Recurrent acute pancreatitis: an additional manifestation of the "wandering spleen" syndrome"

A case of "wandering spleen" associated with recurrent pancreatitis and diagnosed with computed tomography (CT), is reported. The entity was also associated with a rotated, distended stomach, gastric outlet obstruction secondary to extrinsic compression of the duodenum, and partial small bowel obstruction secondary to extrinsic compression of a mobile, distended cecum that lay under the right diaphragm.

The action of the cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist, devazepide, on the digestive system of the chicken

The influence of the cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor antagonist, devazepide (DVZ), on the chicken digestive tract was investigated. The passage of food from the crops of birds treated with DVZ was not significantly different from that of the control. DVZ treatment did not inhibit the biliary flow stimulated by the CCK analogue, caerulein. Dispersed chicken pancreatic acini stimulated with CCK were treated with various concentrations of DVZ. At 10-5 M, DVZ completely inhibited amylase release; this concentration was much higher than those reported to have similar effects in mammals. The results suggest that the action DVZ as a CCK antagonist in the chicken is very weak.

Biosynthesis of topa quinone cofactor in bacterial amine oxidases. Solvent origin of C-2 oxygen determined by Raman spectroscopy

Resonance Raman spectroscopy is an excellent technique for providing structural information on the 2,4, 5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor in copper-containing amine oxidases. This technique has been used to investigate the copper- and O2-dependent biosynthesis of the TPQ cofactor in phenylethylamine oxidase (PEAO) and histamine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Incubation of the holoenzyme in H218O causes frequency shifts at 1684(-26) cm-1 in PEAO and at 1679(-28) cm-1 in histamine oxidase, allowing this feature to be assigned to the C=O stretch of a single carbonyl group at the C-5 position. When apoprotein is reacted with Cu(II) and O2 in the presence of H218O, the resultant holoproteins show increased shifts of -3 to -6 cm-1 in a number of other vibrational modes, particularly at 411 and 1397 cm-1. Because these small shifts persist when the H218O-regenerated protein is back-exchanged into H216O, they can be assigned to oxygen isotope substitution at the C-2 postion. No isotope shifts are observed when apoprotein is regenerated with Cu(II) in the presence of 18O2. Thus, it is concluded that the C-2 oxygen atom of TPQ originates from H2O rather than O2. The isotope dependence of the 1397-cm-1 mode allows it to be assigned to the C O moiety at the C-2 position, with its low frequency being indicative of only partial double bond character. Similar frequency shifts due to 18O at C-2 are observed in the resonance Raman spectra of H218O-regenerated PEAO after derivatization of the C-5 carbonyl with either p-nitrophenylhydrazine (-5 cm-1 at 480 cm-1) or methylamine (-5 cm-1 at 1301 cm-1). Taken together, these results indicate that the TPQ cofactor in the native enzyme has substantial electron delocalization between the C-2 and C-4 oxygens and that only the C-5 oxygen has predominantly C=O character.

The interaction of clonidine and nitric oxide on feeding behavior in the chicken

Central administration of alpha 2-receptor agonists stimulate food intake in mammalian and avian species. Recently we reported that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) decreased food intake in chickens. In the present study, we investigated whether the increased eating induced by clonidine (Clon), an alpha 2-receptor agonist, is attenuated by NOS inhibition. In the first experiment, four levels (0, 9.4, 18.8 or 37.5 nmol/10 microliters) of Clon were administered into the right lateral ventricle of chickens, and food intake was monitored. Clon increased 30 min-food intake in a dose-dependent manner. In a co-administration study of L-NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester HCl (LNNA), a NOS inhibitor, and Clon, LNNA (0, 1.5, 3.0 or 5.9 mumol) attenuated food intake induced by Clon (37.5 nmol) in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest the possibility that NO interacts with adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system to modulate feeding behavior in the chicken.

