Takayasu arteritis: evaluation of mural changes in the aorta and pulmonary artery with CT angiography

PURPOSE

To evaluate mural changes in the aorta and pulmonary artery in Takayasu arteritis by using computed tomographic (CT) angiography.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CT angiography was prospectively performed in 12 women with Takayasu arteritis and in 10 healthy adults. Scanning included three distinct phases: precontrast (before administration of contrast material), arterial, and delayed.

RESULTS

Precontrast transverse images revealed a high-attenuation aortic wall (10 patients) and mural calcifications in the aorta (nine patients). Arterial-phase images revealed circumferential wall thickening of 1-4 mm in all patients and enhancement in five patients with active disease. Delayed-phase CT revealed circumferential enhancement in eight patients. A concentric, low-attenuation ring was also identified inside the aorta on the arterial-phase (two patients) and delayed-phase (three patients) images. In the pulmonary artery, wall thickening was revealed with early and delayed enhancement in two patients.

CONCLUSION

CT angiography may demonstrate changes in the vascular wall in patients with Takayasu arteritis.

Effects of overfeeding of protein and energy by force feeding on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system in broiler chickens

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of excess intake of protein and energy on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system in male broiler chickens. Two levels of protein (100 or 117% of ad libitum feeding) and energy (100 or 114% of ad libitum feeding) intake in factorial arrangements of treatments were used in experiment 1. Chicks (38 days of age) were provided the dietary treatments by tube-feeding for 8 days. In experiment 2, chicks were fed a control diet (23% protein and 3.2 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg diet) or a high protein and high energy (32% protein and 3.4 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg diet) ad libitum for 11 days. Energy intake over ad libitum feeding resulted in a reduction of cytochromes P-450 and b5 content. Excess intake of protein did not overcome the reduction of the cytochromes by overfeeding of energy. Feeding high protein diet with high energy content resulted in a reduction of the MFO system in the liver compared with feeding a control diet in the ad libitum condition. The results suggest that energy intake in broilers is the predominate modifier of hepatic microsomal MFO rather than protein intake under overfeeding conditions.

Growth stimulation by transfection of intestinal epithelial cells with an antisense insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 construct

IEC-6 cells, an intestinal epithelial cell line, produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2). Exogenous IGFs stimulate and IGFBP-2 attenuates DNA synthesis. To investigate whether endogenously secreted IGFBP-2 inhibits proliferation, IEC-6 cells were transfected with a full-length rat IGFBP-2 cDNA antisense expression construct. The steady-state level of IGFBP-2 mRNA decreased by 54% in the antisense cDNA-transfected cells (denoted revBP2) compared with vector-transfected controls. Moreover, revBP2 cells secreted less IGFBP-2 than controls (maximally a 68% decrease). In serum-containing medium, revBP2 cells exhibited a 35% increase in log-phase proliferation rate and growth-arrested at a maximum density 14% higher than controls. We conclude that endogenous IGFBP-2 inhibits proliferation of IEC-6 cells, probably by sequestering IGFs.

An immunohistochemical study of the expression of p53 protein in colon cancer

A total of 471 cases of colonic adenocarcinomas and 28 cases of colonic adenomas were examined immunohistochemically to evaluate the expression of p53 protein in the light of their relationship with various prognostic factors. A monoclonal antibody, p53 DO-7, was used in the study. Two hundred and fourteen adenocarcinomas (45.5%) showed positive staining for p53, however only three of the adenomas (10.3%) were positive (P < 0.05). p53 was stained to neoplastic nuclei. Adjacent normal mucosal cells were negative. There were no significant correlations between p53 expression and prognostic parameters such as age, sex, gross configuration, modified Astler-Coller stages, microscopic tumor growth patterns, tumor depth, tumor size and lymph node involvements. However, left sided adenocarcinomas (49.3%) expressed p53 more often than right sided adenocarcinomas (35.6%) (P = 0.01). The positive rates were different according to the histologic differentiation; 45.2% in well differentiated, 51.3% in moderately well differentiated, 23.8% in poorly differentiated, and 26.5% in mucinous carcinomas (P = 0.011). The mean survival periods of the p53 positive and negative groups were 29 months and 32 months, respectively (P = 0.385). However, overall survival for patients with grade one and two positive p53 was better than those of grade three and four positive cases (P = 0.028). In conclusion, the result of this multivariate analysis suggests that immunohistochemically strong p53 protein expression (more than 30% of tumor cells) has value in estimating a prognosis for patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas.

Changes in ether-linked phospholipids in rat kidney by dietary alpha-linolenic acid in vivo

We investigated the effects of perilla oil containing a high level of alpha-linolenic acid on in vivo phospholipid metabolism, particularly three subclasses of choline glycerophospholipids (CGP) and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EGP), in rat kidney. After three weeks of feeding, a significantly lower proportion (by 35%) of the alkylacyl subclass of CGP was found in the perilla oil, as compared to corn oil-fed animals. The alkylacyl species of EGP was also higher in the perilla oil than in the corn oil-fed animals. These alterations were accompanied by a remarkably lower proportion of arachidonic acid and a higher level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in all six subclasses of CGP and EGP in the perilla oil-fed animals. The levels of linoleic acid were even higher in the diacyl subclasses of CGP and EGP in the perilla oil group, suggesting that desaturase and elongase enzymes prefer n-3 to n-6 fatty acids as substrates for diacyl species. These data are useful in defining the effects of alpha-linolenic acid on the biosynthesis of renal phospholipids and on the replacement of n-6 with n-3 fatty acids in the six CGP and EGP subclasses.

