y, Ma R, Chu H, Zhou X, Yao T, Zhang Y. Evaluation of the performance of different membrane materials for microalgae cultivation on attached biofilm reactors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1451-1459. [PMID: 35425202 PMCID: PMC8979103 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07335d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Attached microalgae production in wastewater is a promising method to further develop biofilm reactors by reducing economic costs associated with biomass separation and harvesting. However, the reliability of materials to support such adherence needs further investigation. Five common microfiltration membranes were evaluated in this study to assess their influence on the efficacy of harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The material-to-material, algae-to-algae, and algae-to-material interactions were studied based on the Extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. The results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa was hydrophobic and that the algae particles derived from this algae type tended to agglomerate. Furthermore, the algae–membrane adhesion free energy further validated the accumulation of biomass in the experiments — the cellulose acetate nitrate (CACN) membrane and the cellulose acetate (CA) membrane obtained an optical biomass production of 59.93 and 51.27 g m−2. The presence of these interactions promoted the adhesion of more microalgae particles to the membrane. Moreover, the relationship between the algae–membrane and the distance at which the microalgae approached the membrane surface was simulated. The study indicated that the XDLVO theory could be successfully applied to the mechanism for the adhesion of the attached culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to the membrane material. Attached microalgae production in wastewater is a promising method to further develop biofilm reactors by reducing economic costs associated with biomass separation and harvesting.![]()
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Hu Y, Yang D, Tu Y, Chai K, Chu L, Shi S, Yao T. Dynamic-Inspired Perspective on the Molecular Inhibitor of Tau Aggregation by Glucose Gallates Based on Human Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4162-4174. [PMID: 34649422 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular inhibitor of tau protein aggregation offers an attractive therapeutic possibility as disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, the ineffectiveness as well as adjoint toxicity due to superficial understanding of the inhibition mechanism has hindered drug development. Conventional approaches for screening drug ligands rely on compatible docking with the well-defined structure of a protein receptor. Therefore, the design of tau aggregation inhibitors has been inevitably hindered by the unstructured, highly dynamic nature of the tau protein. This paper suggested a new strategy for reducing tau aggregation through a dynamic process of conformational isomerization. A group of glucose gallate derivatives were selected as tau aggregation inhibitors. These star-shaped molecules have a biocompatible glucose core surrounded by several gallic acid polyphenol arms, which can bind to peptide chains at different sites, probably through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking. Theoretically, by elevating the saddle point on the potential energy surfaces (PES) of proteins, the barrier in the dynamic pathway of peptide isomerization, glucose gallates effectively inhibit tau aggregation through a dynamic mechanism. A tau cell model based on human neurons was constructed. For the first time, we confirmed that the moderate thermodynamic binding of the molecular ligand to the tau peptide chain can not only prevent the isomerization of the peptide chain leading to aggregation but also avoid toxicity resulting from the dissociation of tau from microtubules.
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Zhou L, Chen J, Li R, Wei L, Xiong H, Wang C, Chai K, Chen M, Zhu Z, Yao T, Lin Y, Dong C, Shi S. Metal-Polyphenol-Network Coated Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Synergistic Ferroptosis and Apoptosis via Triggered GPX4 Inhibition and Concurrent In Situ Bleomycin Toxification. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103919. [PMID: 34623753 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given that traditional anticancer therapies fail to significantly improve the prognoses of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), new modalities with high efficiency are urgently needed. Herein, by mixing the metal-phenolic network formed by tannic acid (TA), bleomycin (BLM), and Fe3+ with glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor (ML210) loaded hollow mesoporous Prussian blue (HMPB) nanocubes, the HMPB/ML210@TA-BLM-Fe3+ (HMTBF) nanocomplex is prepared to favor the ferroptosis/apoptosis synergism in TNBC. During the intracellular degradation, Fe3+ /Fe2+ conversion mediated by TA can initiate the Fenton reaction to drastically upregulate the reactive oxygen species level in cells, subsequently induce the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, and thereby cause ferroptotic cell death; meanwhile, the released ML210 efficiently represses the activity of GPX4 to activate ferroptosis pathway. Besides, the chelation of Fe2+ with BLM leads to in situ BLM toxification at tumor site, then triggers an effective apoptosis to synergize with ferroptosis for tumor therapy. As a result, the superior in vivo antitumor efficacy of HMTBF is corroborated in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mice model regarding tumor growth suppression, indicating that the nanoformulations can serve as efficient ferroptosis and apoptosis inducers for use in combinatorial TNBC therapy.