In vitro deveropment of porcine oocytes fertilized in vitro with spermatozoa preincubated in two different media

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of sperm concentration and media during preincubation on fertilization and development of porcine oocytes fertilized in vitro (IVF). The effect of porcine oviduct epithelial cell aggregates (POECA) on in vitro development of IVF embryos was also examined. Oocytes matured in vitro for 48 to 50 h were inseminated with epididymal spermatozoa preincubated at 2 sperm concentrations (1 - 2 x 10(8)/ ml vs 4 - 5 x 10(8)/ ml) for 3 h in either Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or Brackett and Oliphant medium (BO). For capacitation, spermatozoa were treated with heparin (100microg / ml) for 15 min at 38.5 degrees C under 5% CO(2) in air. Cleavage and development to the blastocyst stage were evaluated on Day 3 and Day 8 after culture with or without POECA. The effect of sperm concentration on preincubation did not affect the fertilization rate, but preincubation in PBS medium did result in a higher fertilization rate (P < 0.05) than did the BO medium. The proportion of embryos undergoing cleavage and development to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the POECA co-culture group than in the group without POECA co-culture. The present results indicate that PBS medium can be utilized as a simple preincubation medium for porcine spermatozoa and that the presence of POECA during in vitro culture improved the development of IVF oocytes to the blastocyst stage.

Copper/topa quinone-containing histamine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Molecular cloning and sequencing, overproduction of precursor enzyme, and generation of topa quinone cofactor

The gene coding for histamine oxidase has been cloned and sequenced from a Coryneform bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis. The deduced amino acid sequence consists of 684 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 75,109 daltons and shows a high overall identity (58%) with that of phenethylamine oxidase derived from the same bacterial strain. Although the sequence similarities are rather low when compared with copper amine oxidases from other organisms, the consensus Asn-Tyr-Asp/Glu sequence, in which the middle Tyr is the precursor to the quinone cofactor (the quinone of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine, topa) covalently bound to this class of enzymes, is also conserved in the histamine oxidase sequence. To identify the quinone cofactor, an overexpression plasmid has been constructed for the recombinant histamine oxidase. The inactive enzyme purified from the transformed Escherichia coli cells grown in a copper-depleted medium gained maximal activity upon stoichiometric binding of cupric ions. Concomitantly with the enzyme activation by copper, a brownish pink compound was generated in the enzyme, which was identified as the quinone of topa by absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopies of the p-nitrophenylhydrazine-derivatized enzyme and found at the position corresponding to the precursor Tyr (Tyr-402). Therefore, the copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue operates on the formation of the topa quinone cofactor in this enzyme, as recently demonstrated with the precursor form of phenethylamine oxidase (Matsuzaki, R., Fukui, T., Sato, H., Ozaki, Y., and Tanizawa, K. (1994) FEBS Lett. 351, 360-364).

Effect of glucose in the culture medium on development of horse oocytes matured and microfertilized in vitro

The development of in-vitro matured and microfertilized horse oocytes was examined in vitro. Fertilized oocytes were produced by 20-h insemination of in-vitro matured and partially zona-removed oocytes with frozen spermatozoa that had been treated with caffeine/calcium ionophore A23187 (fertilization rate 34.2%, monospermy rate 76.9%). Embryonic development was assessed by the number of nuclei stained with Giemsa solution. In Experiment 1, a continuous 8-day culture of the microfertilized oocytes in TCM199 or modified synthetic oviduct fluid (m-SOF) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum or 0.1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in 5% O2, 5% CO2 and 90% N2 resulted in very few embryos developing beyond the 8-cell stage. In Experiment 2, the effects of different glucose concentrations (0, 0.5, 5.5 mM) in m-SOF/PVA during Days 1-4 and Days 5-8 of culture were examined. Proportions of oocytes having more than one nucleus ranged from 17.7% to 44.7% among the combinations of glucose concentrations. Supplementation with glucose at 0.5 mM during Days 1-4 followed by 5.5 mM during Days 5-8 resulted in the best embryo development; 12/55 (21.8%) nuclei-positive oocytes developed to the 8-16-cell stage, 11 (20.0%) developed to the 17-50-cell stage, and 5 (9.1%) comprised more than 50 cells and were assumed to be at the morula stage.

Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cisplatin and etoposide (COPE) combined with radiotherapy for small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVES

Small cell lung cancer is sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, responses are still short-lived and apparent cure remains for only limited disease patients.

