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Yang YT. The Crumbley Convictions: Parental Accountability and Policy Implications for Preventing Gun Violence. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024; 30:625-627. [PMID: 38950427 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
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Berg CJ, Romm KF, LoParco CR, Rossheim ME, Cui Y, Platt E, Yang YT, Wang Y, Kasson E, Szlyk HS, McCready DM, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Young Adults' Experiences with Cannabis Retailer Marketing and Related Practices: Differences Among Sociodemographic Groups and Associations with Cannabis Use-related Outcomes. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02092-z. [PMID: 39009926 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Limited cannabis retail surveillance has been conducted, particularly assessing retailer practices in relation to consumer sociodemographic factors or use-related outcomes. This study examined young adults': exposure to promotions, health claims, warnings, and age restrictions at cannabis retailers; demographic correlates of retail exposures; and retail exposures in relation to use-related outcomes. STUDY DESIGN This study used the cross-sectional quantitative analysis. METHODS We analyzed 2023 survey data among 876 young adults in states with legal non-medical cannabis, reporting past-month cannabis use and past-year retailer visits. RESULTS In this sample (Mage = 27.1, 44.1% male, 31.7% sexual minority, 17.7% Black, 11.2% Asian, 25.1% Hispanic), 46.7% "at least sometimes" noticed free samples, 76.5% price promotions, 37.4% subpopulation-targeted promotions; 72.5% health claims on products/ads, 63.1% signage, and 70.5% from budtenders; 72.5% warnings on labels, 65.5% signage, and 38.9% from budtenders; and > 80% age verifications. Multivariable analyses identified sociodemographic correlates of exposure outcomes: greater promotion exposure was associated with Black race; greater health claim exposure with being heterosexual, Black, and less educated; less warning exposure with less education; and less age restriction exposure with being younger, male, and Black. Retail exposures were associated with use-related outcomes: more frequent cannabis use was associated with less health claim exposure; greater perceived social acceptability with greater promotion and age restriction exposure; greater perceived risk with greater warning and less age restriction exposure; more problematic use and driving after use with greater promotion and less age restriction exposure. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis retail exposure disparities and their associations with use-related outcomes highlight the importance of regulatory and prevention efforts.
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Yang YT, Leslie TF, Delamater PL. Hepatitis B Vaccine Refusal Trends in Washington, DC, Newborns, 2017-2022. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2421202. [PMID: 38990574 PMCID: PMC11240185 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.21202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluates trends in rates of hepatitis B vaccine birth dose refusals in Washington, DC, from 2017 to 2022.
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LoParco CR, Cui Y, McCready D, Romm KF, Yang YT, Rossheim ME, Carlini B, Vinson K, Cavazos-Rehg P, Berg CJ. State Requirements for Non-Medical US Cannabis Retail Personnel. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024; 30:517-525. [PMID: 38833682 PMCID: PMC11176038 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In September 2023, we examined requirements for budtenders working in nonmedical dispensaries in the 20 states with active non-medical cannabis markets. Two coders extracted data from each state's licensing board and/or governmental websites. The age requirement for budtenders was ≥21 years old ( n = 17) or ≥18 ( n = 3). Most states ( n = 16) required background checks; 10 specified felony convictions preventing employment, 5 allowed the Department to determine eligibility, and 2 allowed petitions upon denial. Twelve states required fingerprinting. There were application fees ($25-$300) in 13 states. Structured training was required in 7 states, while 5 states required employee training. Given the diverse budtender requirements, the evaluation of budtender standards is essential to assess the impacts of training on regulatory compliance and consumer education, and of application costs and conviction-based employment restrictions on social equity. This must inform the development of effective regulations and enforcement protocols, as well as and how to promote equity in cannabis regulations.
