276
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Avioli LV. Hormonal aspects of vitamin D metabolism and its clinical implications. CLINICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1979; 8:547-77. [PMID: 389491 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(79)80031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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277
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Feldman D, McCain TA, Hirst MA, Chen TL, Colston KW. Characterization of a cytoplasmic receptor-like binder for 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in rat intestinal mucosa. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:10378-84. [PMID: 489600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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278
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Weiner S, Noff D, Meyer MS, Weisman Y, Edelstein S. Metabolism of cholecalciferol in land snails. Biochem J 1979; 184:157-61. [PMID: 230826 PMCID: PMC1161686 DOI: 10.1042/bj1840157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Radioactively labelled cholecalciferol was injected into the land snails Levantina hiersolyma and Theba pisana. Three metabolites (C, D and E), more polar than cholecalciferol, were found. 2. Metabolite C was found to be identical with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. On injection of 25-hydroxy[26,27-3H]cholecalciferol, metabolite E was predominantly formed. Metabolite D was predominantly formed from cholecalciferol. Metabolites D and E differ from any known cholecalciferol metabolites. 3. The intestine was found to be the tissue capable of carrying out the transformation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into metabolite E. 4. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol and metabolite E were localized in the digestive gland of the snail, the tissue responsible for the absorption of Ca2+ and its storage. Metabolite D was not localized in any specific tissue.
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279
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Chandler JS, Pike JW, Haussler MR. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in rat kidney cytosol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 90:1057-63. [PMID: 508334 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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280
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Sunaga S, Horiuchi N, Takahashi N, Okuyama K, Suda T. The site of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in pregnancy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 90:948-55. [PMID: 508355 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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281
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Ishizuka S, Bannai K, Naruchi T, Hashimoto Y. Intrinsic biological activities by 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 90:904-10. [PMID: 508353 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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282
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Wecksler WR, Ross FP, Norman AW. Characterization of the 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor from rat intestinal cytosol. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:9488-91. [PMID: 489547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor from rat intestinal cytosol has been partially characterized. Sucrose density gradient sedimentation and analytical gel filtration analyses of this receptor yielded values of 3.1 S, 80,000, and 36 A for the sedimentation coefficient, molecular weight (Mr), and Stokes molecular radius (Rs), respectively. The receptor was found to be a protein by its susceptibility to protease but not nuclease digestion, and studies with N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide revealed the presence of a reduced cysteine residue near the ligand binding site of the receptor. Kinetic and equilibrium binding studies showed an equilibrium dissociation constant of 7.4 x 10(-10) M (4 degrees C), an association rate constant of 1.7 x 10(7) M-1 min-1 (0 degrees C) and a dissociation rate constant of 7.2 x 10(-4) min-1 (4 degrees C, t1/2 = 16 h).
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283
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[1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: a hormonal form of vitamin D3]. SCHWEIZERISCHE MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1979; 109:1405-9. [PMID: 583366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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284
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Redel J, Bazely N, Mawer EB, Hann J, Jones FS. The configuration at C-25 of human 25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol. FEBS Lett 1979; 106:162-4. [PMID: 499488 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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285
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Napoli JL, Mellon WS, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Evidence for the metabolism of 24R-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 and 1alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 to 1alpha,24R-dihydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:193-8. [PMID: 232397 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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286
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Tanaka Y, Halloran B, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. In vitro production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat placental tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:5033-5. [PMID: 291919 PMCID: PMC413073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Weanling female rats were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet for 4 months until they reached maturity. They were mated with normal, vitamin D-replete male rats and, at 20 days of pregnancy, the female rats were killed and their placentae were removed, homogenzied, and incubated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The incubation mixtures were extracted and the extracts were subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 region of the high-pressure liquid chromatogram was recycled to purity and the structure of the product was identified as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry and by mass spectrometry. Thus it is now evident that placenta, in addition to renal tissue, is capable of converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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287
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Mellon WS, DeLuca HF. An equilibrium and kinetic study of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding to chicken intestinal cytosol employing high specific activity 1,25-dehydroxy[3H-26, 27] vitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:90-5. [PMID: 543726 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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288
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Nicholson RA, Akhtar M, Taylor TG. The metabolism of cholecalciferol in the liver of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with particular reference to the effects of oestrogen. Biochem J 1979; 182:745-50. [PMID: 229826 PMCID: PMC1161408 DOI: 10.1042/bj1820745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Studies were carried out in vitro with the livers of Japanese quail that had been fed from hatching on diets supplying their full requirements for vitamin D. 2. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol was the major metabolite when liver homogenates of egg-laying female and oestrogen-treated quail of both sexes were incubated with [3H]cholecalciferol. 3. Very little 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was generated from liver homogenates of adult male and immature quail. Instead the cholecalciferol was converted into one or more compounds less polar than 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and into a number of highly polar metabolites, some of which were water-soluble. 4. Oestrogen not only stimulated the 25-hydroxylation of cholecalciferol but also protected both cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from degradation by the enzymic pathways active in immature and male birds. 5. These actions of oestrogen may be of physiological significance in relation to the high requirements of laying birds for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to support the intense metabolism of calcium associated with egg-shell calcification.