The relationships of motor function, education, age and cognitive function to the physical activities of daily living

The physical activities of daily living are a final outcome of many functions and dependent on many factors. This study was aimed at exploring the relationships of motor function, dementia, education, age, and cognitive function to the physical activities of daily living in 67 elderly people residing in an institution in Taegu, Korea. Their mean ( +/- SD) age was 75.6 +/- 8.1 and 24 (35.8%) were men. Twenty-eight (41.8%) were classified as having definite cognitive impairment, 17 (25.4%) as having questionable impairment, and 22 (32.8%) as having no impairment by the Korean version of the mini-mental state examination. Of the aforementioned 5 variables, the Motoricity Index could account for 42% of the Barthel Activities of Daily Living variance. If the modified Blessed Dementia Rating Scale was included in the multiple regression, the accountable portion of the Activities variance increased by 4% only. Using the 2 variables, regression equation, y = 0.248 x chi 1-0.359 x chi 2-6.250 (y: Barthel Activities of Daily Living score, chi 1: Motoricity Index score, chi 2: modified Blessed Dementia Rating Scale score) could be produced. Conclusively, the physical activities of daily living of elderly people could be related mainly with motor function of the limbs and severity of dementia.

In vitro hormonal regulation of glycogen phosphorylase activity in fat body of the tropical cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

Blaberus hypertrehalosemic hormone (Bld-HTH)-dependent glycogen phosphorylase activation was investigated using in vitro fat bodies from the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. Resting levels of active phosphorylase were decreased by the presence of trehalose and glucose. Phosphorylase activation was dose-responsive to Bld-HTH and increased ca. 3-fold over a range of 0.02 to 2 nM Bld-HTH. Maximum phosphorylase activation required only 5-min exposure to Bld-HTH; reversion to the inactive state began within 15 min after Bld-HTH removal and was completed by 60 min. Octopamine also activated phosphorylase but required 10(3)-fold higher concentrations than did Bld-HTH. Concentrations of Bld-HTH and octopamine that increased active phosphorylase did not elevate fat body cAMP levels, although a high concentration of octopamine increased tissue cAMP levels. cAMP did not increase phosphorylase activity, but Ca2+ was important for both Bld-HTH- and octopamine-dependent phosphorylase activation.

Phosphoric acid tooth conditioner containing copper salt for bonding MMA-TBB resin

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of a conditioner for treating enamel and dentin simultaneously for MMA-TBB resin bonding. Various phosphoric acid solutions containing copper salts were prepared and used as conditioners before bonding MMA-TBB resin to bovine teeth. Their effects on the surface morphology and bonding were studied by scanning electron microscopy and tensile bond strength testing. The concentrations of phosphoric acid as well as copper salts therein affected the bond strength to dentin. Ten percent phosphoric acid containing 3% copper (II) chloride appeared optimal for treating dentin and was significantly effective in improving the bond strength compared with phosphoric acid alone. This conditioner was applicable also to enamel without any adverse effect on the bond strength. Therefore, enamel and dentin may effectively be treated simultaneously with this conditioner before bonding of MMA/TBB-based resin.

Induction of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA in bladders and spleens of mice after intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy is highly effective in the therapy of carcinoma in situ of the bladder, but the mechanism of BCG immunotherapy is not clearly understood. We studied the production of TNF-alpha in spleens and bladders of mice after intravesical BCG or BCG/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) instillation. Significant change of TNF-alpha mRNA expression of spleens and bladders of C3H/He mice was observed after intravesical BCG instillation, although intravesical IFN-gamma therapy 3 days after BCG instillation to maintain the activated state of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells did not show a significant change of TNF-alpha mRNA, compared with that of BCG therapy alone. Maximal production of TNF-alpha mRNA in spleens of mice was seen after the first or second intravesical BCG instillation, and production of TNF-alpha mRNA in bladders was also increased after intravesical BCG instillation. The increment of TNF-alpha production by BCG stimulation in HL-60, a promyelocytic leukaemic cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro may support the in vivo effect of BCG therapy on the bladder. These data show that local production of TNF-alpha as well as systemic production by intravesical BCG treatment may correlate with one of the mechanisms of BCG immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer.

Induction of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR expression by IFN-gamma in malignant melanoma cell lines

Two human malignant melanoma cell lines, Malme-3M and SK-Mel-28, were analyzed for their ability to induce the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR molecules on their cell surfaces as well as at the transcriptional level before and after treatment with interferon (IFN)-gamma. Both cell lines demonstrated a high percentage (> 99%) of ICAM-1 expression regardless of IFN-gamma treatment. Before IFN-gamma treatment, Malme-3M cells barely expressed HLA-DR molecules (< 2%) and SK-Mel-28 cells demonstrated a relatively high percentage (> 50%) of HLA-DR expression. Both cell lines displayed elevated levels of HLA-DR expression in a time dependent manner after IFN-gamma treatment. However, these two cell lines have been shown to respond differentially to IFN-gamma. The molecular mechanism underlying such a differential behavior was investigated, and HLA-DR gene regulation was studied at the transcriptional level. Treatment with IFN-gamma led to the steady-state mRNA augmentation of the HLR-DR gene. The HLA-DRA mRNA augmentation was similar in both cell lines, whereas in Malme-3M, IFN-gamma did not augment the rate of transcription of the HLA-DRB gene as much as in SK-Mel-28. Data from this study established the fact that the melanoma cell lines displayed a differential susceptibility to IFN-gamma on the modulation of HLA-DR molecules, and this modulation was transcriptionally regulated.

Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta: diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging

Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta is a rare congenital anomaly. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on three patients with anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta. ECG-gated, T1-weighted, spin-echo MRIs and cine MRIs were obtained. In one patient, postoperative MRI was also obtained. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were performed in three patients and angiocardiography was performed in two. MRI clearly showed anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the posterior aspect of the ascending aorta, as well as combined anomalies including patent ductus arteriosus, aortopulmonary window, and interruption of the aortic arch in all three patients. Echocardiography missed this anomaly in all three. We suggest that MRI is an accurate imaging modality in diagnosing anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta, obviating the need to perform angiocardiography.

Prognostic factors and renal survival rates in IgA nephropathy

A retrospective study of 223 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) was performed to clarify the prognostic factors and the renal survival rates of the disease. One hundred twenty-two patients were followed-up for more than 6 months after their renal biopsy (mean follow-up duration: 43.0 months), and 20 of them (16.4%) had progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Using univariate analysis, 8 risk factors (2 clinical and 6 histopathological findings) for developing ESRD were identified: renal insufficiency at initial presentation (serum creatinine > or = 1.5 mg/dl); heavy proteinuria (> or = 3.5 gm/day); moderate to severe histopathologic findings such as class IV/V lesions by W.H.O. classification, mesangial hypercellularity, glomerular sclerosis, interstitial infiltration, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. In multivariate regression analysis, class IV/V lesions and renal insufficiency at initial presentation were the independent prognostic factors of IgAN. The renal survival rates were 100% at 1 year, 97.0% at 3 years, and 78.9% at 5 years. In conclusion, it seems that about 20% of IgAN patients have a risk to progress to ESRD within 5 years, and a careful follow-up is recommended especially in patients who have either renal insufficiency at the time of presentation or severe renal pathology (class IV/V lesions).

Optical monitoring of movements in small animals and in semi-intact preparations

A system has been developed for monitoring motor patterns both in small animals and in semi-intact preparations. Using a video recording system, the optical image of the selected object is projected onto a TV monitor to which is attached a pair of photosensitive resistors or diodes. The signals from the photosensor are amplified, filtered prior to being recorded, or stored using commercially available data capture systems. Use of the paired photosensitive elements allows us to avoid changes in background illumination, using a differential amplification function, during different patterns of activity of monitored organs or animals and also allows us to record activity from several different organs or systems simultaneously. The simplicity of the system enables us to perform simultaneous monitoring of both effector movements and neuronal activity via multi-channel microelectrode recordings. We have tested this system using semi-intact preparations of the freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Examples of different types of recordings are presented.

Iatrogenic dissection of the celiac artery and its branches during transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: outcome in 40 patients

PURPOSE

To study the sequelae of iatrogenic dissection of the celiac axis and its branches in a large patient population.

METHODS

We analyzed 40 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) whose celiac artery or its branches were dissected during transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) and underwent follow-up angiography within 2 months.

RESULTS

The two most common sites of dissection were the celiac artery in 13 patients (32.5%) and the proper hepatic artery in 11 patients (27.5%). Follow-up angiography revealed complete recanalization in 32.5% (13/40), irregularity and narrowing of the lumen in 40% (16/40), and complete obstruction in 27.5% (11/40). Therefore, 72.5% (29/40) of the dissected arteries recanalized. Pseudoaneurysm formation of the dissected artery was observed in 32.5% (13/40). Subsequent TAE was possible via the dissected arteries in 79% (27/34) of patients in this series.

CONCLUSION

Iatrogenic dissection of the celiac and proximal hepatic arteries heals spontaneously in the majority of patients, and in most instances allows subsequent TAE.

Use of magnetic resonance imaging and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect and quantify muscle dysfunction in the amyopathic and myopathic variants of dermatomyositis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in characterizing the metabolic and functional status of muscles in patients with amyopathic dermatomyositis (DM) and to compare the findings with those in patients with classic myopathic DM.

METHODS

Nine patients with amyopathic DM, 11 patients with myopathic DM, and 11 normal individuals were studied. MRI images of thigh muscles were obtained, and T1 and T2 relaxation times were calculated. Biochemical status was quantitated with P-31 MRS, by determining concentrations of phosphate metabolites during rest and exercise.

RESULTS

Patients with amyopathic DM showed no muscle inflammation, and MRS data obtained during rest were normal. During exercise at 25% and 50% maximum voluntary contractile force, the MRS data revealed significant differences between amyopathic DM patients and control subjects indicating inefficient metabolism. In contrast, muscles of patients with myopathic DM showed inflammation and metabolic abnormalities even during rest.

CONCLUSION

Metabolic deficiencies in patients with amyopathic DM were unmasked by exercise, suggesting that the 2 DM syndromes may share muscle abnormalities. MRI/MRS may be useful in diagnosis and optimization of treatment.

