Prevalence, infectivity, and risk factor analysis of hepatitis C virus infection in prostitutes

A population of 622 prostitutes in Taiwan was tested for antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) using a synthetic peptide assay composed of representative determinants from capsid and nonstructural (NS) viral proteins. Seventy-four (12%) were positive and the remaining 548 (88%) were negative. Seventy-nine samples were retested by a second-generation anti-HCV assay composed of recombinant capsid and NS proteins of HCV. Both assays had a nearly perfect agreement (Kappa value = 0.91). Of the positive cases, 31% were positive for reactivity to capsid only. Most (60/74, 81%) of the cases positive for synthetic peptide assay were HCV RNA positive, indicating potential infectivity. On the basis of the results of synthetic peptide assay, univariate analysis showed that history of paid sex for longer than 6 months, blood transfusion, acupuncture, intravenous drug abuse, and age over 20 years were significant risk factors of HCV infection (P < 0.01). Elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (> 40 U/L) were positively associated with anti-HCV, while the presence of serum hepatitis B surface antigen was a negatively associated factor. Multivariate analysis revealed that history of paid sex for longer than 6 months and blood transfusion were positively associated with anti-HCV (P < 0.001). The latter only accounted for less than one fifth of the HCV-infected prostitutes. This study indicates strongly that sexual transmission is an important route for HCV infection in prostitutes. This risk group may spread HCV to other populations as a sexually transmitted disease.

Changes of sex hormone levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-related postnecrotic cirrhosis: relationship to the severity of portal hypertension

The effect of portal hypertension on plasma sex steroid levels was studied in 49 patients with hepatitis B virus-related postnecrotic cirrhosis. In accordance with the Child-Pugh classification, 18 patients were classified as grade A, 15 grade B and 16 grade C. At the same time, 25 males who were admitted for physical check-up served as normal controls. Serum testosterone levels decreased (3.31 +/- 2.03 vs. 5.65 +/- 0.13 ng/ml) and estrone levels increased (0.16 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.09 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) significantly in patients with cirrhosis compared to the levels obtained in the controls. Moreover, these changes were associated with an increased severity of cirrhosis (P < 0.05 when severity increased from grade A to C). Hemodynamic values regarding hepatic venous pressure gradient and cardiac output demonstrated significant differences in patients from grade A to C, but the correlation between these two parameters was poor (r = 0.3242). The hepatic venous pressure gradient, the only direct measurement of portal hypertension, did not correlate with any of the measured hormone levels in patients with cirrhosis. There was, however, a highly significant negative correlation between cardiac output and testosterone levels (r = -0.8754, P < 0.01) and a positive correlation between cardiac output and estrone levels (r = 0.7522, P < 0.05) in grade C patients. On the basis of these results, we concluded that gonadal dysfunction is a common finding in patients with hepatitis B related postnecrotic cirrhosis, especially in those with decompensated liver function. The relationship between cardiac output and severity of liver disease suggests that the degree of portosystemic shunting probably increases as liver disease worsens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Immobilization and anesthesia of two hand-reared zebras

This report describes our experiences with 2 drug combinations that were used safely and effectively to immobilize and anesthetize 2 hand-reared zebras. Zebras were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride or detomidine. The latter is more potent and of more use in healthy, vigorous animals. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal/guaifenesin or tiletamine/zolazepam. The latter is more convenient because a quick, simple IV injection will preclude the necessity for physical restraint required to administer a large volume of guaifenesin/thiobarbiturate combination. Tracheal intubation was easily accomplished with either induction regimen, and inhalation anesthetic was used for longer periods of anesthesia.

