326
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Janeway CA. Idiotypes, T-cell receptors, and T-B cooperation. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1980; 9:171-203. [PMID: 6153948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9131-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
T cells are responsible for virtually all the characteristics of the mammalian immune system except the production of serum antibody, in which they play a vital regulatory role. As such, they are central to our understanding of the immune system. T cells recognize cell-bound antigens with great precision, in association with self MHC antigens. They do this by means of antigen-specific receptors, whose antigen-combining sites are encoded in conventional VH genes. There is evidence that T cells carry at least two kinds of specific receptors, one for MHC antigens and one for non-MHC antigens. Both of these would bear VH-encoded and distinct idiotypic determinants. The process by which antigens associate with MHC-gene products on cell surfaces is poorly understood at present, and so is the process by which the two types of receptors communicate with each other. T cells are divisible into a number of subpopulations playing unique functional roles in the regulation of antibody responses. If one examines them further for other functions, even greater complexity emerges. Thus, all T cells may not have the same kind of receptor, which would not be surprising given the wide variety of functions they perform. Future work will undoubtedly focus on these important questions.
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327
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Stephen S, Chandrashekara I, Rao KN. Complement fixing and agglutinating antibodies to Coxiella burnetii in several mammals of Karnataka State. Indian J Med Res 1979; 70:931-6. [PMID: 541016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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328
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Abstract
Plague hemagglutinating antibodies to a titer of 1:1,024 were demonstrated in 6.6% of buffalo and 0.3% of elephant sera tested 1 year after a plague epidemic in the same area.
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329
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Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Burgdorfer W. Rocky mountain spotted fever in Connecticut: human cases, spotted-fever group rickettsiae in ticks, and antibodies in mammals. Am J Epidemiol 1979; 110:148-55. [PMID: 111543 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three parameters were used in 1976 and 1977 to assess the status of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Connecticut--compilation and review of clinical data on suspected human cases for the 13-year period 1965--1977, examination of tick tissues for spotted fever-group rickettsiae by the hemolymph test and direct immunofluorescence, and analyses of mammalian sera for antibodies against Rickettsia rickettsii. There were six presumptive RMSF cases which probably originated in Connecticut. Four of these cases occurred in areas where the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, abounds. A total of 2994 ticks were examined by the hemolymph test. Rickettsia-like organisms were observed in 67 (2.9%) of 2330 D. variabilis and two (0.6%) of 351 Ixodes sp. near scapularis. Fewer than one-half of these organisms stained positively with spotted fever-group conjugate. Microagglutination tests on 1093 mammalian sera indicated that eight (16%) of 49 raccoons, 14 (2.6%) of 549 white-tailed deer, eight (1.7%) of 470 white-footed mice, and one of two gray squirrels had agglutinins in titers greater than or equal to 1:8 against R. rickettsii. Spotted fever-group rickettsiae are present at low frequency in inland as well as coastal regions of Connecticut.
