501
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Ward S, Argon Y, Nelson GA. Sperm morphogenesis in wild-type and fertilization-defective mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Biol 1981; 91:26-44. [PMID: 7298721 PMCID: PMC2111930 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.91.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of conditions that allow spermatogenesis in vitro, the timing and sequence of morphological changes leading from the primary spermatocyte to the spermatozoon is described by light and electron microscopy. Together with previous studies, this allows a detailed description of the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane changes occurring during spermatozoan morphogenesis. By comparison with wild type, abnormalities in spermatogenesis leading to aberrant infertile spermatozoa are found in six fertilization-defective (fer) mutants. In fer-1 mutant males, spermatids appear normal, but during spermiogenesis membranous organelles (MO) fail to fuse with the sperm plasma membrane and a short, though motile. pseudopod is formed. In fer-2, fer-3, and fer-4 mutants, spermatids accumulate 48-nm tubules around their nuclei where the centriole and an RNA containing perinuclear halo would normally be. In all three mutants, spermatids still activate to spermatozoa with normal fusion of their MOs, but the pseudopods formed are aberrant in most fer-2 and fer-4 spermatozoa and in some fer-3 spermatozoa. In fer-5 mutant males, spermatozoa do not form. Instead, defective spermatids with crystalline inclusions and abnormal internal laminar membranes accumulate. In fer-6 mutant males, only a few spermatozoa form and these have defective pseudopods. These spermatozoa retain their fibrous bodies, a structure which normally disassembles in the spermatid. The time of appearance of developmental abnormalities in all of these mutants correlates with the temperature-sensitive periods for development of infertility. The observation that each of these mutants has a different and discreet set of morphological defects, a structure which normally disassembles in the spermatid. The time of appearance of developmental abnormalities in all of these mutants correlates with the temperature-sensitive periods for development of infertility. The observation that each of these mutants has a different and discreet set of morphological defects, a structure which normally disassembles in the spermatid. The time of appearance of developmental abnormalities in all of these mutants correlates with the temperature-sensitive periods for development of infertility. The observation that each of these mutants has a different and discreet set of morphological defects shows that the strict sequence of morphogenetic events that occurs during wild-type spermatogenesis cannot arise because each event is dependent on previous events. Instead, spermatozoa, like bacteriophages, must be formed by multiple independent pathways of morphogenesis.
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502
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White MD, Kuhn NJ, Ward S. Mannitol and glucose movement across the Golgi membrane of lactating-rat mammary gland. Biochem J 1981; 194:173-7. [PMID: 6796056 PMCID: PMC1162730 DOI: 10.1042/bj1940173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Purified Golgi-membrane vesicles of lactating-rat mammary gland were penetrated by glucose. 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose, sorbitol and mannitol, but not by lactose or sucrose. 2. The kinetics of mannitol uptake and release were followed at 2-6 degrees C with the aid of fine filters (0.45 micrometers pore size) to separate the vesicles from the medium. 3. Mannitol efflux exhibited apparent first-order kinetics with k approximately 1 min-1. Neither saturability, nor inhibition by excess sorbitol or glucose, could be observed. 4. Mannitol efflux at 18 degrees C was about seven times faster than at 1 degrees C, and rates at higher temperatures were too fast to be measured. The rate of glucose efflux at 2-6 degrees C exceeded that of mannitol severalfold. 5. These findings imply a channel or carrier of definite, but limited, specificity straddling the Golgi membrane and able to supply glucose for lactose synthesis.
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503
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504
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Kinney EL, Wynn J, Ward S, Babb JD, Wine-Shaffer C, Zelis R. Ruptured chordae tendineae. Its association with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1980; 104:595-6. [PMID: 6893538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was complicated by ruptured chordae tendineae. The mechanisms responsible for severe cardiac dysfunction in SLE are discussed.
