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Young SN, Gauthier S, Chouinard G, Anderson GM, Purdy WC. The effect of carbidopa and benserazide on human plasma 5-hydroxytryptophan levels. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1982; 53:83-7. [PMID: 6801200 DOI: 10.1007/bf01243522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors increase human plasma 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) levels. However the 5-HTP, which is synthesized in the intestine, is not present in a sufficient quantity to influence brain 5-HT to any significant degree. Thus, peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors are unlikely to affect brain 5-HT function via 5-HTP which is synthesized peripherally.
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Young JG, Cohen DJ, Shaywitz SE, Caparulo BK, Kavanagh ME, Hunt RD, Leckman JF, Anderson GM, Detlor J, Harcherik D, Shaywitz BA. Assessment of brain function in clinical pediatric research: behavioral and biological strategies. Schizophr Bull 1982; 8:205-35. [PMID: 6180470 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/8.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Psychobiological research in child psychiatry requires rigorous assessment of behavior and multiple perspectives on brain function through neurochemical, neuroendocrine, psychophysiological, and other advanced methods. The serious neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood, such as autism, attention deficit disorder, and language disorders, can be studied in complementary clinical protocols aimed at explicating patterns of behavioral and metabolic dysfunction which characterize various clinical syndromes. Clinical research with children raises sensitive ethical issues; the ethical problems can be addressed when children and families are active collaborators with the investigators and a long-term relationship is established. In this setting, participation in research can facilitate better treatment for a child. The use of novel biological strategies, such as pharmacological challenge tests, permits evaluation of the relation of specific neuronal systems to behavioral dimensions in clinical disorders. The development of a new treatment for Tourette's syndrome illustrates the integration of basic and clinical research methods.
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Anderson GM, Young JG. Determination of neurochemically important compounds in physiological samples using HPLC. Schizophr Bull 1982; 8:333-48. [PMID: 6180473 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/8.2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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329
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Anderson GM, Young JG, Jatlow PI, Cohen DJ. Urinary free catecholamines determined by liquid chromatography--fluorometry. Clin Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/27.12.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Free norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine are determined in urine after purification on a small ion-exchange column and concentration on alumina. The catecholamines are separated by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography and are quantitated by measuring their native fluorescence (lambda ex 285 nm, lambda em 305 nm). The internal standard is dihydroxybenzylamine. Within-day CVs for the compounds ranged from 1.6 to 5.6%; between-day CVs were 6.6 to 9.8%.
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330
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Domelsmith LN, Eaton TA, Houk KN, Anderson GM, Glennon RA, Shulgin AT, Castagnoli N, Kollman PA. Photoelectron spectra of psychotropic drugs. 6. Relationships between the physical properties and pharmacological actions of amphetamine analogues. J Med Chem 1981; 24:1414-21. [PMID: 7310818 DOI: 10.1021/jm00144a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The valence ionization potentials of seven additional members of a series of 2,4,5-trisubstituted amphetamines (1-phenyl-2-aminopropanes) were measured by UV photoelectron spectroscopy. These and previously published data provide experimental measures of the gross electron-donor ability of the aromatic rings of 23 amphetamines. Analogues bearing the 2,5-dimethoxy orientation were found to possess the lowest ionization potentials (IPs); for the analogously X-substituted compounds, the IPs increased in the order of 2,5-(OMe)2-4-X less than 2,4-(OMe)2-5-X less than 4,5-(OMe)2-2-X. Relationships between human psychotomimetic activity (MU), rabbit hyperthermia (SRU), serotonergic receptor affinity (pA2), and charge-transfer complex stabilities (KDNB) were evaluated statistically. A good correlation (r2 = 0.92) was established between the human and rabbit potencies, but poorer correlations were obtained between animal potencies and pA2's (r2 = 0.68-0.69) or KDNB's (r2 = 0.03!). Analysis of the regression relationships between these pharmacological measures and two physical properties, IP and lipid solubility (as modeled by log P), were explored. In general, greater potency is associated with decreasing IP and increasing log P. However, numerous exceptions to single parameter regressions are found. The unusually great potency of the 2,5-(OMe)2-4-X analogues, while qualitatively related to the physical properties, is quantitatively underestimated by these predictors. However, inclusion of a parameter (pi 4) which explicitly acknowledges the type of the 4-substituent leads to much improved correlations. These results support previous suggestions that 4-substituents interact directly with the receptor.