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Yang YT. Public advocacy crucial in curbing gun violence. Lancet 2024; 403:2784. [PMID: 38944523 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
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Cui Y, Duan Z, LoParco CR, Vinson K, Romm KF, Wang Y, Cavazos-Rehg PA, Kasson E, Yang YT, Berg CJ. Changes in online marketing and sales practices among non-medical cannabis retailers in 5 US cities, 2022 to 2023. Prev Med Rep 2024; 42:102755. [PMID: 38764758 PMCID: PMC11101894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Given the evolving cannabis marketplace (e.g., products, marketing strategies), this study examined online cannabis marketing practices over time. Methods In 2022 and 2023, researchers assessed website content (e.g., age verification, sales, delivery, warnings, ad content, promotional strategies) among 175 randomly-selected cannabis retailers' websites across 5 US cities (Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles [LA], California, n=∼35/city). Analyses compared data from 2022 vs. 2023 and considered regulatory factors across cities. Results Similar to 2022, in 2023, 76.6 % required age verification for site entry, 85.1 % used social media promotion, and 90.9 % offered online sales (82.4 % of which required age verification and 34.6 % offered delivery). There were significant (p < .05) decreases from 2022 to 2023 in the proportions indicating medical card requirements (27.4 % to 15.4 %), purchase limits (59.4 % to 47.4 %), health warnings (38.9 % to 29.7 %), health benefits (60 % to 47.4 %), and discounts/price promotions (92.6 % to 86.3 %). In 2023, proportions differed across cities in ways reflecting whether state/local law allowed online sales (>90 % in Denver, Las Vegas, LA), allowed discounts/price promotions (100 % in Denver and Las Vegas), or required health warnings (48-60 % in Seattle and LA vs. < 20 % elsewhere). Despite all sites prohibiting youth-oriented content and all but Denver and Las Vegas prohibiting health claims, 30.3 % posted content targeting youth/young adults (LA = 8.1 % to Denver = 74.2 %) and 47.4 % health claims (Seattle = 27.0 % to Denver = 71.0 %). Conclusions Online cannabis retail presents risks for access and appeal to minors, emphasizes health benefits, and uses price promotions, regardless of restrictions, indicating need for greater regulatory efforts.
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Yang YT. Protecting humanitarian aid workers: an urgent call. Lancet 2024; 403:1847. [PMID: 38703780 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
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Yang YT, Schaffer DeRoo S. Equitable Access to RSV Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities With Nirsevimab's Rollout. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024; 30:153-154. [PMID: 37934085 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
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Yang YT, Sudarshan S. Data disaggregation and unintended consequences. Lancet 2024; 403:528. [PMID: 38237627 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
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Yang YT, Socal M, Bennett CL. Addressing the Drug-Shortage Crisis in Oncology. JAMA Oncol 2024; 10:155-156. [PMID: 38175651 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
This Viewpoint offers strategies for addressing shortages in essential chemotherapeutic drugs.
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LoParco CR, Cui Y, Bar-Zeev Y, Levine H, Duan Z, Wang Y, Abroms LC, Khayat A, Yang YT, Berg CJ. Driving under the influence of cannabis versus alcohol: A mixed-methods study examining perceptions and related risk behaviors among US and Israeli adults. Addict Behav 2024; 148:107843. [PMID: 37660497 PMCID: PMC10591998 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the dangers of driving under the influence (DUI), little is known about DUI substance-specific risk perceptions or risk factors for riding with drunk/drugged drivers (RDD). METHODS In this sequential exploratory mixed-methods study, we conducted: 1) multivariable analyses of cross-sectional survey data from 2222 US and Israeli adults to identify correlates of perceived cannabis- vs. alcohol-related DUI risks (linear regression) and past-month RDD involving alcohol-only, cannabis-only, or both (alcohol-cannabis) (multinomial logistic regression); and 2) deductive-inductive thematic analyses of qualitative interview data from 84 participants to identify themes elaborating on survey findings regarding DUI-related risk perceptions. RESULTS 54.0 % reported past-month alcohol use, 16.7 % cannabis use, 4.2 % alcohol-only RDD, 5.5 % cannabis-only RDD, and 7.9 % alcohol-cannabis RDD. Being from the US, not having children at home, and cannabis non-use correlated with lower perceived cannabis vs. alcohol DUI risk. Lower perceived cannabis vs. alcohol DUI risk correlated with cannabis-only and alcohol-cannabis (vs. no) RDD, and with alcohol-cannabis (vs. cannabis-only) RDD. Alcohol use correlated with alcohol-only (vs. no) RDD and alcohol-cannabis (vs. cannabis-only) RDD. Cannabis use correlated with cannabis-only and alcohol-cannabis (vs. no) RDD, and with alcohol-cannabis (vs. alcohol-only) RDD. Being from the US correlated with alcohol-only (vs. alcohol-cannabis and none) RDD and cannabis-only (vs. alcohol-cannabis) RDD; being from Israel correlated with alcohol-cannabis (vs. no) RDD. Qualitative data indicated most participants perceived greater risk of DUI of alcohol vs. cannabis and desired more effective DUI-related prevention and regulatory efforts. CONCLUSIONS Prevention interventions targeting DUI- and RDD-related risk perceptions are needed, particularly for high-risk populations.