METHODS

We combined cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m2 by intravenous infusion at first day) vincristine (2 mg intravenously at third day), cisplatin (20 mg/m2 intravenously for 3 days), and etoposide (100 mg/m2 intravenously for 3 days) with radiotherapy (total 300cGy over 4 weeks in 17 fractions) and treated 39 patients with small cell lung cancer who had received no prior systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

RESULTS

1) Thirty-nine patients (limited disease: 17 patients, extensive disease 22 patients) were treated and 35 patients were evaluable for response. Overall response rate was 82.8% (complete response 28.6%, partial response 54.2%). 2) The median survival was 52 weeks for all patients and 58 weeks for limited disease and 45 weeks for extensive disease. There was no statically significant survival difference between the two patient groups. The median relapse-free survival time was 48 weeks. 3) Overall, treatment was well tolerated, with granulocytopenia being the most frequent toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

Combination chemotherapy with COPE regimen combined with radiation therapy was effective as a first line therapy for SCLC.

Cholecystokinin is not a major regulator in the digestive system in the chicken

To find out whether physiological concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK), a gastrointestinal hormone in mammals, are also active in chickens, the pancreatic amylase secretory response to CCK-8 was investigated in vitro. Rat pancreatic acini responded to the physiological concentration of CCK-8, but in chickens amylase release was induced at a concentration of CCK-8 1000 times higher than that observed in rats. In another experiment, biliary flow was tested with several doses of CCK-8. The bile flow was stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion, but a significant enhancement was not obtained at a concentration of 0.5 micrograms CCK-8/kg body weight, which was considerably higher than physiological ones. It is concluded that endogenous CCK does not have an important role in the digestive system in the chicken.

MR imaging of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve

Ebstein's anomaly is an uncommon congenital developmental abnormality of the tricuspid valve that has a wide spectrum of pathologic anatomy. With the evolution of various surgical techniques, through assessment of the morphologic features and type of Ebstein's anomaly assumes greater practical importance. Although the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly is usually straightforward and is based on echocardiographic findings, there are limitations in defining pathologic anatomy in some cases. The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the MR findings in various types of Ebstein's anomaly.

Nitric oxide controls feeding behavior in the chicken

To investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on food intake in the chicken, L-NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester HCl (L-NNA), an inhibitor of NO synthase, was applied. When i.p. administered, L-NNA significantly inhibited the food intake of broiler chickens in a dose response manner. Food ingestion was also depressed by the i.c.v. injection of L-NNA in a dose response fashion. The effect of L-NNA was attenuated by i.c.v. administration of L-arginine. These results suggest that central NO may control feeding behavior in the chicken.

Endogenous cholecystokinin is not a major regulator of food intake in the chicken

This study investigated whether or not endogenous cholecystokinin exerts satiety effects in chickens. After several doses (0, 1, 2 and 4 micrograms.kg body weight-1) of intravenous injection of caerulein, the bile flow was increased in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the pharmacological level of caerulein failed to suppress the food intake of chickens. Two potent stimulators of endogenous cholecystokinin, i.e., soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylalanine were administered to chickens before feeding and food intake was determined over 2 h. The soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylalanine did not alter food intake. Devazepide, a cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist, significantly decreased amylase release from the dispersed chicken pancreatic acini stimulated by caerulein. However, devazepide did not improve food intake of the chicken. The results obtained suggest that endogenous cholecystokinin may not act as a satiety signal in chickens.