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331
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Anderson GM, Young JG, Jatlow PI, Cohen DJ. Urinary free catecholamines determined by liquid chromatography--fluorometry. Clin Chem 1981; 27:2060-3. [PMID: 7307259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Free norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine are determined in urine after purification on a small ion-exchange column and concentration on alumina. The catecholamines are separated by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography and are quantitated by measuring their native fluorescence (lambda ex 285 nm, lambda em 305 nm). The internal standard is dihydroxybenzylamine. Within-day CVs for the compounds ranged from 1.6 to 5.6%; between-day CVs were 6.6 to 9.8%.
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332
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Young JG, Cohen DJ, Hattox SE, Kavanagh ME, Anderson GM, Shaywitz BA, Maas JW. Plasma free MHPG and neuroendocrine responses to challenge doses of clonidine in Tourette's syndrome: preliminary report. Life Sci 1981; 29:1467-75. [PMID: 6946271 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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333
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Shaywitz BA, Lipton SV, Teicher MH, Cohen DJ, Anderson GM, Batter DK, Young JG. Effects of bromocriptine in developing rat pups after 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981; 15:443-8. [PMID: 6794039 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low (0.5 mg/kg) and high (2.0 mg/kg) doses of bromocriptine (BCR) on activity and escape performance were examined during the first month of postnatal life in normal developing rat pups and littermates treated at 5 days of age with a combination of desmethylimipramine and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Such a procedure resulted in significant reductions in brain dopamine to concentrations 10-20% of vehicle controls while norepinephrine was unaffected. BCR increased general motor activity in vehicle pups at 13 and 19 days but had little effect on more mature animals. Pups who had not received BCR exhibited a decline in activity over the hour long observation period (habituation of activity) but this decline was abolished by both low (0.5 mg/kg) and high (2.0 mg/kg) doses of the agent. Stereotyped activity, particularly at 19 days was increased by BCR in 6-OHDA pups but not in vehicle animals, an effect suggesting denervation supersensitivity. Head dips in a hole box at 30 days of age were not influenced by BCR in vehicle pups but significantly reduced by BCR in 6-OHDA pups, suggesting that BCR might be acting to stimulate inhibitory dopaminergic mechanisms. Escape learning in a T-maze at 20 days and shuttle box at 28 days was disrupted by high doses of BCR in vehicle pups and both doses of BCR in 6-OHDA animals. The similarity with the behaviors observed in the clinical syndrome of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity prompted a number of investigative groups including our own to suggest that the 6-OHDA model might serve as a useful and convenient paradigm to evaluate pharmacological agents that offer potential in the treatment of this most common disorder. From this perspective we would predict that BCR would have little clinical utility since it both failed to attenuate 6-OHDA induced hyperactivity and tended to disrupt performance in an avoidance learning task.
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Anderson GM, Young JG, Batter DK, Young SN, Cohen DJ, Shaywitz BA. Determination of indoles and catechols in rat brain and pineal using liquid chromatography with fluorometric and amperometric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 223:315-20. [PMID: 7251785 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and homovanillic acid were determined in rat brain by the direct injection of a centrifuged tissue homogenate into a liquid chromatographic-fluorometric/amperometric system. The above indoles, along with melatonin, were also determined in single rat pineal glands. The utility of the system in determining several additional catechols and idoles in brain was examined.
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335
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Anderson GM, Young JG, Cohen DJ, Schlicht KR, Patel N. Liquid-chromatographic determination of serotonin and tryptophan in whole blood and plasma. Clin Chem 1981; 27:775-6. [PMID: 7226512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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336
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Anderson GM, Young JG, Cohen DJ, Schlicht KR, Patel N. Liquid-chromatographic determination of serotonin and tryptophan in whole blood and plasma. Clin Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/27.5.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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337
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338
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Anderson GM, Young JG, Cohen DJ, Shaywitz BA, Batter DK. Amperometric determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol in human cerebrospinal fluid. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 222:112-5. [PMID: 7217316 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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339
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Pearson DE, Teicher MH, Shaywitz BA, Cohen DJ, Young JG, Anderson GM. Environmental influences on body weight and behavior in developing rats after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine. Science 1980; 209:715-7. [PMID: 7394533 DOI: 10.1126/science.7394533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is less hyperactive motor activity and better avoidance performance in rat pups treated with 6-hydroxydopamine as neonates and reared with vehicle-treated littermates than in pups reared in litters composed solely of other 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals. Thus, in this experimental model of hyperactivity, an environmental manipulation provides an alternative to pharmacologic agents in reducing activity and improving learning performance.