Measurement of intravariceal pressure by fine needle direct puncture in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive cirrhotic patients: the effect of vasopressin

The pressure of oesophageal varices was determined by fine needle direct puncture in 19 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive cirrhosis after the first episode of variceal bleeding before endoscopic sclerotherapy. Both the stability and reliability of the measurement of intravariceal pressure by fine needle puncture were confirmed. Seven patients received intravenous 1 mL normal saline. Intravariceal pressure did not change before and after injection of normal saline (16.3 +/- 4.0 vs 16.0 +/- 4.0 mmHg, P > 0.05). Twelve patients received intravenous 1 units vasopressin and this caused a significant reduction in intravariceal pressure (15.6 +/- 2.6 vs 10.3 +/- 2.9 mmHg, P < 0.0001). The average basal intravariceal pressure in these patients was 15.8 +/- 3.1 mmHg. After intravariceal pressure was recorded, the needle was left in situ and endoscopic sclerotherapy commenced immediately. During the investigation, no adverse reaction or complication was encountered. It was concluded that the measurement of intravariceal pressure by fine needle direct puncture followed by immediate sclerotherapy is a safe and simple method to evaluate the short-term effect of drug prevention from oesophageal variceal bleeding and that vasopressin causes reduction of intravariceal pressure.

Changes of hepatic and systemic haemodynamics following somatostatin administration in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis

Somatostatin has been used to effectively control acute variceal haemorrhage, with conjectured mechanisms on portal hypertension. We, therefore, evaluated the effects of somatostatin on hepatic and systemic haemodynamics in 15 patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis and portal hypertension. All patients received an intravenous, continuous infusion of somatostatin 250 micrograms/h, following a bolus injection of 250 micrograms. In systemic haemodynamics, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased (P < 0.05), associated with a reflex bradycardia within 3 min following bolus injections, compared with basal values. The right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, inferior vena cava pressure, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance remained unaffected after drug infusion. In hepatic haemodynamics, the wedge hepatic vein pressure remained unchanged after drug administration. However, there was an increase in free hepatic vein pressure (FHVP; P < 0.05), and a trend toward a decrease in the hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG; P = 0.063), within 3 min after bolus injection. Furthermore, the hepatic blood flow decreased significantly at 10 and 30 min after somatostatin infusion (P < 0.05). The effective sinusoidal perfusion assessed by indocyanine green infusion also decreased progressively at 10 min (P = 0.057) and 30 min (P < 0.05). We concluded that somatostatin, at the dose used in this study, caused a transient and bolus-related vasoconstrictive effect, resulting in increases in MAP and FHVP, a decrease in heart rate, and a trend toward lower HVPG. In addition, somatostatin reduced the hepatic blood flow and effective sinusoidal perfusion which may be hazardous to cirrhotic patients during variceal haemorrhage.

Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Polymers

A synthetic pathway is described to construct "in bulk" two-dimensional (2D) polymers shaped as molecular sheets. A chiral oligomeric precursor is used that contains two reactive sites, a polymerizable group at one terminus and a reactive stereogenic center near the middle of the molecule. The bulk reaction yields bilayer 2D polymers of molecular weight in the order of millions and a monodisperse thickness of 50.2 angstroms. The 2D molecular objects form through molecular recognition by the oligomers, which self-organize into layers that place the reactive groups within specific planes. The oligomers become catenated by two different stitching reactions involving the reactive sites. At room temperature, stacks of these molecular objects can organize as single crystals and at higher temperatures melt into smectic liquid crystals. Nonlinear optical experiments reveal that solid films containing the 2D polymers form structures that are thermally and temporally more stable than those containing analogous 1D polymers. This observation suggests that the transformation of common polymers from a 1D to a 2D architecture may produce generations of organic materials with improved properties.

Hemodynamic effects of calibrated stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery in conscious rats with portal vein stenosis

Because superior mesenteric arterial blood flow is increased in portal hypertension and plays a role in elevated portal pressure, mechanical reduction of artery diameter should induce decreases in portal pressure and superior mesenteric arterial blood flow. In this study, calibrated superior mesenteric artery stenosis (induced with a 22-gauge needle) was performed in rats simultaneously with portal vein stenosis or 2 wk after creation of portal vein stenosis. Hemodynamic studies were performed 3 wk after induction of portal vein stenosis in conscious, unrestrained rats. At that time, neither weight loss nor digestive tract alterations were observed in rats with arterial stenosis. In neither group of rats with arterial stenosis was portal tributary blood flow significantly different from that of normal rats; nor was it significantly lower than in rats with portal vein stenosis without arterial stenosis. In both groups of rats with arterial stenosis, portal pressure was significantly lower (12.1 +/- 1.6 mm Hg and 12.5 +/- 1.8 mm Hg, respectively) than in rats subjected to portal vein stenosis (15.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) but significantly higher than in controls (7.2 +/- 1.0 mm Hg). In rats with arterial stenosis, cardiac index was also significantly lower than that in rats with portal vein stenosis but higher than that in controls. In conclusion, this study shows that both early and late superior mesenteric artery stenosis significantly reduce the degree of portal hypertension and the hyperkinetic state of rats with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Thus we can speculate that superior mesenteric artery stenosis might provide a new therapeutic approach for portal hypertension.