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330
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Sebek Z, Hodková Z, Palicka P, Zitek K, Valová M. [First demonstration of natural foci of Leptospira pomona in the Czech Socialist Republic (author's transl)]. CESKOSLOVENSKA EPIDEMIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, IMUNOLOGIE 1979; 28:155-62. [PMID: 158439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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331
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Strosberg AD, Emorine L, Zeeuws R. The structural polymorphism of the rabbit and other lagomorph allotypes constitute evidence for a control mechanism regulating the expression of closely linked duplicated genes. ANNALES D'IMMUNOLOGIE 1979; 130:157-66. [PMID: 111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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332
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Christensen P, Schalén C, Holm SE. Reevaluation of experiments intended to demonstrate immunological cross-reactions between mammalian tissues and streptococci. PROGRESS IN ALLERGY 1979; 26:1-41. [PMID: 386357 DOI: 10.1159/000314455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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333
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Zabriskie JB, Fillit HM, Villarreal H. The relationship of group A streptococci and mammalian tissue antigens to certain disease states. ARCHIVOS DEL INSTITUTO DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 1979; 49:74-88. [PMID: 373656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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334
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335
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Licht P, Gallo AB. Immunochemical relatedness among pituitary follicle-stimulating hormones of tetrapod vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1978; 36:575-84. [PMID: 374181 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(78)90098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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336
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Heath JK. Antibodies to probe development. Nature 1978; 275:10. [PMID: 79983 DOI: 10.1038/275010a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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337
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Jahrling PB, Hesse RA, Metzger JF. Radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antibodies to alphaviruses with staphylococcal protein A. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 8:54-60. [PMID: 566768 PMCID: PMC275114 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.8.1.54-60.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure is described for measuring antibodies to alphaviruses in human and other mammalian sera. The test employed protein Abearing Staphylococcus aureus as a solid-phase immunoadsorbent for (3)H-labeled viruses complexed with immunoglobulin G. Using antibodies produced in humans and guinea pigs, the RIA procedure clearly differentiated among antibodies to Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Sensitivity of the RIA depended on the concentrations of labeled viruses employed. The dilution of serum that effected binding of 50% of the (3)H-labeled virus (determined by probit analysis) was consistently higher than the neutralizing antibody titer determined by a conventional plaque reduction neutralization test using 80% plaque reduction end points. In addition, sera from 73 individuals were screened for seroconversion following live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine (strain TC-83) inoculation, by RIA using a single serum dilution (1:80); results were identical with seroconversions identified by plaque reduction neutralization test. Hyperimmune Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus sera from a number of mammalian species were successfully titrated by RIA; the species tested were human, guinea pig, white rat, rabbit, burro, dog, monkey, sheep, and cotton rat. The protein A-mediated RIA is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and precise serological tool for measuring antibodies to surface antigens of alphaviruses, and should allow the subsequent development of a competitive binding RIA to measure antigenic potency of inactivated alphavirus vaccines.
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338
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Ohman JL. Allergy in man caused by exposure to mammals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978; 172:1403-6. [PMID: 353010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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339
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Du Pasquier L, Wabl MR. Antibody diversity in amphibians: inheritance of isoelectric focusing antibody patterns in isogenic frogs. Eur J Immunol 1978; 8:428-33. [PMID: 668805 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830080611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-sheep red cell, anti-dinitrophenyl, anti-phosphorylcholine antibody responses have been followed in isogenic frogs of the genus Xenopus. Isoelectric focusing antibody patterns show a high degree of overlap for all antigens studied, and a heterogeneity that is lower than in mammals for the same antigens. Inheritance of antibody isoelectric focusing spectrotypes was demonstrated for sheep red cells and dinitrophenyl in two clones of isogenic animals. Outbred frogs show a higher frequency of spectrotype sharing than outbred mammals. It is therefore suggested that antibody diversity is lower in frogs than in mammals.
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340
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Ghosh SN, Kulkarni SM, Dhanda V. Antibody to Arthropod-borne viruses in small mammals of Pune district. Indian J Med Res 1978; 67:704-7. [PMID: 680914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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341
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Smith AW, Latham AB. Prevalence of vesicular exanthema of swine antibodies among feral mammals associated with the southern California coastal zones. Am J Vet Res 1978; 39:291-6. [PMID: 629463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum-neutralizing antibodies to both vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) and San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV) were found in a number of animal species having an association with the southern California coastal zones. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) had antibodies to 9 VESV types (A48, C52, D53, E54, F54, G55, I55, J56, and K56). Fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris) were tested for antibodies to 6 VESV types and all were negative. California gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were tested for antibodies to 9 VESV types, and sperm whale (Physeter catodon), finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus), and sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) were tested for 6 VESV types. Among the last 4 species, antibodies were present for each VESV type except C52, and all species were positive for antibodies to 2 or more VESV types. Feral swine from both Santa Cruz Island and Santa Catalina Island were tested and antibodies were present for 8 of 9 VESV types and all SMSV types except SMSV-4. One donkey from San Miguel Island was positive for VESV I55 and 2 were positive for SMSV-2.