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505
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Bengston D, Berman S, Carrisosa M, Johnston J, Linden D, Nehrenberg J, Pasienski B, Ward S. Mystical OR unmasks for the public. TODAY'S OR NURSE 1980; 2:21-7. [PMID: 6159699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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506
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Abstract
Seven new fertilization-defective mutants of C. elegans have been isolated and characterized; six are temperature sensitive, one is absolute and all are autosomal recessive. One mutation is in a previously described gene, while the other six define six new fer genes that appear to code for sperm-specific functions necessary for normal fertilization. In all fer mutants, both males and hermaphrodites accumulate sperm in near normal numbers. In hermaphrodites, mutant sperm contact the oocytes, but fail to fertilize them. Instead, the sperm are swept into the uterus by the passing oocytes and are expelled when oocytes are laid. Males of two fer mutants do not transfer sperm during copulation, but the other mutant males transfer sperm that fail to move to the spermatheca. Spermatozoa from fer-1 and fer-4 mutants are motility-defective in vitro as well as in vivo, and their pseudopods have an altered morphology. The period of development during which mutant hermaphrodites are temperature sensitive for fertility overlaps the time of sperm development. Some mutants are temperature sensitive throughout the entire period, and others are temperature sensitive during or just prior to spermiogenesis. In fer-4/+ and fer-7/+ males, the fertility of the mutation-bearing sperm is diminished, reducing the transmission ratio. This implies some post-meiotic expression of these genes.--This set of mutants provides a variety of functional and structural alterations in nematode sperm that should help identify and analyze gene products involved in sperm morphogenesis and motility.
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507
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White MD, Kuhn NJ, Ward S. Permeability of lactating-rat mammary gland Golgi membranes to monosaccharides. Biochem J 1980; 190:621-4. [PMID: 7470073 PMCID: PMC1162139 DOI: 10.1042/bj1900621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi-membrane vesicles present in particulate preparations of lactating rat mammary gland were biosynthetically loaded with [14C]lactose. This lactose was effectively retained by particles sedimented after exposure to 0.25 M-disaccharide, but was partly lost after exposure to 0.25 M-glucose or other solutes of similar size. Loss of lactose was time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent and varied with the solute structure. This behaviour is ascribed to the presence of protein in the Golgi membrane, forming a specific carrier or channel that serves to supply glucose for lactose synthesis.
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508
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Sulewski JM, Ward S, Ladda RL. Gonadal dysgenesis in a 46,XY female mosaic for double autosomal trisomies 8 and 21. J Med Genet 1980; 17:321-3. [PMID: 6451706 PMCID: PMC1048581 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.17.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The proband was evaluated at 19 years of age because of primary amenorrhoea and, on chromosomal analysis, was found to have a 46,XY karyotype in 75% of her cells and 48,XY, +8, +21 in 25% of her cells. She appeared normal at birth and exhibited normal intellectual and physical development until puberty when secondary sexual differentiation failed. This young women showed none of the dysmorphic features associated with either trisomy 8 or trisomy 21. Her XY gonadal dysgenesis was manifested by late developmental problems of amenorrhoea, sexual infantilism, and gonadal neoplasia.
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509
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Kellett B, Ward S. Language disordered or deaf? THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF DISORDERS OF COMMUNICATION 1980; 15:31-37. [PMID: 7387868 DOI: 10.3109/13682828009011368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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510
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Marley JE, Ward S. Chlormethiazole as sleep cover for the elderly. Intravenous infusion during local analgesia. Anaesthesia 1980; 35:386-90. [PMID: 7435903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb05126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A method of avoiding postoperative confusion when local analgesic techniques are indicated for the elderly is described. Basal sedation using 0.8% chlormethiazole infusion intravenously, was employed. Mental function was not altered when the technique was used and it is suggested that the length of stay in hospital can be reduced.
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511
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Schiltz JR, Ward S. Effects of chick embryo extract fractions on collagen and glycosaminoglycan metabolism by chick chondroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 628:343-54. [PMID: 7370299 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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512
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Nelson GA, Ward S. Vesicle fusion, pseudopod extension and amoeboid motility are induced in nematode spermatids by the ionophore monensin. Cell 1980; 19:457-64. [PMID: 7357613 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The sodium- and potassium-transporting ionophore monensin induces the maturation of Caenorhabditis elegans spermatids to spermatozoa in vitro. Rearrangement of cytoplasm, fusion of membranous organelles with the plasma membrane and growth of pseudopodia, all characteristic of in vivo spermiogenesis, occur within five minutes after exposure to monensin at concentrations of 0.1-1.0 micronM. This activation is dependent upon external Na+ and K+ ions but not Ca2+ ions. Monensin-activated spermatozoa have normal morphology and normal amoeboid motility. During activation spermatids twitch and rotate prior to pseudopod extension. Analysis of intermediates by transmission and scanning electron microscopy reveals that the sequence of morphogenetic events leading from the spherical spermatid to the polarized spermatozoan involves microvilli rearrangement and membranous organelle fusion, cytoplasmic polarization, then pseudopod extension.