A randomized controlled trial comparing octreotide and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of intravenous infusion of octreotide (a synthetic long-acting somatostatin analogue) with vasopressin in 48 cirrhotic patients with endoscopically proven bleeding esophageal varices. Twenty-four patients received a continuous infusion of octreotide 25 micrograms/h for 24 h after an initial bolus of 100 micrograms and another 24 patients received a continuous infusion of vasopressin 0.4 U/min for 24 h. Bleeding was initially controlled after 6 h of drug infusion in 88% (21/24) and 54% (13/24) of the patients treated with octreotide and vasopressin respectively (p = 0.03). Complete control of bleeding after 24 h of drug infusion was achieved in 15 (63%) patients receiving octreotide and in 11 (46%) patients receiving vasopressin (p > 0.05). Side effects during drug infusion such as headache, chest pain and abdominal pain were significantly lower in the octreotide group (3/24) than in the vasopressin group (11/24). Serum gastrin and insulin levels fell significantly following octreotide infusion, but plasma glucose levels remained unchanged. Mortality related to bleeding esophageal varices was no different between the two groups. This report showed that octreotide infusion was more effective and had fewer side effects than vasopressin in initial controlling of acute esophageal variceal bleeding until an elective endoscopic sclerotherapy could be performed.

Current seroepidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection among hepatitis B surface antigen carriers of general and high-risk populations in Taiwan

In order to assess the current seroepidemiology of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in Taiwan where hepatitis B virus (HBV) is hyperendemic, a total of 756 voluntary blood donors, 641 prostitutes, 1,014 patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and 628 drug abusers were studied. Radioimmunoassays were used for testing HBV infection markers and antibody against HDV (anti-HDV) among HBsAg carriers. The anti-HDV prevalence among HBsAg carriers was significantly higher in STD patients (9.6%), prostitutes (33.1%), and drug abusers (68.1%) than in blood donors from the general population (2.2%). The prevalence gradually increased with age in blood donors and STD patients, but reached a plateau at a young age in prostitutes and drug abusers. Males had a higher prevalence than females in blood donors (2.7% vs. 0), STD patients (8.2% vs. 7.5%), and drug abusers (69.0% vs. 57.1%), but the difference was not statistically significant. STD patients with syphilis had a higher prevalence (19.5%) than those affected with non-ulcerating STDs (5.3%). While unlicensed prostitutes had a lower prevalence (13.6%) than licensed prostitutes (44.9%), intravenous drug abusers had a higher prevalence (73.1%) than non-intravenous drug abusers (34.6%). There was a twofold increase in anti-HDV prevalence from 1986 to 1989 among prostitutes, but the prevalence remained unchanged in the general population and drug abusers. HDV infection remains limited to the high-risk groups and spread mainly by promiscuity and needle sharing in Taiwan.

Hemodynamic, neurohumoral, and metabolic responses to amino acid infusion in patients with cirrhosis

In patients with cirrhosis the renal response to amino acid infusion is controversial. In addition, the renal and systemic metabolic effects of amino acids are unknown. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of amino acids on renal hemodynamics, renal and systemic oxygen (O2) consumption, and hormones in patients with cirrhosis. Twelve patients received an 8% amino acid solution for 30 minutes at a rate providing 250 mg of amino acids/kg body wt. Renal blood flow increased by 45% (P less than 0.05) and the glomerular filtration rate by only 9% (P greater than 0.05). Renal vascular resistance decreased by 23% (P less than 0.05), and renal perfusion pressure did not change significantly. Renal and systemic O2 consumption and pulmonary artery plasma glucagon level significantly increased. There were no significant changes in plasma osmolality, plasma volume, and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations. In conclusion, the results show that amino acid-induced renal vasodilation caused hyperperfusion but not renal hyperfiltration in patients with cirrhosis. In addition, renal hyperemia was associated with renal and systemic hypermetabolism.