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Wu YT, Yao T, Shi J, Wang JM, Liu GM, Wang FZ, Feng YL, Wang SP. [Immunity persistence of 60 μg high dose hepatitis B vaccine and influencing factors in maintained hemodialysis patients]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:1566-1572. [PMID: 34814585 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20210319-00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the anti-HBs level in maintained hemodialysis patients one year after receiving 20 μg and 60 μg hepatitis B vaccination at 0, 1 and 6 months, and explore the influence factors for the immunity persistence and their interactions. Methods: Based on a randomized controlled trial of 20 μg and 60 μg hepatitis B vaccine immunization in maintained hemodialysis patients at 0, 1, and 6 months, follow up was conducted for the patients for one year after the completion of the vaccination for the quantitative detection of anti-HBs, and χ2 test, t test, unconditional logistic regression and interaction analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results: One year after the vaccination, 125 and 124 patients in the 20 μg and 60 μg groups were tested for anti-HBs, respectively. The positive rate of anti-HBs in the 60 μg group (77.42%, 96/124) was significantly higher than that in the 20 μg group (65.60%, 82/125) (P<0.05). After adjusting for the confounding factors, the positive probability of anti-HBs in the 60 μg group was 1.925 times higher than that in the 20 μg group (95%CI: 1.068-3.468). Patients with hemodialysis duration ≥5 years (OR=0.523, 95%CI: 0.293-0.935) and diabetes mellitus (OR=0.376, 95%CI: 0.173-0.818) had lower positive probability of anti-HBs. Moreover, there were additive and multiplicative interactions between hemodialysis duration ≥5 years and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: The immunity persistence after one year in 60 μg hepatitis B vaccination group was longer than that in 20 μg hepatitis B vaccination group in maintained hemodialysis patients, vaccine dose, hemodialysis duration and diabetes mellitus were the influencing factors for the immunity persistence, there were additive and multiplicative interactions between hemodialysis duration ≥5 years and diabetes mellitus.
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Zhou L, Chen J, Sun Y, Chai K, Zhu Z, Wang C, Chen M, Han W, Hu X, Li R, Yao T, Li H, Dong C, Shi S. A self-amplified nanocatalytic system for achieving "1 + 1 + 1 > 3" chemodynamic therapy on triple negative breast cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:261. [PMID: 34481495 PMCID: PMC8418045 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), employing Fenton or Fenton-like catalysts to convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) to kill cancer cells, holds great promise in tumor therapy due to its high selectivity. However, the therapeutic effect is significantly limited by insufficient intracellular H2O2 level in tumor cells. Fortunately, β-Lapachone (Lapa) that can exert H2O2-supplementing functionality under the catalysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) enzyme offers a new idea to solve this problem. However, extensive DNA damage caused by high levels of reactive oxygen species can trigger the "hyperactivation" of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which results in the severe interruption of H2O2 supply and further the reduced efficacy of CDT. Herein, we report a self-amplified nanocatalytic system (ZIF67/Ola/Lapa) to co-deliver the PARP inhibitor Olaparib (Ola) and NQO1-bioactivatable drug Lapa for sustainable H2O2 production and augmented CDT ("1 + 1 + 1 > 3"). RESULTS The effective inhibition of PARP by Ola can synergize Lapa to enhance H2O2 formation due to the continuous NQO1 redox cycling. In turn, the high levels of H2O2 further react with Co2+ to produce the highly toxic ·OH by Fenton-like reaction, dramatically improving CDT. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the excellent antitumor activity of ZIF67/Ola/Lapa in NQO1 overexpressed MDA-MB-231 tumor cells. Importantly, the nanocomposite presents minimal systemic toxicity in normal tissues due to the low NQO1 expression. CONCLUSIONS This design of nanocatalytic system offers a new paradigm for combing PARP inhibitor, NQO1-bioactivatable drug and Fenton-reagents to obtain sustained H2O2 generation for tumor-specific self-amplified CDT.