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289
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Esvelt RP, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Isolation and characterization of 1 alpha-hydroxy-23-carboxytetranorvitamin D: a major metabolite of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry 1979; 18:3977-83. [PMID: 486408 DOI: 10.1021/bi00585a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo side-chain oxidation of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was investigated by using a double-label radiotracer technique. Rats dosed with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-[3 alpha-3H]vitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[26,27-14C]vitamin D3 produced compounds with a high 3H/14C ratio. These compounds were found in sizable quantities in intestine and liver within 3 h after dosing. The major side-chain oxidized metabolite migrated as an acid on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and contained no 14C. Methyl esterification of this compound with diazomethane proceeded in good yield and rendered the compound more amenable to chromatographic purification. The metabolite was isolated in several steps from rats dosed with 1 microgram of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[3 alpha-3H]vitamin D3. The metabolite was obtained in pure form as the methyl ester and was positively identified as 1 alpha,3 beta-dihydroxy-24-nor-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)cholatrien-23-oic acid. The trivial name calcitroic acid is proposed for this major side-chain oxidized metabolite of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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290
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Veldhuis JD, Kulin HE, Demers LM, Lambert PW. Infantile hypercalcemia with subcutaneous fat necrosis: endocrine studies. J Pediatr 1979; 95:460-2. [PMID: 224162 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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291
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Chen TL, Hirst MA, Feldman D. A receptor-like binding macromolecule for 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in cultured mouse bone cells. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:7491-4. [PMID: 468767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
1alpha, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D, like other steroid hormones, initiates its action by binding to cytoplasmic receptors in target cells. Although the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor has been well studied in intestine, little information beyond sucrose gradient analyses is presently available from mammalian bone. We, therefore, employed primary cultures of mouse calvarial cells to characterize the mammalian receptor in bone. A hypertonic molybdate-containing buffer was found to protect receptor binding. On hypertonic sucrose gradients, the 1,25-(OH)2-[3H]D3 binder sedimented at 3.2 S. Scatchard analysis of specific 1,25-(OH)2[3H]D3 binding sites at 0 degrees C yielded an apparent Kd of 0.26 nM and an Nmax of 75 fmol/mg of cytosol protein. Competitive binding experiments revealed the receptor to prefer 1,25-(OH)2D3 greater than 25-(OH)-D3 = 1 alpha-(OH)-D3 greater than 24R,25-(OH)2D3; vitamin D3, dihydrotachysterol, sex steroids, and glucocorticoids exhibited negligible binding. As shown in other systems, the receptor could be distinguished from a 25-(OH)-[3H]D3 binder which sedimented at approximately 6 S. In summary, cultured mouse calvarial cells possess a macromolecule with receptor-like properties. This system appears to be an ideal model for the investigation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor binding and action in mammalian bone.