Characterization of the Erwinia carotovora peh gene and its product polygalacturonase

The peh gene, encoding polygalacturonase (Peh), was identified in Erwinia carotovora strain EC and cloned in Escherichia coli. Recombinant Peh (re-Peh) was purified from E. coli strain 706 containing peh on a recombinant plasmid. The activity of the re-Peh protein is optimal at pH 5.5. The N-terminal and internal amino acid (aa) sequences of re-Peh were determined and compared to the aa sequence deduced from the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the cloned peh. The re-Peh has no similarity, based on either the nt sequences or the deduced aa sequences, to pectate lyases from the same Er. carotovora strain or other organisms.

Octreotide decreased liver metabolic activity in patients with hepatitis B surface antigen—positive cirrhosis

The influence of octreotide and somatostatin on liver metabolic activity were studied in 16 patients with cirrhosis that was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In patients receiving a 50 micrograms bolus and a 50 micrograms/hr infusion of octreotide, the hepatic blood flow, hepatic clearance, and the maximum velocity/metabolic elimination rate constant (Vmax/km) were significantly reduced after octreotide infusion compared with basal values. Similarly, the hepatic blood flow, hepatic clearance, and Vmax/km were significantly decreased in patients receiving a 250 micrograms bolus and a 250 micrograms/hr infusion of somatostatin. The extraction ratio and the systemic hemodynamic values, including cardiac index, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance, showed no significant changes in patients receiving either octreotide or somatostatin. These findings suggest that, as with somatostatin, octreotide reduced hepatic blood flow and impaired liver metabolic activity in patients with HBsAg-positive cirrhosis. These effects may have important clinical implications in the management of bleeding esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis.

Effects of endothelin in portal hypertensive rats

1. Effects of endothelin-1 on systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate and portal venous pressure were compared in normal Sprague-Dawley rats and rats with portal hypertension induced by CCl4 and partial portal vein ligation. 2. Endothelin-1 produced biphasic effects on systemic blood pressure and portal venous pressure in all three groups of rats. However, the magnitude of the changes in blood pressure was less in portal hypertensive rats. 3. The ability of endothelin-1 to increase the portal venous pressure was also significantly diminished in portal hypertensive rats. On the other hand, the initial decrease in portal pressure was augmented in rats with partial portal vein ligation, and disappeared at higher dosage in CCl4-treated rats. 4. In accordance with the pressure recording in vivo, the dose-response vasoconstrictive activity of endothelin-1 was significantly attenuated in the intrahepatic vasculature. 5. The plasma immunoreactive endothelin concentration was significantly higher (5.55 +/- 0.81 fmol/ml) in Sprague-Dawley rats than in CCl4-treated rats (2.83 +/- 0.56 fmol/ml) and rats with partial portal vein ligation (2.68 +/- 0.53 fmol/ml). 6. It was concluded that a lower plasma level of endothelin and a reduced vascular responsiveness may contribute, at least in part, to the hyperdynamics of portal hypertension.

Annexin VI is required for budding of clathrin-coated pits

Isolated plasma membranes attached to a solid substratum at 4 degrees C have numerous clathrin-coated pits. These pits initially are flat but become deeply invaginated after warming to 37 degrees C. The pits remain tethered to the membrane in this rounded condition unless supplied with ATP, Ca2+, and cytosol. We now show that when cytosol is treated to remove the Ca(2+)-dependent, phospholipid-binding protein annexin VI, coated pit budding no longer takes place. Addition of purified annexin VI back to the annexin VI-depleted cytosol restores budding activity to normal. Purified annexin VI alone shows only a modest budding activity, suggesting that the cytosol contains a factor(s) in addition to annexin VI that is required for full activity. Cytosol-dependent activation of annexin VI requires both ATP and Ca2+. Annexin VI appears to be not only an active component in the detachment of coated pits from the membrane but also a site for regulating the formation of coated vesicles.