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Romero Marcia AD, Yao T, Chen MH, Oles RE, Lindemann SR. Fine Carbohydrate Structure of Dietary Resistant Glucans Governs the Structure and Function of Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092924. [PMID: 34578800 PMCID: PMC8467459 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber consumption has been shown to increase human gut microbial diversity, but the mechanisms driving this effect remain unclear. One possible explanation is that microbes are able to divide metabolic labor in consumption of complex carbohydrates, which are composed of diverse glycosidic linkages that require specific cognate enzymes for degradation. However, as naturally derived fibers vary in both sugar composition and linkage structure, it is challenging to separate out the impact of each of these variables. We hypothesized that fine differences in carbohydrate linkage structure would govern microbial community structure and function independently of variation in glycosyl residue composition. To test this hypothesis, we fermented commercially available soluble resistant glucans, which are uniformly composed of glucose linked in different structural arrangements, in vitro with fecal inocula from each of three individuals. We measured metabolic outputs (pH, gas, and short-chain fatty acid production) and community structure via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We determined that community metabolic outputs from identical glucans were highly individual, emerging from divergent initial microbiome structures. However, specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) responded similarly in growth responses across individuals’ microbiota, though in context-dependent ways; these data suggested that certain taxa were more efficient in competing for some structures than others. Together, these data support the hypothesis that variation in linkage structure, independent of sugar composition, governs compositional and functional responses of microbiota.
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Xue L, Ye Z, Liu L, Yi X, Zhang P, Zang L, He J, Liu R, Liu L, Luo B, Shi S, Shi M, Zong J, Yao T. [Ruifuping pectin protects against intestinal mucosal injury in the rat exertional heat stroke model]. ZHONGHUA WEI ZHONG BING JI JIU YI XUE 2021; 33:871-875. [PMID: 34412760 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20201126-00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the intestinal function in rats with exertional heat stroke (EHS) and explore the protective role of Ruifuping pectin (RFP) against heat related intestinal mucosal injury. METHODS One hundred and twenty healthy special pathogen free (SPF) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normothermic control group, EHS model group, hyperthermic plus drinking water group (H2O+EHS group) and hyperthermic plus pectin group (RFP+EHS group) with 30 rats in each group. The rats in the H2O+EHS group and RFP+EHS group were given water 20 mL/kg or RFP 20 mL/kg orally for 5 days during adaptive training period. After 1 week, the temperature control range was adjusted to (37±1) centigrade using the temperature control treadmill, and the rat model of EHS was reproduced by one-time high temperature exhaustive exercise. No rehydration intervention was given during the training adaptation period in the EHS model group. The rats in the normothermic control group were maintained to room temperature (25±2) centigrade and humidity (55±5)% without other treatment. Behavior tests including withdraw response, righting, and muscle strength were performed immediately after onset of EHS. Blood of inferior vena cava was collected, and the serum inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10)] and activity of diamine oxidase (DAO) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The intestinal mucosa was collected, after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Chiu score was performed to assess EHS induced pathological changes under light microscope. RESULTS The rats in the EHS model group had behavioral, inflammatory and pathological changes, such as delayed withdraw response and righting, decreased forelimb pulling, increased inflammatory index, and obvious intestinal mucosal injury, which indicated that the reproduction of the EHS model was successful. There was no significant difference in above parameters between the H2O+EHS group and the EHS model group except that the inflammatory index in the RFP+EHS group was improved. Compared with the EHS model group, the withdraw reflex to pain and righting after RFP pretreatment in the RFP+EHS group were significantly improved (righting score: 1.4±0.2 vs. 0.3±0.2, withdraw reflex to pain score: 1.0±0.1 vs. 0.2±0.1, both P < 0.05), the muscle strength was significantly increased (N: 13.0±0.5 vs. 8.2±0.6, P < 0.01). The levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the RFP+EHS group were significantly lower than those in the EHS model group [TNF-α (ng/L): 67.5±9.2 vs. 194.3±13.7, IL-6 (ng/L): 360.0±54.1 vs. 981.2±84.4, IL-1β (ng/L): 33.7±9.0 vs. 88.7±6.1, all P < 0.01], while the level of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was higher than that in the EHS model group (ng/L: 208.7±10.5 vs. 103.7±7.0, P < 0.01). The degree of intestinal mucosal injury in the RFP+EHS group was less severe than that in the EHS model group, and the Chiu score and DAO were significantly lower than those in the EHS model group [Chiu score: 1.5±0.2 vs. 3.8±0.0, DAO (U/L): 83.7±6.7 vs. 128.7±10.5, both P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS High temperature training can damage the intestinal barrier function, and induce endotoxemia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in rats. Oral prophylactic RFP can protect the intestinal barrier function, alleviate SIRS, and promote the recovery of basic nerve reflex and muscle strength after the occurrence of EHS in rats.
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