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513
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Kinney E, Wynn J, Hinton DM, Demers L, O'Neill M, Parr G, Ward S, Zelis R. Pericardial-fluid complement: normal values. Am J Clin Pathol 1979; 72:972-4. [PMID: 517464 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/72.6.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of low pericardial-fluid complement levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis have been difficult to interpret, as few data are available to describe complement concentrations in patients without pericardial disease. The authors therefore determined normal values under standardized conditions of collection, storage, and assay. The normal ranges for pericardial-fluid C3, C4, and total hemolytic complement were 35-127 mg/dl, 6.3-23 mg/dl, and 1.9-9.1 CH50 units, respectively. Storage at -20 C resulted in a 50% reduction in values. Hence, storage at -70 C is recommended. As the level of pericardial-fluid total hemolytic complement is normally low, caution is needed in interpreting its apparent reduction in various immunologic diseases.
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514
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515
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Aldrete JS, Halpern NB, Ward S, Wright JO. Factors determining the mortality and morbidity in hepatic injuries. Analysis of 108 cases. Ann Surg 1979; 189:466-74. [PMID: 375853 PMCID: PMC1397258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The experience with 108 cases of hepatic injuries was reviewed retrospectively and a classification based on the severity of the hepatic injury was used to group these patients accordingly. Using this criteria, the factors determining the observed morbidity and mortality were analyzed. Hepatic injuries amenable to relatively simple surgical treatment were found in 72 patients (67%). Nine deaths occurring in this group were attributed to the commonly encountered associated injuries inside and outside the abdomen. Moderately severe imjuries requiring suturing of the hepatic parenchyma and ligation of injured vessels and bile ducts were seen in 15 patients (14%). Two of these patients died. Severe hepatic injuries resulting in major blood loss requiring partial hepatectomy were seen in 21 patients (19%). Seven of the eight deaths (7.4%) attributable to the hepatic injury occurred in this group. As noted, ten other patients died from causes other than the hepatic injury for an overall mortality of 16.7%. A pre-established patient management program based on the classification of hepatic injuries is proposed as a method for improving the management of patients with hepatic injuries.
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516
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Roberts TM, Ward S, Chernin E. Behavioral responses of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia in concentration gradients of snail-conditioned water. J Parasitol 1979; 65:41-9. [PMID: 448598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement patterns of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia were examined in several concentrations and gradients of snail-conditioned water (SCW). Miracidia surrounded by uniform concentrations of SCW swam at the same speed and exhibited the same rate of turning (angular velocity) as did control miracidia swimming in spring water. However, miracidia in gradients of SCW exhibited a 3-fold increase in their angular velocity without altering their swimming speed. Miracidia ascending gradients of SCW did not increase their angular velocity and failed to orient to the gradient of the stimulant. In contrast, miracidia which encountered sufficiently abrupt decreases in SCW concentration, while descending the gradient, sharply increased their angular velocity. This behavior caused miracidia to remain in regions of high concentration of stimulant. The magnitude of decrease in SCW concentration needed to evoke this response depended on the absolute concentration of SCW. Thus, the miracidial response is a "boundary reaction", a form of chemoklinokinesis, and not a chemotaxis.
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517
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Frost G, Ward S, Croft D, Stritch P. From the clinic: adult tricycle program in a nursing home. AMERICAN CORRECTIVE THERAPY JOURNAL 1978; 32:191. [PMID: 747159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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518
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Nelson GA, Lew KK, Ward S. Intersex, a temperature-sensitive mutant of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 1978; 66:386-409. [PMID: 700253 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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519
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Roberts TM, Stibbs HH, Chermin E, Ward S. A simple quantitative technique for testing behavioral responses of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to chemicals. THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1978; 64:277-82. [PMID: 25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new technique for testing responses of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to chemicals. Miracidia in spring water were placed in a chamber shaped like the Greek letter phi. Small volumes of test chemicals were inoculated into one side of the chamber. After 30 sec a dam was inserted to bisect the chamber and the percentage of miracidia on the inoculated side was calculated. Reproducible quantitative results were obtained using the known miracidial stimulants, snail-conditioned water (Biomphalaria glabrata) and Mg2+; up to 80% of the miracidia were recovered on the inoculated side of the chamber. Other substances also stimulated miracidia: several inorganic cations, 4 neurotransmitters, 3 acetycholine antagonists, and 1 acetycholine agonist. Modifying the technique by testing stimulants in altered chemical "backgrounds" allowed us to test for inhibitors of miracidial responses. Assays of the Mg2+ content of several of the test solutions indicated that their stimulatory or inhibitory effects could not be ascribed to Mg2+ contamination. However, results obtained with neurotransmitters and drugs were not sufficiently consistent to implicate specific neurotransmitters in the mechanism by which miracidia detect and respond to stimulants in snail-conditioned water.