Idiopathic portal hypertension: a case report

Clinically, idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) is characterized by overt splenomegaly with pancytopenia, portal hypertension and relatively mild abnormalities in liver function tests. Although its etiology is still undetermined, the liver pathology is characterized by occlusive changes of the intrahepatic portal radicles, portal and periportal fibrosis, irregularly distributed parenchyma atrophies and absent of regeneration nodules. The disease is relatively benign and does not progress to cirrhosis. Differential diagnosis between IPH and liver cirrhosis is mandatory. We now report a case with histologically proven IPH, including clinical course, laboratory data, roentgenographic findings of hepatic venogram and celiac angiogram, hepatic hemodynamic features and intravariceal pressure of esophageal varix which has never been reported in Taiwan.

Hemodynamic evaluation of octreotide in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis

The hemodynamic effects of octreotide were studied in 20 patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. In patients receiving a 100-micrograms bolus and a 100-micrograms/h infusion, heart rate, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance showed no significant changes, whereas right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and inferior vena cava pressure decreased significantly after octreotide infusion compared with basal values. In contrast, in patients receiving a 50-micrograms bolus and a 50-micrograms/h infusion, all the systemic hemodynamic values were unaffected. In both groups of patients receiving two different doses of octreotide, the estimated hepatic blood flow, hepatic indocyanine green clearance, and wedge hepatic venous pressure were significantly reduced at 60 minutes after octreotide administration compared with basal values, whereas the hepatic venous pressure gradient remained unchanged. It is concluded that the two different doses of octreotide administration result in the reduction of the wedge hepatic venous pressure and the hepatic blood flow of a similar magnitude, whereas the hepatic venous pressure gradient is unaffected. Octreotide induces discrepant systemic hemodynamic response; this effect is dose related.

Hemodynamic effects of a combination of vasopressin and ketanserin in patients with hepatitis b-related cirrhosis

We measured the hemodynamic effects of intravenous vasopressin, ketanserin (a 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 receptor blocker), and vasopressin plus ketanserin in 33 patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. Thirteen patients received vasopressin alone (0.66 units/min), ten patients ketanserin alone (10 mg), and ten patients vasopressin followed by vasopressin plus ketanserin. Vasopressin alone reduced the hepatic venous pressure gradient (from 18 +/- 5, mean +/- S.D., to 9 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.0001) and cardiac output (p less than 0.0001), but increased mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.005), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (p less than 0.0001), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p less than 0.0001), and systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.001). There was no significant change in heart rate. Ketanserin alone produced a significant fall in the hepatic venous pressure gradient (from 16 +/- 4 to 13 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.0001), mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.005), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (p less than 0.005), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p less than 0.005). Heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance were not significantly changed. The addition of ketanserin to vasopressin corrected most of the systemic hemodynamic disturbances produced by vasopressin. This combination did not lead to a further reduction in the hepatic venous pressure gradient. We conclude that intravenous ketanserin reduces portal pressure in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. The addition of ketanserin to vasopressin improves the detrimental systemic hemodynamic effects of vasopressin without further reducing the portal pressure.

Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus infections in patients at a sexually transmitted diseases clinic

The human papillomavirus was detected in cervicovaginal cells by the polymerase chain reaction in 14 of 37 (37.8%) patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and in 6 of 43 healthy young women (14.0%) undergoing routine gynecologic examinations who served as controls. The results indicated that even the more malignant types of human papillomaviruses were not uncommon among the control group, and that the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection was significantly higher in STD clinic patients than in the control group. These findings confirm the suggestion that factors other than human papillomavirus infections may be involved in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer.