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342
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Breman JG, Nakano JH, Coffi E, Godfrey H, Gautun JC. Human poxvirus disease after smallpox eradication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977; 26:273-81. [PMID: 192091 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old boy living in a small camp in the rural Ivory Coast had a disease resembling smallpox. This occurred 4 years after smallpox had been eradicated from the Ivory Coast and 1.5 years after the last case of smallpox was detected in West and Central Africa. Clinical, serological, and epidemiological evidence indicated this disease was probably monkeypox, a poxvirus of the variola/vaccina subgroup. A serologic survey of poxvirus antibodies in the wild animal population detected neutralizing antibodies in rodents, larger mammals, primates, and birds. The laboratory and ecological characteristics of poxviruses require further elucidation, especially those which have been found in animals near human monkeypox cases.
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343
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Aitken ID, Survashe BD. Plasma cells in vertebrate paraocular glands. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND APPLIED IMMUNOLOGY 1977; 53:62-7. [PMID: 838515 DOI: 10.1159/000231732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Harderian and lachrymal glands of eight mammals and two reptiles were examined histologically for plasma cells and the extent of infiltration compared to that in the Harderian gland of the fowl. Moderate accumulations were observed in one or both glands of the goat, sheep, cow, horse, dog and pig, but only few cells were present in the glands of the mouse and rabbit. No plasma cells were encountered in snake glands but some were detected in both glands of lizards. It is suggested that glandular secretions contribute to local immunity.
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344
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Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955-1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976; 25:884-90. [PMID: 12669 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research and surveillance programs relating to the circulation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in Florida between 1955 and 1974 are summarized. All available data suggest that EEE virus is 1) endemic in many Florida fresh water swamps and waterways, 2) active in a continuous cycle throughout the year with a peak between May and August, and 3) circulating in Culiseta melanura. It has been isolated also from eight other mosquito species.
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345
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Kuusela P, Ruoslahti E, Engvall E, Vaheri A. Immunological interspecies cross-reactions of fibroblast surface antigen (fibronectin). IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1976; 13:639-42. [PMID: 61165 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(76)90203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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346
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Teherani J, Mandy WJ. Constant region IgG allotypes in hares: group e allelic polymorphism. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1976; 13:401-6. [PMID: 939582 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(76)90375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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347
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Aggarwal SJ, Mandy WJ. Lagomorph IgG hinge region: allotype associated amino acid sequence variations. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1976; 13:215-20. [PMID: 776817 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(76)90218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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348
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Slopek S. [Editorial: Current views on the development and role of the immune system]. POLSKIE ARCHIWUM MEDYCYNY WEWNETRZNEJ 1976; 55:105-18. [PMID: 1083019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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349
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Hooshmand-Rad P, Maghami G. Leptospirosis in small mammals of Iran: I. Serologic tests and isolation of Leptospira hebdomadis from Apodemus sylvaticus. J Wildl Dis 1976; 12:34-8. [PMID: 768531 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-12.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptospires of the hebdomadis sero-group and related to sejroe serotype, were isolated from the kidney of a vole (Apodemus sylvaticus) by direct culture as well as by animal inoculation. Sera of the vole from which leptospires were isolated, and serologic specimens from 1372 other small mammals, were negative for leptospiral agglutinins.
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350
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Riemann GP, Burridge MJ, Behymer DE, Franti CE. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living African mammals. J Wildl Dis 1975; 11:529-33. [PMID: 1195497 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Twelve species of free-living African mammals from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 157 animals sampled, 20 (13%) were seropositive. T. gondii antibodies were detected in Burchell's zebra, (Equus burchelli), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa), lion (Panthera leo), and rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), The highest titers were found in elephants, two having titers of 1:4096 and one of 1:8192. These results are discussed in relation to the maintenance of T. gondii among African wildlife.
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