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520
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Ward S, Miwa J. Characterization of temperature-sensitive, fertilization-defective mutants of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 1978; 88:285-303. [PMID: 580424 PMCID: PMC1213801 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/88.2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of three Caenorhabditis elegans temperature-sensitive mutants that are defective at fertilization are described. All three are alleles of the gene fer-1. At the restrictive temperature of 25 degrees, mutant hermaphrodites make sperm and oocytes in normal numbers. No oocytes are fertilized, although they pass through the spermatheca and uterus normally. The oocytes can be fertilized by sperm transferred by wild-type males, indicating that the mutant defect is in the sperm. The temperature-sensitive period for the mutants coincides with spermatogenesis. Sperm made by mutants at 25 degrees cannot be distinguished from wild-type sperm by light microscopy. The sperm do contact oocytes in mutant hermaphrodites, but do not fertilize. Mutant sperm appear to be nonmotile. Mutant males are also steril when grown at 25 degrees. They trnasfer normal numbers of sperm to hermaphrodites at mating, but these sperm fail to migrate to the spermatheca and are infertile. The phenotype of these mutants is consistent with a primary defect in sperm motility, but the cause of this defect is not known.
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521
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522
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Greenaway W, Whatley FR, Ward S. Synthesis of L-(15N)alanine by the use of a linked enzyme system. FEBS Lett 1977; 81:286-8. [PMID: 923799 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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523
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Hashimoto I, Schnyder UW, Anton-Lamprecht I, Gedde-Dahl T, Ward S. Ultrastructural studies in epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. III. Recessive dystrophic types with dermolytic blistering (Hallopeau-Siemens types and inverse type). Arch Dermatol Res 1976; 256:137-50. [PMID: 962387 DOI: 10.1007/bf00567360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural examination was performed in 42 biopsy specimens from 22 patients with the Hallopeau-Siemens types or with the inverse type of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica recessiva. The patient group consists of 8 cases of the localized Hallopeua-Siemens type, 9 of the generalized Hallopeau-Siemens type and 5 of the inverse type. The origins of the biopsy specimens are involved, intact and experimentally frictioned skin from blister-predilected sites, as well as clinically normal skin from nonpredilection sites. It is confirmed that all the blisters initiate below the basal lamina. Anchoring fibrils are moderately to markedly decreased in most cases, while they are normal in 3 other cases. It is thought that secondary degradation of anchoring fibrils and/or collagen fibrils plays an important role in blistering mechanism in the Hallopeau-Siemens and inverse types of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, whereas a primary aplasia of anchoring fibrils as causative defect has been out ruled.
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524
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Stibbs HH, Chernin E, Ward S, Karnovsky ML. Magnesium emitted by snails alters swimming behaviour of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. Nature 1976; 260:702-3. [PMID: 1264241 DOI: 10.1038/260702a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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525
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Ward S, Thomson N, White JG, Brenner S. Electron microscopical reconstruction of the anterior sensory anatomy of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.?2UU. J Comp Neurol 1975; 160:313-37. [PMID: 1112927 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The complete structure of the anterior sensory nervous system of the small nematode C. elegans has been determined by reconstruction from serial section electronmicrographs. There are 58 neurons in the tip of the head. Fifty-two of these are arranged in sensilla. These include six inner labial sensilla, six outer labial sensilla, four cephalic sensilla and two amphids. Each sensillum consists of ciliated sensory neurons ending in a channel enclosed by two non-neuronal cells, the sheath and socket cells. The amphidial channel opens to the outside as does that of the inner labial sensilla so that these probably contain chemoreceptive neurons. The endings of the other sensilla are embedded in the cuticle and may be mechanoreceptive. The cell bodies of all the neurons lie near the nerve ring and their axons project into the ring or into ventral ganglia. One of the ciliated sensory neurons in each of the six inner labial sensilla makes direct chemical synapses onto a muscle making these sensory-motor neurons. The anatomy of four isogenic animals was compared in detail and found to be largely invariant. The anatomy of juveniles is nearly identical to that of the adult, but males have four additional neuron processes.