The second kappa B element, kappa B2, of the HLA-A class I regulatory complex is an essential part of the promoter

The MHC class I regulatory complex (CRC) contains the well characterized palindromic kappa B element, kappa B1, to which a number of nuclear factors are known to bind. This cis element plays an important role in controlling the transcription of MHC class I genes. In addition, the CRC contains a second kappa B element, kappa B2, which is located in tandem with the kappa B1 site, 5 bp upstream. In this study, from reporter gene transfection experiments, we present evidence that this kappa B2 site is as important as kappa B1 in regulating HLA-A locus transcription. Mutations introduced into either kappa B site reduced promoter activity to approximately the level obtained when the entire CRC was deleted. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays showed that the kappa B2-binding complex (BIII) contained a p65-like subunit, but apparently not the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B. Complex BIII also bound to the kappa B1 site, but the kappa B2 sequence was poorly recognized by the kappa B1-binding complex, BI, probably KBF1, the p50 homodimer. These results demonstrate that both kappa B sites are essential components of the promoter and suggest that they may function together to control MHC class I gene transcription.

The second kappa B element, kappa B2, of the HLA-A class I regulatory complex is an essential part of the promoter

The MHC class I regulatory complex (CRC) contains the well characterized palindromic kappa B element, kappa B1, to which a number of nuclear factors are known to bind. This cis element plays an important role in controlling the transcription of MHC class I genes. In addition, the CRC contains a second kappa B element, kappa B2, which is located in tandem with the kappa B1 site, 5 bp upstream. In this study, from reporter gene transfection experiments, we present evidence that this kappa B2 site is as important as kappa B1 in regulating HLA-A locus transcription. Mutations introduced into either kappa B site reduced promoter activity to approximately the level obtained when the entire CRC was deleted. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays showed that the kappa B2-binding complex (BIII) contained a p65-like subunit, but apparently not the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B. Complex BIII also bound to the kappa B1 site, but the kappa B2 sequence was poorly recognized by the kappa B1-binding complex, BI, probably KBF1, the p50 homodimer. These results demonstrate that both kappa B sites are essential components of the promoter and suggest that they may function together to control MHC class I gene transcription.

Transcatheter arterial embolization of unresectable renal cell carcinoma with a mixture of ethanol and iodized oil

PURPOSE

The effectiveness of renal transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with a mixture of ethanol and iodized oil (Lipiodol) was analyzed retrospectively in 27 patients with unresectable renal cell carcinoma.

METHODS

Symptomatic or permanent palliation by TAE was performed with the intent to achieve total or partial ablation of the kidney with 10-28 ml of embolic material in a 3:1 mixture of ethanol and iodized oil. Clinical, angiographic, and computed tomographic (CT) follow-up were analyzed. Cumulative survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

Partial (5) or complete (22) ablation of the embolized kidneys was achieved in all cases. Follow-up CT after 1 month revealed Lipiodol uptake in the tumor area (14/14), decreased size of the tumor (6/14), and gas formation (7/14). Pulmonary metastasis improved significantly in one patient after transcatheter arterial embolization and adjunctive chemotherapy. Overall median survival of the 27 patients was 8.5 months. The median survival was 23 months in 10 patients with stage III, three of whom are still alive, and was 7 months in 15 patients with stage IV tumors.

CONCLUSION

The mixture of ethanol and Lipiodol is not only a convenient embolic material to use, but is also effective for selective or nonselective devascularization for unresectable renal cell carcinoma.

MR findings of hepatic cavernous hemangioma after intraarterial infusion of iodized oil

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on five tumors of three patients who had hepatic hemangiomas. Four tumors were given an intraarterial infusion of 3-8 ml of iodized oil, while one tumor was not. MR images were obtained at 2.0 or 0.5 T. A single spin echo sequence with TE of 30 ms and TR of 500 ms and a double echo sequence with TEs of 60 and 150 ms and TR of 2000 ms, were used to produce relatively T1-, T2-weighted, and heavily T2-weighted images, respectively. Follow-up MR imaging was done 1-5 months after infusion of iodized oil. On relatively T1-weighted images, hemangiomas showed iso- or hypointensity. On T2-weighted images, all tumors showed hyperintensity. However, on heavily T2-weighted images, tumors with iodized oil showed heterogeneous, slight hyperintensity, while tumors without iodized oil showed characteristic appearance of marked hyperintensity in hemangiomas. In hepatic cavernous hemangiomas with intraarterial infusion of iodized oil, familiarity with this unusual MR intensity of tumors on heavily T2-weighted images is useful to avoid the incorrect diagnosis and to reduce the frequency of inappropriate hepatic resection.

Nuclear protein binding patterns in the 5'-upstream regulatory elements of HLA class I genes

The expression of MHC class I genes has been thought to be regulated by two major cis-acting regulatory elements. The first region, enhancer A (Enh A) spanning from positions -210 to -165 contains perfect palindrome (PP), TGGGGATTCCCCA. The PP is well-conserved both in mouse and human MHC class I genes, even though the PP is disrupted by 2 bp substitutions (TGAGGATTCTCCA) in HLA-C genes. Three proteins binding to the Enh A of HLA-A and -B locus genes, but very weakly or nearly not to the Enh A of HLA-C locus gene have been identified. To determine functional importance of the PP for binding of trans-acting protein, mutant DNA probes were made by site-directed in vitro mutagenesis and then electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed. HLA-A mutant DNA probe, in which the PP is disrupted, shows the same nuclear protein binding pattern as that of the HLA-C gene, and HLA-C mutant DNA probe, in which the PP is introduced, shows the same nuclear protein binding pattern as that of the wild type HLA-A gene. These data suggest that the perfect palindrome and its cognate DNA binding nuclear protein play an important role in the HLA class I gene regulation, and thus the lower expression of HLA-C antigen may be ascribed to no or very weak factor binding to the nonpalindromic sequences of HLA-C upstream DNA.