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Romm KF, Cavazos-Rehg PA, Williams R, Dopke C, Cui Y, LoParco CR, Wang Y, Duan Z, Yang YT, Burris S, Berg CJ. Cannabis Retailer Communication About Cannabis Products, Health Benefits, and Risks: A Mystery Shopper Study of Licensed Retailers in Five U.S. Cities. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024; 85:100-108. [PMID: 37917012 PMCID: PMC10846606 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the U.S. cannabis market expands, surveillance of retailer practices, especially product health claims and risks, is crucial to protect consumers. In this study, mystery shoppers (i.e., staff not explicitly identified as researchers) examined retail personnel communication regarding product recommendations, health benefits, safety, and/or risks among U.S. cannabis retailers. METHOD In Summer 2022, mystery shoppers audited 140 licensed cannabis retailers in 5 cities in states with established nonmedical (i.e., recreational) cannabis sales and diverse regulations (Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles, California). Descriptive and bivariate analyses characterized retail personnel communication overall and across cities. RESULTS Common product recommendations for new users included edibles, pre-rolled joints, and bud/flower, and 8.6% offered free/inexpensive ways to sample products. Although Colorado, Washington, and Oregon explicitly prohibited health claims in advertising or labels, more than 90% of retailers there endorsed use for anxiety, insomnia, and/or pain. Whereas 54.3% endorsed use for pregnancy-related nausea (least common in Denver, 23.3%; most common in Seattle, 76.7%), 26.4% warned against use during pregnancy (most frequently in Denver, 46.7%; least frequently in Seattle and Portland, 13.3%). Overall, 52.1% warned against driving after use (most frequently in Denver, 80.0%; least frequently in Las Vegas, 20.0%). Almost all (≥90%) sold cannabidiol (CBD) products and endorsed their health benefits and safety, but few (<10%) sold or endorsed delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), etc. (all of which were in Los Angeles). CONCLUSIONS Ongoing cannabis retail surveillance, particularly using protocols assessing factors outside those visibly observable, is needed to inform regulatory and enforcement efforts, especially related to health claims.
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Delamater PL, Goel V, Strack CN, Yang YT. Provisional Entrants, Exemptions, and Kindergarteners Up-to-Date on Vaccination Before and After a Regulatory Change in Pennsylvania, 2015-2019. Public Health Rep 2024; 139:66-71. [PMID: 36927265 PMCID: PMC10905753 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231156569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Before the 2017-2018 school year, Pennsylvania shortened the grace period for provisional entrants-kindergarteners who are not up-to-date on vaccination and do not have medical or nonmedical exemption-from 8 months to 5 days. We analyzed the impact of this change on school-entry vaccination status. METHODS Using data from the Pennsylvania Department of Health for school years 2015-2016 through 2018-2019, we examined state-level trends in Pennsylvania kindergarteners' vaccination status, including the percentage who were up-to-date on each required vaccine, provisionally enrolled, medically exempted from vaccination, and nonmedically exempted from vaccination. Using the Spearman correlation coefficient, we assessed associations at the school level among changes in kindergarteners' vaccination status after the grace period was shortened. RESULTS From 2016-2017 to 2017-2018, the provisional entrance rate of kindergarteners in Pennsylvania decreased substantially after the change in the grace period (from 8.1% to 2.2%), the medical exemption rate remained stable, and the nonmedical exemption rate increased slightly (from 1.8% to 2.5%). The percentage of kindergarteners up-to-date on required vaccines increased or remained stable across the study period except for polio, which decreased from 97.9% in 2015-2016 to 96.2% in 2018-2019. The change in provisional entrance rate was negatively associated with change in kindergarteners up-to-date on required vaccines (ρ range, -0.30 to -0.70) but not with change in medical or nonmedical exemptions (ρ range, -0.01 to -0.08). CONCLUSIONS Efforts to reduce provisional entrants may increase the percentage of kindergarteners up-to-date on vaccinations at school entry without a corresponding increase in exemptions.