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526
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Anderson CB, Ward S, Lee J, Rosai J. Extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Am Surg 1974; 40:636-42. [PMID: 4374105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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527
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Green WH, Benjamin RS, Glusman S, Ward S, Wiernik PH. Arterial embolism of tumor causing fatal organ infarction. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1974; 134:545-8. [PMID: 4850637 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.134.3.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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528
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Greenaway W, Cripps A, Ward S. Resistance to organo-mercury by Penicillia isolated from cereal seed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(74)80145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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529
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Moriarty TR, Ward S. Unification of midwifery services in Walsall. MIDWIVES CHRONICLE 1973; 86:252-3. [PMID: 4489963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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530
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Ward S. Chemotaxis by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: identification of attractants and analysis of the response by use of mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:817-21. [PMID: 4351805 PMCID: PMC433366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.3.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is attracted by at least four classes of attractants: by cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP; by anions, Cl(-), Br(-), I(-); by cations, Na(+), Li(+), K(+), Mg(+); and by alkaline pH values. The nematode's behavioral response to gradients of these attractants involves orientation and movement up the gradient, accumulation, and then habitutation. Comparison of the tracks of wild-type and mutant animals responding to gradients of attractants indicates that sensory receptors in the head alone mediate the orientation response and that the direction of orientation is determined by the lateral motion of the head. Therefore, the orientation response is a klinotaxis.
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531
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Ward S, Dickson RC. Assembly of bacteriophage T4 tail fibers. 3. Genetic control of the major tail fiber polypeptides. J Mol Biol 1971; 62:479-92. [PMID: 4944598 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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532
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533
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Katzenstein J, Ward S. Realization of a new type of birefringent filter. APPLIED OPTICS 1971; 10:1119-1124. [PMID: 20094613 DOI: 10.1364/ao.10.001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A birefringent filter based upon a new principle described in a theoretical paper by one of the authors has been constructed. The theory developed there has been verified experimentally in all respects. Limitatations on a filter of this type are discussed along with possible applications.
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534
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Ward S, Luftig RB, Wilson JH, Eddleman H, Lyle H, Wood WB. Assembly of bacteriophage T4 tail fibers. II. Isolation and characterization of tail fiber precursors. J Mol Biol 1970; 54:15-31. [PMID: 4923866 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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535
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Ward S, Wilson DL, Gilliam JJ. Methods for fractionation and scintillation counting of radioisotope-labeled polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 1970; 38:90-7. [PMID: 5478254 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(70)90158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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536
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Baum S, Ward S, Nusbaum M. Stress bleeding from the mid-duodenum. An often unrecognized source of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Radiology 1970; 95:595-602. [PMID: 5442665 DOI: 10.1148/95.3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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537
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538
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Isenberg JI, Stening GF, Ward S, Grossman MI. Relation of gastric secretory response in man to dose of insulin. Gastroenterology 1969; 57:395-8. [PMID: 4951145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The relation between dose of insulin and gastric secretion of acid and pepsin was studied in 5 healthy adult men. Doses of insulin ranged from 0.025 to 0.4 unit per kg intravenously. The peak 15-min acid output increased with increasing insulin dose up to a maximum observed response with 0.2 unit per kg; 0.4 unit per kg did not produce a higher peak response. The peak response to 0.2 unit per kg (8.4 mEq per 15 min) was equivalent to 89% of the peak response to a maximal dose of betazole. Peak pepsin output continued to increase up to the highest dose used (0.4 unit per kg). Before a standard dose for clinical testing for incompleteness of vagotomy can be established, further tests must be done to determine whether the dose required for peak response is the same in partially vagotomized as in intact subjects.
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539
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Dyke S, Floyd A, Ward S. The reaction between isosafrole and diazotised anthranilic acid under different conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)88285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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540
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Ward S, Gillespie IE, Passaro EP, Grossman MI. Comparison of histalog and histamine as stimulants for maximal gastric secretion in human subjects and in dogs. Gastroenterology 1968; 54:Suppl:711-3. [PMID: 5653776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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541
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Murphy DL, Goldstein H, Boyle JD, Ward S. Hypercalcemia and gastric secretion in man. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1966; 21:1607-10. [PMID: 5923234 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1966.21.5.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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