Determination of genome size and a preliminary physical map of an extreme alkaliphile, Micrococcus sp. Y-1, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Large restriction fragments of genomic DNA from Micrococcus sp. Y-1 were separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Since Micrococcus sp. Y-1 has a G+C content of approximately 70%, restriction fragments were obtained by digesting chromosomal DNA with endonucleases which recognize A+T-rich sequences. Five enzymes, SspI, SpeI, XbaI, HpaI and EcoRI, were used for generation of distinctly separated fragments in the size range 100-500 kb. No site for DraI was detected. In contrast, sites for 8-base-recognizing enzymes, but not for NotI and SfiI, were frequent. The genome size of Micrococcus sp. Y-1 was determined from restriction fragments separated by PFGE, and was estimated to be approximately 4061 kb. Partial digestion experiments revealed the order of the six SspI fragments on the chromosome.

MR imaging of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve

Ebstein's anomaly is an uncommon congenital developmental abnormality of the tricuspid valve that has a wide spectrum of pathologic anatomy. With the evolution of various surgical techniques, through assessment of the morphologic features and type of Ebstein's anomaly assumes greater practical importance. Although the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly is usually straightforward and is based on echocardiographic findings, there are limitations in defining pathologic anatomy in some cases. The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the MR findings in various types of Ebstein's anomaly.

Identification and characterization of rat gamma/delta T lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid organs, small intestine, and skin with a monoclonal antibody to a constant determinant of the gamma/delta T cell receptor

A mAb called V65 was raised to a CD3+, TCR-alpha/beta- rat/mouse T cell hybrid that selectively reacts with all CD3+, TCR-alpha/beta- rat lymphocytes. Both anti-CD3 and V65 precipitate a 48- to 50-kDa heterodimeric protein from digitonin-lysed surface-iodinated cells. V65+ but not V65- T cells and T cell hybridoma cells express TCR-gamma mRNA. Together, these results show that V65 detects a constant determinant of the rat TCR-gamma/delta. In the presence of either IL-2 or IL-4, V65 stimulates proliferation in peripheral rat gamma/delta T cells. Approximately 90% of gamma/delta T cells from peripheral lymphoid organs have the same cell surface phenotype as thymus-derived MHC class I-restricted alpha/beta T cells, i.e., they are CD4- but express the CD8 alpha/beta heterodimer together with CD2 and CD5. In contrast, gamma/delta T cells from the epithelium of the small intestine lack CD2, CD4, and CD5 and express CD8 alpha only. Finally, V65 directly identifies a dense network of dendritic cells in the epidermis as gamma/delta T cells. These dendritic epidermal T cells are absent from athymic rats, indicating that like their mouse counterparts, they are thymus dependent.

Prevalence of EBV RNA in sinonasal and Waldeyer's ring lymphomas

A high incidence of a T cell phenotype of sinonasal lymphomas in other Asian countries has been associated with a high incidence of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection. We analyzed 13 sinonasal and 18 Waldeyer's ring lymphomas for the prevalence of EBV encoded RNA (EBER) using a sensitive and specific in situ hybridization. In addition, we examined the relationship of histologic findings and immunophenotype as well as the location of the lymphomas to the presence of EBV. The EBER was detected in each of 12 sinonasal lymphomas with a T cell immunophenotype. One B cell sinonasal lymphoma was EBER negative. Four of 18 Waldeyer's ring lymphomas were positive for EBER, including two T cell lymphomas. Two of 16 B cell Waldeyer's ring lymphomas were EBER positive. Morphologically, 11 of 20 diffuse large cell lymphomas, 2 diffuse mixed small and large cell lymphomas, 2 of 4 immunoblastic lymphomas and 1 lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma were EBER positive. Four follicular large cell lymphomas were EBER negative. A characteristic angiocentric or angiodestructive pattern was found in most T cell lymphomas and EBER positive cases. These findings indicate that EBV infection is more strongly associated with the T cell immunophenotype, angiocentric pattern and sinonasal location of the lymphoma.

Identification and characterization of rat gamma/delta T lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid organs, small intestine, and skin with a monoclonal antibody to a constant determinant of the gamma/delta T cell receptor

A mAb called V65 was raised to a CD3+, TCR-alpha/beta- rat/mouse T cell hybrid that selectively reacts with all CD3+, TCR-alpha/beta- rat lymphocytes. Both anti-CD3 and V65 precipitate a 48- to 50-kDa heterodimeric protein from digitonin-lysed surface-iodinated cells. V65+ but not V65- T cells and T cell hybridoma cells express TCR-gamma mRNA. Together, these results show that V65 detects a constant determinant of the rat TCR-gamma/delta. In the presence of either IL-2 or IL-4, V65 stimulates proliferation in peripheral rat gamma/delta T cells. Approximately 90% of gamma/delta T cells from peripheral lymphoid organs have the same cell surface phenotype as thymus-derived MHC class I-restricted alpha/beta T cells, i.e., they are CD4- but express the CD8 alpha/beta heterodimer together with CD2 and CD5. In contrast, gamma/delta T cells from the epithelium of the small intestine lack CD2, CD4, and CD5 and express CD8 alpha only. Finally, V65 directly identifies a dense network of dendritic cells in the epidermis as gamma/delta T cells. These dendritic epidermal T cells are absent from athymic rats, indicating that like their mouse counterparts, they are thymus dependent.