Relationship of portal pressure, anorectal varices and hemorrhoids in cirrhotic patients

In a prospective study of 103 consecutive cirrhotic patients a high prevalence (43%) of anorectal varices was found compared with only 2% in 103 age- and sex-matched control subjects (p less than 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the prevalences of hemorrhoids in cirrhotic patients and in control subjects (79% vs. 83%, p greater than 0.05). The hepatic venous pressure gradient of cirrhotic patients with anorectal varices was similar to cirrhotic patients without anorectal varices (14 +/- 6 mmHg, n = 22, vs. 16 +/- 7 mmHg, n = 39, p greater than 0.05. There was no significant difference in the hepatic venous pressure gradient between cirrhotic patients with and without hemorrhoids (15 +/- 6 mmHg, n = 47, vs. 16 +/- 8 mmHg, n = 14, p greater than 0.05). The prevalence of anorectal varices and hemorrhoids in cirrhotic patients had no relation to Child-Pugh's grading, esophageal varices with and without sclerotherapy and ascites. We conclude that anorectal varices are common in cirrhotic patients. Anorectal varices and hemorrhoids are not related to the degree of portal pressure.

Sustained slowing effect of lentils on gastric emptying of solids in humans and dogs

The distal small intestine is an especially potent site for carbohydrate-triggered intestinal inhibition of gastric emptying of solids. Poorly digestible carbohydrates, such as lentils, may escape proximal absorption, travel over time to reach these inhibitory mechanisms, and slow the gastric emptying of a later meal. A slowing effect on gastric emptying may be associated with a lowering effect on postprandial glucose. The aims of this study were to determine (a) whether lentils (a poorly digestible carbohydrate) vs. bread (an easily digestible carbohydrate) eaten as a premeal (with equal amounts of carbohydrates) slow the gastric emptying of a second solid meal taken 4.0-4.5 hours later and (b) whether a slowing effect on the gastric emptying of the second meal is associated with a lower postprandial glucose response. We found that in 7 dogs and 10 humans, gastric emptying of the second meal was delayed after a lentil premeal compared with a bread premeal. However, there was no difference in the glucose response to the second meal under the two conditions.

Prevalence of anti-HCV among Chinese patients with acute and chronic liver disease

To assess whether the hepatitis C virus plays an important role in Chinese patients with acute and chronic liver disease, antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 67 patients with type A and B acute viral hepatitis, 165 patients with non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis, 438 patients with chronic hepatitis, 200 patients with postnecrotic liver cirrhosis, 72 patients with alcoholic liver disease, 55 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver, 24 patients with toxic and drug-induced hepatitis, and 20 patients with other chronic liver diseases. Anti-HCV was not detected in sera from patients with type A and B acute viral hepatitis, toxic and drug-induced hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, or lupoid hepatitis. The anti-HCV prevalence was found to be highest in patients with NANB hepatitis (59% in sporadic and 73.2% in transfusion-associated), 16.4% in non-alcoholic fatty liver, 5.6% in alcoholic liver disease, 6.8% in chronic hepatitis, and 16% in postnecrotic liver cirrhosis. In patients with chronic hepatitis, the anti-HCV prevalence was significantly higher in HBsAg-negative (15/34, 44.1%) than in HBsAg-positive cases (15/404, 3.7%; P less than 0.0001). The results indicate that HCV is a major agent of NANB hepatitis and plays an important role in HBsAg-negative chronic liver disease in Taiwan.

Gastric emptying of solid food is most potently inhibited by carbohydrate in the canine distal ileum

Although glucose sensors regulating the gastric emptying of liquid meals are uniformly distributed throughout the canine small intestine, some data suggest that the distal small bowel more potently inhibits gastric emptying of solid foods. The aims of this study were to compare (a) the inhibition of gastric emptying by glucose sensors in the proximal intestine with the feedback from the distal intestine, (b) these effects on the gastric emptying of solids vs. liquids, and (c) the inhibitory effect of unhydrolyzed starch with glucose. In 7 dogs with chronic duodenal fistulas, the second, third, and fourth quarters of small bowel were perfused via chronically implanted transmural catheters. Gastric emptying of either solids or liquids was tracked by gamma camera while gastric output was diverted out the duodenal fistula and the small bowel perfused with test solutions of glucose (0.06-2.0 mol/L), 0.15 mol/L NaCl, or 8.5% soluble starch. It was found that (a) gastric emptying of solids but not liquids was approximately 3 times more potently inhibited by glucose in the fourth quarter vs. the first or second quarter of small bowel, and (b) only hydrolyzed starch inhibited gastric emptying of solids.

Epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Taiwan, 1960-1990

The epidemiology of penicillin-susceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Taiwan from 1960 to 1990 is summarized. The isolation of N. gonorrhoeae less sensitive to penicillin (i.e., with intrinsic resistance) was first reported in 1960. The rate at which organisms less sensitive to penicillin (MIC, greater than or equal to 0.5 microgram/mL) were isolated increased to 17%, 50%, 80.1%, and 88.8% in 1967, 1975, 1984, and 1990, respectively. Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) first appeared in Taiwan in late 1976, and the first six strains of PPNG isolated were from United States military servicemen who had relocated from Southeast Asia. The percentage of PPNG strains rose to 37.82% in 1982, and has remained high (50%-62%) since 1983. In the present study, resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to spectinomycin (MIC, greater than 32 micrograms/mL), third-generation cephalosporins (MIC, greater than 4 micrograms/mL), or quinolones (MIC, greater than 4 micrograms/mL) has not been found. Strains requiring arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil for growth, which frequently cause disseminated gonococcal infections, were not isolated. PPNG strains tended to be of the prototrophic auxotype (55%); non-PPNG strains were mostly of the proline-requiring auxotype (48.8%). Two kinds of R plasmids were isolated in the PPNG strains: the 4.4-MD Asian type (82%-95%) and the 3.05-MD Toronto type (5%-18%). All of the PPNG strains possessing Toronto R plasmid were of the same auxotype/serotype (prototrophic/IB). Evidence suggests that the Asian-type R plasmid was imported into Taiwan in 1976, while the Toronto-type R plasmid may have first emerged in Taiwan in 1983.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ketamine, Telazol, xylazine and detomidine. A comparative anesthetic drug combinations study in ponies

This study was designed to assess the effects of 5 anesthetic drug combinations in ponies: (1) ketamine 2.75 mg/kg, xylazine 1.0 mg/kg (KX), (2) Telazol 1.65 mg/kg, xylazine 1.0 mg/kg (TX), (3) Telazol 2 mg/kg, detomidine 20 micrograms/kg (TD-20), (4) Telazol 2 mg/kg, detomidine 40 micrograms/kg (TD-40), (5) Telazol 3 mg/kg, detomidine 60 micrograms/kg (TD-60). All drugs were given iv with xylazine or detomidine preceding ketamine or Telazol by 5 min. Heart rate was decreased significantly from 5 min to arousal after TD-20 but only at 60 and 90 min after TD-40 and TD-60 respectively. Respiratory rate was decreased significantly for all ponies. Induction time did not differ between treatments. Duration of analgesia was 10 min for KX, 22.2 min for TX, 27.5 min for TD-20, 32.5 min for TD-40, and 70 min for TD-60. Arousal time was significantly longer with detomidine and Telazol. Smoothness of recovery was judged best in ponies receiving KX and TD-40. All ponies stood unassisted 30 min after signs of arousal.

Genetic organization and regulation of the xylose degradation genes in Streptomyces rubiginosus

The xylose isomerase (xylA) and the xylulose kinase (xylB) genes from Streptomyces rubiginosus were isolated, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The xylA and xylB genes encode proteins of 388 and 481 amino acids, respectively. These two genes are transcribed divergently from within a 114-nucleotide sequence separating the coding regions. Regulation of the xyl genes in S. rubiginosus was examined by fusing their promoters to the Pseudomonas putida catechol dioxygenase gene and integrating the fusions into the minicircle integration site on the S. rubiginosus chromosome. The expression of catechol dioxygenase was then measured under a variety of conditions. The results indicated that transcription of the xyl genes was induced by D-xylose and repressed by glucose. Data from quantitative S1 mapping were consistent with this conclusion and suggested that xylA had one and xylB had two transcription initiation sites. The transcription initiation site of xylA was 40 bp upstream of the coding region. The two transcription initiation sites of xylB were 20 and 41 bp 5' of its translation initiation codon. Under control of appropriate regulatory elements, the cloned xyl genes are capable of complementing either Escherichia coli xylose isomerase- or xylulose kinase-deficient strains. The deduced amino acid sequence of the S. rubiginosus xylA protein is highly homologous to sequences of other microbial xylose isomerases.