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340
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Young SN, Gauthier S, Anderson GM, Purdy WC. Tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and indoleacetic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid: interrelationships and the influence of age, sex, epilepsy and anticonvulsant drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43:438-45. [PMID: 6158559 PMCID: PMC490572 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.43.5.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and indoleacetic acid were measured in cerebrospinal fluid, taken during pneumoencephalography, from a large series of patients, the majority of whom were epileptics, most of them receiving anticonvulsants. CSF indoleacetic acid reflects CNS tyrptamine metabolism in the same way that CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid reflects CNS 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Our data suggest that (i) the brain tryptophan content is an important factor in the control of both 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptamine synthesis (ii) brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism exhibits a U-shaped relationship with age (iii) the mean brain tryptophan content and rate of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism are greater for women than men (iv) indoleamine metabolism is unaffected in untreated epileptics compared with non-epileptics, but anticonvulsant drugs decrease the rate of 5-hydrosytryptamine metabolism.
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341
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Young SN, Anderson GM, Gauthier S, Purdy WC. The origin of indoleacetic acid and indolepropionic acid in rat and human cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem 1980; 34:1087-92. [PMID: 6154772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb09944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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342
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Anderson GM, Batter DK, Young JG, Shaywitz BA, Cohen DJ. Simplified liquid chromatographic--electrochemical determination of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1980; 181:453-5. [PMID: 7391159 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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343
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Glennon RA, Liebowitz SM, Anderson GM. Serotonin receptor affinities of psychoactive phenalkylamine analogues. J Med Chem 1980; 23:294-9. [PMID: 7365744 DOI: 10.1021/jm00177a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Employing a rat fundus model, the serotonin (5-HT) receptor affinities of 45 phenalkylamine analogues were determined. Phenethylamine and phenylisopropylamine possess relatively low receptor affinities; in general, mono-, di-, and trimethoxylation enhance affinity. Of the disubstituted compounds, methoxyl groups at the 2 and 5 positions are optimal for imparting a high affinity. 4-Methylation, 4-ethylation and 4-bromination also enhance receptor affinity, while N,N-dimethylation of the terminal amine decreases affinity. alpha-Methylation of phenethylamines has little effect on affinity when racemates are examined. Introduction of a benzylic keto group can either increase or decrease affinity, depending upon the presence of other aromatic substituents. The most behaviorally active compounds were found to possess the highest 5-HT receptor affinities, while less active compounds were found to possess lower affinities.
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344
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Young SN, Anderson GM, Purdy WC. Indoleamine metabolism in rat brain studied through measurements of tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and indoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem 1980; 34:309-15. [PMID: 6157779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb06598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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345
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Anderson GM, Young JG, Cohen DJ. Rapid liquid chromatographic determination of tryptophan, tyrosine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1979; 164:501-5. [PMID: 541426 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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346
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Anderson GM, Purdy WC. Liquid chromatographic-fluorometric system for the determination of indoles in physiological samples. Anal Chem 1979; 51:283-6. [PMID: 420401 DOI: 10.1021/ac50038a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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347
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Abstract
Indoleacetic acid was produced from tryptophan by only three of 23 intestinal anaerobes studied. Evidence is presented to show that the formation of indoleacetic acid proceeds through the intermediate, indolepyruvic acid, via transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate rather than by tryptamine pathway.
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348
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Abstract
Indole, skatole, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, tryptamine, and free tryptophan have been extracted from rat fecal samples and quantitated by thin-layer chromatography. Additional tryptophan metabolites have been recovered in yields of 87-97% from supplemented fecal samples. Detection limits for all the compounds studied were in the 0.1 mug/g feces range. Quantitation was possible in the mug/g range with an estimated accuracy of plus or minus 10%.
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349
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Anderson GM. Perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1969; 55:811-3. [PMID: 5253969 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(69)90054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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350
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Anderson GM. The power to estimate things at their true worth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1967; 53:403-13. [PMID: 5229865 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(67)90002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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