Measurement of free-carrier nonlinearities in ZnSe based on the Z-scan technique with a nanosecond laser

Self-defocusing and nonlinear absorption resulting from two-photon-excited free charge carriers were observed in polycrystalline ZnSe at the low power density of ~ 30 MW/cm(2) by use of the Z-scan technique with nanosecond laser pulses. The total carrier absorption cross section and the variation of refractive index per unit of photoexcited carrier density were estimated to be 0.80 +/- 0.10 x 10(-18) cm(2) and 0.60 +/- 0.15 x 10(-21) cm(3), respectively.

Renal parenchymal abnormalities associated with renal vein thrombosis: correlation between MR imaging and pathologic findings in rabbits

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to correlate abnormalities of the renal parenchyma seen on MR images with pathologic findings in rabbits with acute thrombosis of the renal vein.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MR images were obtained in 21 rabbits before and 1 hr to 2 weeks after ligation of the renal vein. MR findings were correlated with pathologic findings.

RESULTS

The cross-sectional area of the kidney was 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.2, 1.3, and 1.0 times of its initial size at 1 hr, 3 hr, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks, respectively, after ligation of the renal vein. Corticomedullary contrast on T1-weighted images decreased persistently from 1 hr to 2 weeks after ligation. Between 1 hr and 1 week after ligation, T2-weighted images showed a layer with low signal intensity that was correlated with medullary congestion and hemorrhage on pathologic specimens.

CONCLUSION

MR images show a layer with low signal intensity in the renal medulla that probably represents medullary congestion and hemorrhage of the kidney in rabbits with acute thrombosis of the renal vein.

Development of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system in male broilers fed a high or low protein diet

This experiment was undertaken to determine the changes in the mixed function oxidase system (MFO) in hepatic microsomes of male broiler chicks fed a 15% crude protein (LP) or 23% crude protein (HP) diet at different ages. The cytochromes P-450 and b5 content per unit of microsomal protein increased with age, while those per unit of body weight reached a maximum at 6 weeks of age, regardless of dietary protein levels. The activity of the MFO in chicks fed the HP diet was greater than those in chicks fed the LP diet during the first 9 weeks after hatching. At 4 weeks of age, cytochromes P-450 and b5, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were reduced by feeding the HP diet, but not by the LP diet.

Interventional management of benign obstruction of the hepatic inferior vena cava

PURPOSE

The effectiveness of interventional treatment of benign obstruction of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was evaluated in a retrospective analysis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Among 21 patients, 14 obstructions were membranous (type 1) and seven were segmental (type 2). IVC thrombosis was found proximal to the obstruction in five patients. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was attempted in patients with type 1 obstruction with use of a double balloon technique in most cases (12 of 14 cases). For six of the seven patients with type 2 obstruction, metallic stent placement and PTA were performed with or without urokinase thrombolysis or percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy. Follow-up evaluation was performed with vena cavography, pressure measurement, and liver function tests.

RESULTS

The overall initial success rate was 95% (20 of 21 cases). The mean pressure gradient across the obstruction decreased significantly from 14.1 mm Hg +/- 4.1 to 4.2 mm Hg +/- 3.7 (P < .01) in 10 patients with type 1 obstruction and from 15.7 mm Hg +/- 3.1 to 6.0 mm Hg +/- 3.3 (P < .05) in six patients with type 2 obstructions. During the follow-up period from 6 months to 6 years, patency was maintained in nine of 10 patients with type 1 obstruction. Among the seven patients with type 2 obstruction, restenosis developed in two. Intimal thickening inside the metallic stent was found on the follow-up vena cavogram for all six patients who underwent stent placement.

CONCLUSION

For the interventional treatment of benign obstruction of the hepatic IVC, PTA with the double balloon technique is effective for the membranous type (type 1), and combined interventions including PTA, thrombolysis with urokinase, percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy, and metallic stent placements seem effective in the treatment of the segmental type (type 2). The long-term effects, including intimal thickening in cases involving the use of metallic stents, warrant further investigation.

Magnetic resonance imaging and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy provide unique quantitative data useful in the longitudinal management of patients with dermatomyositis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the longitudinal management of patients with dermatomyositis (DM).

METHODS

The study group consisted of 11 patients, including 3 children, all of whom had a clinical diagnosis of DM. A control group of 8 subjects was studied simultaneously. MRI included images as well as calculations of T1 and T2 relaxation times. The P-31 MRS protocol evaluated metabolic status (i.e., inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine ratios and phosphocreatine and ATP levels) during rest, exercise, and recovery.

RESULTS

T2-weighted images of the thigh muscles showed inflammation even when serum creatine phosphokinase levels were in the normal range. Metabolic abnormalities, which were accentuated with exercise, were found in 10 patients. In some individuals, bioenergetic defects preceded other changes and persisted after resolution of inflammation. In general, clinical impressions correlated with MRI/MRS data.

CONCLUSION

MRI and MRS provide unique data which are quantitative and which cannot be obtained from routine laboratory tests. These MR evaluations appear to be of value in assessing the status of DM patients during treatment with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs.