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Yang YT. The need for medical sanctity in conflict zones. Lancet 2023; 402:2191-2192. [PMID: 38008107 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
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Kamin-Friedman S, Davidovitch N, Yang YT. Israel's repeal of a sweet beverages tax harms public health. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1231709. [PMID: 38162613 PMCID: PMC10755473 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
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Yang YT, Strack CN, Delamater PL. Students Provisionally Enrolled Due to Vaccination Requirements: Variation in State Laws and Rates. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2023; 29:810-814. [PMID: 37199410 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the laws and regulations surrounding provisional enrollment in schools across the United States. Provisional enrollment refers to children who have started, but not completed, their required vaccinations and are allowed to attend school while completing their vaccinations. We found that nearly all states have laws regarding provisional enrollment, with 5 essential components to compare the laws including vaccine- and dose-specific requirements, type of personnel permitted to authorize, length of time that the children have to become up to date on their vaccinations (grace period), follow-up procedures, and consequences for noncompliance. In addition, we found that the percentage of provisionally enrolled kindergarteners varied greatly from state to state, with some states having less than 1% of provisionally enrolled kindergarteners and others having more than 8% between school years 2015-2016 and 2020-2021. We suggest that reducing the number of provisional entrants could be an alternative intervention to increase vaccination coverage.
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Yang YT, Olick RS, Shaw J. Religious Exemptions, Public Health, and School Vaccination Requirements. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:1001-1002. [PMID: 37639242 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint examines 2 recent cases that encapsulate the debate on religious exemptions to school vaccination requirements and further argues against these exemptions for schoolchildren.
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Yang YT, Mahoney AD. Redefining nursing: advancing health equity post-pandemic. Lancet 2023; 402:1039. [PMID: 37741672 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
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Yang YT, Sudarshan S. Beyond Stricter Gun Control Measures: Lessons From the Nashville Shooting. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2023; 29:609-610. [PMID: 37478092 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
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Kamin-Friedman S, Levine H, Davidovitch N, Troen AM, Yang YT. Israel's judicial overhaul: a threat to the Health in All Policies approach. Lancet 2023; 402:689-690. [PMID: 37573861 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
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Berg CJ, Romm KF, Pannell A, Sridharan P, Sapra T, Rajamahanty A, Cui Y, Wang Y, Yang YT, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Cannabis retailer marketing strategies and regulatory compliance: A surveillance study of retailers in 5 US cities. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107696. [PMID: 36966547 PMCID: PMC10674052 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
As cannabis retail expands in the US, its surveillance is crucial to inform regulations and protect consumers. This study addresses this need by conducting point-of-sale audits examining regulatory compliance (e.g., age verification, signage), advertising/promotional strategies, products, and pricing among 150 randomly-selected cannabis retailers in 5 US cities (30/city: Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles, California) in Summer 2022. Descriptive and bivariate analyses characterized the retailers overall and across cities. Age verification rates were high (>90%). The majority of retailers had signage indicating restricted access (e.g., no minors; 87.3%), onsite consumption (73.3%), and distribution to minors (53.3%). Retailers were likely to post warnings regarding use during pregnancy/breastfeeding (72.0%), followed by health risks (38.0%), impacts on children/youth (18.7%), and DUI (14.0%). Overall, 28.7% posted health claims, 20.7% posted youth-oriented signage, and 18.0% had youth-oriented packaging. Price promotions were prevalent, particularly price specials (75.3%), daily/weekly/monthly specials (66.7%), and membership programs (39.3%). One-fourth had signs/promotions indicating curbside delivery/pick-up (28.0%) and/or online ordering (25.3%); 64.7% promoted their website or social media page. The most potent cannabis products were most often e-liquids (38.0%) or oils (24.7%); the least potent were often edibles (53.0%). The most expensive product was often bud/flower (58.0%); the least was joints (54.0%). The vast majority (≥81%) sold vaporizers, wrapping papers, and hookah/waterpipes/bongs, and 22.6% sold CBD products. Marketing strategies differed across cities, reflecting differences in state-specific regulations and/or gaps in compliance/enforcement. Findings underscore the need for ongoing cannabis retail surveillance to inform future regulatory and enforcement efforts.