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292
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Kawashima H, Hoshina K, Saitoh N, Hashimoto Y, Ishimoto S, Noguchi T, Orimo H. Effect and metabolism of 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in hepatectomized rats. FEBS Lett 1979; 104:367-70. [PMID: 478000 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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293
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Nahm TH, Lee SW, Fausto A, Sonn Y, Avioli LV. 25OHD, a circulating vitamin D metabolite in fish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 89:396-402. [PMID: 486169 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)90642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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294
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Christakos S, Norman AW. Studies on the mode of action of calciferol. XVIII. Evidence for a specific high affinity binding protein for 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chick kidney and pancreas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 89:56-63. [PMID: 224876 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)90942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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295
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Cooke NE, Walgate J, Haddad JG. Human serum binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites. II. Specific, high affinity association with a protein in nucleated tissue. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:5965-71. [PMID: 571870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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296
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Cooke NE, Walgate J, Haddad JG. Human serum binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites. I. Physicochemical and immunological identification in human tissues. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:5958-64. [PMID: 109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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297
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Trechsel U, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H. Regulation of the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. J Clin Invest 1979; 64:206-17. [PMID: 109470 PMCID: PMC372107 DOI: 10.1172/jci109441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary chick kidney cell culture is described, capable of forming 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3], and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3] over several days. The apparent Km values were 0.125 microM for the 1-hydroxylase and 2.1 microM for the 24-hydroxylase. Exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased 1-hydroxylase and increased 24-hydroxylase within 4 h. 24,25(OH)2D3 produced similar effects, but only in the absence of fetal calf serum. R and S isomers of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 were about fives times less active than 1,25(OH)2D3. Bovine parathyroid hormone stimulated the 1- and reduced the 24-hydroxylase in 6 h, but this only occurred in cultures either previously treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and EGTA to lower Ca to 0.8 mM or in cultures grown in the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). Under the latter condition, the sensitivity to bovine parathyroid hormone was enhanced, 0.04 U/ml producing a maximum response. Synthetic aminoterminal tetratriacontapeptide (1-34) human parathyroid hormone was equally effective. In the absence of D metabolites, estradiol for 6 h produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the 1-hydroxylase, but no change in the 24-hydroxylase. Progesterone, testosterone, and corticosterone had no significant effect. In cultures grown in the presence of 25(OH)D3 no reproducible effects were obtained with either 1 microM estradiol or 1 microM testosterone, alone or in combination, but 5 microM corticosterone decreased the 1- and increased the 24-hydroxylase. Changes in Ca and P concentrations of the medium as well as addition of ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphate for 48 h did not affect any of the hydroxylase activities. The modulation of the hydroxylase activities by vitamin D3 metabolites and parathyroid hormone suggests that these factors regulate the renal hydroxylase by direct actions, whereas it would appear that ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphate, Ca, P, and steroid may exert their influence indirectly.
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298
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Gray TK, Lester GE, Lorenc RS. Evidence for extra-renal 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pregnancy. Science 1979; 204:1311-3. [PMID: 451538 DOI: 10.1126/science.451538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys are thought to be the only organs capable of 1 alpha-hydroxylation of vitamin D and its metabolites. We have examined the in vivo conversion of 3H-(25,26)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25OHD3) to 3H-(25,26)-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] in vitamin D-deficient, pregnant and nonpregnant rats. As expected, nephrectomy of nonpregnant, vitamin D-deficient rats prevented the conversion of 25OHD3 to 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, nephrectomy of pregnant, vitamin D-deficient rats reduced but did not abolish the formation of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 from its precursor. The identity of the radioactive metabolite formed from 3H-25OHD3 which circulated in nephrectomized, pregnant rats was established as 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 by comigration with synthetic 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 on high-pressure liquid chromatography. The simultaneous absence of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in the fetal kidneys indicated that the site of 1 alpha-hydroxylation after nephrectomy of the pregnant rat was probably extra-renal in origin. Two sites of 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25OHD3, one renal and the other extra-renal, either fetoplacental or maternal, may exist in the pregnant, vitamin D-deficient rat.
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299
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Le Charpentier Y, Patri B, Dubrisay J, Forest M, Daudet-Monsac M, Carlioz A, Abelanet R. [Bone in hepatic cirrhosis: morphometric and biological study (author's transl)]. LA SEMAINE DES HOPITAUX : ORGANE FONDE PAR L'ASSOCIATION D'ENSEIGNEMENT MEDICAL DES HOPITAUX DE PARIS 1979; 55:1101-4. [PMID: 225817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative bone histomorphometry and evaluation of blood parameters have been performed in 24 patients with hepatic cirrhosis. 13 patients show osteoporosis which, in 8 of them, is associated with osteoclastic hyperactivity but without elevation of blood parathormon. All patients have hypocalcemia and 14 of them hyperosteidosis. These results are compared with data of the literature on bone morphometry and phosphocalcic metabolism during hepatic cirrhosis.
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300
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Castillo L, Tanaka Y, Wineland MJ, Jowsey JO, DeLuca HF. Production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and formation of medullary bone in the egg-laying hen. Endocrinology 1979; 104:1598-601. [PMID: 446379 DOI: 10.1210/endo-104-6-1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase, the percentage of medullary bone in the femur, plasma calcium, and plasma phosphorus were measured in female chickens reaching maturity. These parameters and plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were also measured during the daily egg-laying cycle in mature hens. The renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-l-hydroxylase becomes elevated in maturing hens before and at the time of ovulation. This elevation in the 1-hydroxylase correlates with the elevation in total plasma calcium concentration but lags and at the time of ovulation and is followed by a further elevation of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. The plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level remains high until 12 h postovulation. At this time, it falls to the preovulation level. No relationship could be found between the plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and the changes in medullary bone found during the egg-laying cycle. However, plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are highest immediately before and during the egg shell calcification phase of the egg-laying cycle.
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