Dexamethasone inhibits mucosal adaptation after small bowel resection

The present study examined the effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation after massive small bowel resection. Rats underwent 80% jejunoileal resection or a sham operation and received either vehicle or 128 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 sc dexamethasone for 7 days. Dexamethasone infusion resulted in decreased weight, DNA content, and protein content in the duodenojejunal and ileal mucosa in both sham and resected rats. Sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities (all in mumol.g protein-1.min-1) in the duodenojejunal mucosa were elevated by dexamethasone infusion. By contrast, enzyme activities were elevated only in the ileal mucosa of dexamethasone-infused sham-operated rats compared with sham-operated control rats, and dexamethasone did not elevate enzyme activities in resected rats. We further examined whether the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation may be related to changes in either insulin-like growth factor (IGF) or IGF binding protein (BP) serum levels. Serum IGF-I and IGF-II levels were markedly decreased in dexamethasone-infused resected and sham-operated rats. IGF BP-1 serum levels were elevated by dexamethasone treatment with a concomitant depression in serum IGF BP-2 levels. IGF BP-3 levels were lowered by dexamethasone treatment in sham-operated rats and by gut resection, and serum IGF BP-4 levels did not change. These results suggest that the growth-inhibiting effects of dexamethasone in small intestinal mucosa may be partially mediated by decreased serum IGF levels or by alterations in IGF activity associated with changes in serum levels of IGF BPs.

Entry tears of thoracic aortic dissections: MR appearance on gated SE imaging

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of gated SE MR to demonstrate entry tears of thoracic aortic dissections and to elucidate their MR appearance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gated SE MR images of nine consecutive patients with nonthrombosed aortic dissection on aortography were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

Magnetic resonance consistently depicted an intimal flap and a double lumen in all nine patients. A focal intimal flap discontinuity suggesting an intimal tear was shown in eight patients. This intimal flap discontinuity was confirmed to be the entry tear by operation in five patients and by aortography in three. In five of eight patients with a focal intimal flap discontinuity, rapid influx of blood across an intimal defect produced a localized signal void area within the false lumen, which was surrounded by slow flow signal showing even-echo rephasing. This MR sign of a localized jet of flow void within the false lumen was very useful in determining the significance of a focal intimal flap discontinuity.

CONCLUSION

Familiarity with these MR appearances of entry tears may enable their preoperative localization in a large proportion of aortic dissections on routine gated SE MRI.

Microfracture mechanisms of dental resin composites containing spherically-shaped filler particles

The effects of spherically-shaped filler particles on bending strength, bending elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of resin composites were studied. The filler content was changed by 0, 20, 40, 60, and 70 wt%. Bending properties and fracture toughnesses were determined on three-point bending specimens. Acoustic Emission (AE), i.e., the elastic wave released from a localized source in the material, was detected by sensors of a high-sensitivity and low-noise resonance type during the fracture toughness test. Detected acoustic emission signals were analyzed for parameters such as amplitude, events, and locations. The fractured surface was examined by a scanning electron microscope. The bending strength and the fracture toughness showed almost the same trend in their increasing rates by filler content, but the elastic modulus showed a much higher increasing rate. A microfracture mechanism of the dental resin composites containing spherically-shaped filler particles is proposed based on the results obtained from the AE-releasing pattern, two-dimensional AE location, and fracture surface findings. In addition to the toughening effects of crack pinning and crack branching, which are observed in the usual commercial resin composites, crack-deflecting effects are confirmed in this new type of dental resin composites.

Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma of the liver: sonography, CT, angiography, and iodized-oil CT with pathologic correlation

To evaluate the characteristics of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma of the liver by imaging techniques, six patients (five male and one female), aged 46-60 years, with proved combined tumors were selected for this study from the review of 500 resected specimens of liver tumors. Images obtained from sonography, computed tomography (CT), angiography, and CT after intraarterial injection of iodized oil (iodized-oil CT) were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with the appearance of pathologic specimens. Sonographic findings were round or ovoid hypoechoic masses with central hyperechoic area (target appearance) in all patients. On CT scans, tumors were relatively well-defined low-and/or iso-attenuation masses in all patients. Angiography showed hypovascular masses in five patients. In one patient, the tumor appeared as a hypovascular mass with a central hypervascular area. On iodized-oil CT scans, all patients showed partial retention of iodized oil in tumors. Echogenicity in tumors at sonography or attenuation in tumors at CT could not be correlated with histologic difference in tumors at pathologic specimens. However, the hypervascular area at angiography and the compact retention areas of iodized oil at iodized-oil CT corresponded to portions of hepatocellular carcinoma within the combined tumor. On the basis of our results, imaging features, including target appearance at sonography, hypovascular mass with central hypervascular portions at angiography, and partial retention of iodized oil in tumors at iodized-oil CT, might be helpful in making accurate diagnosis of these rare tumors.

Perforation of the gastroduodenal artery induced by steerable guidewires in two cases: treatment of hemorrhage by embolization

We encountered 2 cases of guidewire-induced perforation of the gastroduodenal artery after using a hydrophil-coated guidewire. The guidewire penetrated a small side branch of the normal gastroduodenal artery in 1 patient and the weakened gastroduodenal artery due to pancreatic pseudocyst in the other patient. Both complications resulted in serious hemorrhage and were successfully managed by transcatheter embolization using steel coils. In an era of widespread use of hydrophil-coated guidewires for superselective catheterization, it is important to appreciate the possibility of this potentially serious complication.

Effects of dietary menhaden oil on mucosal adaptation after small bowel resection in rats

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Adaptive hyperplasia of the small intestine is important in the outcome of short bowel syndrome. Previous studies have shown that long-chain fats stimulate this process. In the present study, the trophic effects of dietary menhaden oil, a highly unsaturated fat source, on mucosal adaptation following small bowel resection in rats was evaluated.