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Yang YT, Sudarshan S. Preserving diversity in healthcare after the US Supreme Court's affirmative action ruling. BMJ 2023; 382:p1691. [PMID: 37479230 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
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Berg CJ, LoParco CR, Cui Y, Pannell A, Kong G, Griffith L, Romm KF, Yang YT, Wang Y, Cavazos-Rehg PA. A review of social media platform policies that address cannabis promotion, marketing and sales. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:35. [PMID: 37337216 PMCID: PMC10278361 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis marketing exposure via social media may impact use in youth and young adults. Most states with recreational cannabis lack policies regarding social media-based marketing. Thus, we examined such policies among prominent platforms, particularly those popular among youth and young adults. METHODS In September-October 2022, 3 research team members extracted policies applying to the general community, advertising, and any specific content regarding drug-related content for 11 social media sites: Discord, Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok, Tumblr, Twitch, Twitter, and YouTube. Using inductive thematic analysis, they then dual-coded restrictions on cannabis-related content (e.g., paid advertising, unpaid promotion, sales). Descriptive analyses were conducted. RESULTS Ten (all except TikTok) referenced cannabis/marijuana, 7 (all except Discord, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube) distinguished different cannabis-derived products, and 5 (Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok, Tumblr, Twitter) noted jurisdictional differences in cannabis regulations/legality. All prohibited sales, 9 (all except Snapchat and Tumblr) prohibited paid advertising, and 4 (Discord, Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok) prohibited unpaid promotion (e.g., user-generated content). All restricted underage access to cannabis-related content. However, policies varied and were ambiguous regarding how "promotion" was defined, whether/how jurisdictional differences in legality were addressed, how businesses may interact on social media, barriers implemented to inhibit the facilitation of sales, and enforcement protocols. CONCLUSIONS Social media policies regarding cannabis marketing are ambiguous and may facilitate cannabis marketing, promotion, sales, and underage exposure, thus compounding concerns regarding insufficient governmental regulations. Greater specificity in social media cannabis-related policies and enforcement is needed.
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Yang YT, Berg CJ, Burris S. Cannabis Equity Initiatives: Progress, Problems, and Potentials. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:487-489. [PMID: 36926969 PMCID: PMC10088935 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Ziemann M, Strasser J, Krips M, Yang YT, Pittman P. How Governor Directives Changed Health Workforce Flexibility in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Public Health Rep 2023; 138:78S-89S. [PMID: 37226941 DOI: 10.1177/00333549221132534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In times of heightened population health needs, the health workforce must respond quickly and efficiently, especially at the state level. We examined state governors' executive orders related to 2 key health workforce flexibility issues, scope of practice (SOP) and licensing, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We conducted an in-depth document review of state governors' executive orders introduced in 2020 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. We conducted a thematic content analysis of the executive order language using an inductive process and then categorized executive orders by profession (advanced practice registered nurses, physician assistants, and pharmacists) and degree of flexibility granted; for licensing, we indicated yes or no for easing or waiving cross-state regulatory barriers. RESULTS We identified executive orders in 36 states containing explicit directives addressing SOP or out-of-state licensing, with those in 20 states easing regulatory barriers pertaining to both workforce issues. Seventeen states issued executive orders expanding SOP for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants, most commonly by completely waiving physician practice agreements, while those in 9 states expanded pharmacist SOP. Executive orders in 31 states and the District of Columbia eased or waived out-of-state licensing regulatory barriers, usually for all health care professionals. CONCLUSION Governor directives issued through executive orders played an important role in expanding health workforce flexibility in the first year of the pandemic, especially in states with restrictive practice regulations prior to COVID-19. Future research should examine what effects these temporary flexibilities may have had on patient and practice outcomes or on permanent efforts to relax practice restrictions for health care professionals.
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