METHODS

Thirty weanling Sprague-Dawley rats and their controls were fed diets containing fats provided primarily as menhaden oil, safflower oil, or beef tallow. After 4 weeks, animals underwent a 70% jejunoileal resection. Mucosal mass, DNA, protein, and sucrase levels were assessed 14 days after a 70% jejunoileal resection or control feeding. Serum fatty acid composition and several gastrointestinal hormone levels were measured.

RESULTS

Resected animals fed menhaden oil showed a marked increase in mucosal weight, DNA, and protein levels compared with rats fed the other fat sources. Enteroglucagon level was increased in all resected groups, but least increased in the menhaden-fed animals. In contrast, peptide YY concentrations were most increased in animals fed menhaden oil.

CONCLUSIONS

Menhaden oil appears more effective in inducing intestinal adaptation than less highly unsaturated fats. Analysis of gastrointestinal hormones revealed no clear-cut explanation for this finding, other than a modest but associated increase in peptide YY levels.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of HTLV-I isolate from a Korean patient with HAM/TSP

Limited nucleotide sequences of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) provirus isolated from the first case of a Korean patient with HTLV-I associated myelopathy and tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) were analysed and compared with other isolates from different regions of the world. The sequences of the env, LTR regions (536bp, 690bp respectively) showed 98.7%, 99.3% homologies with the prototype HTLV-I, ATK-1, isolated from a Japanese Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patient. A comparison between other isolates from different geographical origins revealed that the Korean HTLV-I isolate is more closely related to Japanese isolates than to those from other geographical origins.

Overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1) enhances T-cell cytokine gene expression: role of AP1, NF-AT, and NF-KB

Transfected Jurkat cells overexpressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1), also referred to as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, were selected by Western blotting assay using anti-ERK1 and antiphosphotyrosine antibodies in combination with a functional MAP kinase assay. We then asked whether enhanced ERK1 expression had any effect on induction of T-cell cytokine genes. The results show that overexpression of ERK1 enhances expression of T-cell interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA; no change was seen in expression of the alpha-actin gene. DNA-binding activities of the transcription factors AP1, NF-AT, and NF-kB were specifically increased twofold to fourfold in ERK1-overexpressing clones relative to nontransformed or vector-transformed cells, whereas no enhancement of CK1-CK2 protein DNA binding activity was detected after ERK1 overexpression. Additionally, increased NF-AT DNA binding activity was associated with functional enhancement of NF-AT transactivating activity in ERK1-overexpressing cells. These results provide direct evidence for the role of MAP kinase in the regulation of cytokine gene expression and indicate that such regulation is likely mediated through the enhanced DNA binding activity of specific nuclear transcription factors.

Insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 receptors in rat small intestine following massive small bowel resection. Analysis by binding, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry

This study was undertaken to correlate changes in insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 receptors in enterocytes both during the phase of active hyperplasia (protocol 1) and the phase of initiation of hyperplasia (protocol 2) induced by 60% proximal jejunoileal resection in rats. Hormone binding to purified receptor preparations, indirect immunofluorescence analysis by flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to identify receptor changes. Insulin and IGF-2 receptor binding were increased in the intestine two days after surgery and prior to increased cell mass. The number of cells expressing insulin and IGF-1 receptors increased two- and three-fold between 12 and 36 hr after resection, whereas IGF-2 receptors were maintained throughout the 48-hr period. A significant increase in immunoreactive IGF-2 receptors in both the villus and crypt regions of the jejunum and ileum was observed 12 hr after resection, and this increase was maintained in the crypt region of the jejunum through 48 hr. Therefore, insulin and IGF-2 receptors appear to be important in the initiation of cellular hyperplasia following resection.

[A case of pelvic paragonimiasis combined with myoma uteri and pelvic inflammatory disease]

Paragonimus westermani is a lung fluke of humans that is usually found in the lungs but may be found elsewhere in many unusual locations. A case of pelvic paragonimiasis was found incidentally by surgical intervention of inflammatory disease and myoma uteri. She was a 51-year-old Korean woman complaining of lower abdominal pain and intermittent vaginal spotting. Numerous Paragonimus ova were observed in the resected omentum in the pelvis after total abdominal hysterectomy. It is suggested that pelvic paragonimiasis may be one of causative agents of pelvic inflammatory disease.

DNA-binding proteins for transcription enhancing region of HLA class I gene

Class I regulatory complex (CRC) located in the 5'-upstream region of MHC class I gene contains transcriptional enhancing sequences, called Enh A. This Enh A region contains tandem-arranged kappa B-like sites, one of which has a well-conserved perfect palindromic sequence. The second kappa B-like site, juxtaposed to the perfect palindrome, contains an imperfect palindromic sequence. In B-cell nuclear extracts, we have identified at least four sequence-specific protein complexes; three shared the repeated kappa B enhancer as their binding motifs. The perfect palindromic sequence facilities the binding of a complex termed BI, while the imperfect palindrome provides the binding sites for two other complexes, BII and BIII. The BII and BIII complexes exhibited binding crossreactivity with other kappa B-related motifs and recognized both the perfect and imperfect palindromic sequences, whereas the BI complex was specific for the perfect palindromic sequence which is unique to the class I promoters. A DNA segment outside the repeated kappa B enhancers probably binds the fourth complex, BIV. These complexes, except for the perfect palindrome-binding complex, differ from those described for the murine class I promoter. The binding characteristics of these factors suggest that the mechanism controlling the class I transcription may be quite complex.