Cryopreservation of equine oocytes by 2-step freezing

Immature equine oocytes were frozen-thawed with ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propanediol (PD) or glycerol (GL) in PBS and cultured to assess the rate of in vitro maturation (Experiment 1). Compact-cumulus oocyte complexes were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and equilibrated for 10 min in the freezing medium containing 10% (V/V) cryoprotectant and 0.1 M sucrose. The 0.25-ml straws, loaded with 10 to 30 oocytes, were seeded at -6 degrees C and cooled to -35 degrees C at 0.3 degrees C/min before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. The straws were thawed rapidly in a 37 degrees C waterbath for 20 sec. The proportions of frozen-thawed oocytes reaching Metaphase II (MII) stage after in vitro maturation of 32 h were 15.8% (EG), 5.8% (PD) and 0% (GL), while 63.3% of the nonfrozen control oocytes matured in vitro. The fertilizing ability of immature and mature oocytes after freezing in EG was tested by the insemination of zona-free oocytes with stallion spermatozoa (Experiment 2). Spermatozoa were preincubated for 3 h with 5 mM caffeine, treated with 0.1 mu M ionophore A23187, and inseminated for 20 h at the concentration of 1 to 2 x 10(7)/ml with 6 to 10 oocytes in 50 mu l of Brackett and Oliphant (BO) medium. Immature oocytes (Group 1) were matured in vitro after thawing and then their zona pellucida removed using 0.5% protease. The zona of mature oocytes were removed immediately after thawing (Group 2) or maturation (nonfrozen controls). The oocytes, which had mechanically damaged plasma membrane or lost by artifact, were not examined for insemination. Significantly more control oocytes exhibited a polar body at the time of insemination (53.5%) than either frozen-thawed immature or mature oocytes (25.8 and 27.3%, respectively). Similar proportion of frozen-thawed and control oocytes were penetrated by spermatozoa (71.8 to 79.1%) and exhibited 2 or more pronuclei (73.6 to 80.8%). The mean numbers of spermatozoa per penetrated oocyte were 1.9, 3.0 and 2.5, respectively, for Groups 1 and 2 and for the control oocytes. These results indicate that immature equine oocytes mature to the MII stage in vitro following freezing and thawing in EG or PD but not in GL. Stallion spermatozoa can penetrate zona-free immature and mature oocytes following freezing/thawing in EG and form morphologically normal pronuclei.

In vitro maturation of equine oocytes collected by follicle aspiration and by the slicing of ovaries

The aim of this study was to examine 2 techniques for oocyte recovery from equine ovaries at slaughter: by aspiration of follicles and by additional slicing of ovaries. The morphology and nuclear configuration of oocytes recovered with either technique, and the time course of nuclear maturation during in vitro maturation were evaluated. Recovery rates were 1.75 and 4.14 oocytes per ovary for aspiration and slicing (total 145 and 344 oocytes from 83 ovaries), respectively. The oocytes were classified according to their cumulus/ooplasm morphology into 4 groups: compact/circular(A), compact/semicircular(B), expanded(C) and others(D). The percentages of oocytes in Groups A, B, C and D were 34, 38, 25 and 3% (aspiration) and 55, 26, 17 and 3% (slicing), respectively. The proportions of oocytes with a germinal vesicle in Groups A, B, C and D were 28 29 (97%), 23 35 (66%), 11 23 (48%) and 2 4 (50%) in oocytes from aspiration and 91 100 (91%), 52 65 (80%), 15 29 (52%) and 1 2 (50%) in oocytes from slicing, respectively. Group A and B oocytes recovered by aspiration (n=212) and slicing (n=312) were cultured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mug/ml estradiol-17beta, and 0.02 AU/ml FSH at 38.5 degrees C in 5% CO(2) in air (5 to 10 oocytes per 50- mu l microdrop). At 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 h of culture, the oocytes were fixed and stained. There were no significant differences in the percentages of Metaphase II stage (MII)-oocytes between recovery techniques at any time points examined. The proportions of MII-oocytes were 1 42 (2%), 4 43 (9%), 21 42 (50%), 28 45 (62%), and 28 40 (70%) at the respective time point in oocytes from aspiration and 0 51 (0%), 3 54 (6%), 22 59 (37%), 43 72 (60%), and 51 76 (67%) in oocytes from slicing, respectively. In most of the oocytes, resumption of meiosis occurred between 8 and 16 h of culture. The proportions of MII-oocytes increased significantly between 16 and 24 h and between 24 and 32 h of culture.

Perfragilins A and B, cytotoxic isoquinolinequinones from the bryozoan Membranipora perfragilis

Detailed spectroscopic and cytotoxicity data are reported for two new isoquinolinequinones, perfragilins A [1] and B [2], which were isolated from the bryozoan Membranipora perfragilis collected in South Australia. Both compounds, which are speculated to be of microbial origin, contain a relatively uncommon thiomethyl ether functionality.

Feeding behaviour in chickens given diets containing medium chain triglyceride

1. The effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride (MCT) on short-term food intake was compared with the effect of long chain triglyceride (LCT) in chickens. Maize oil was used as the LCT while glyceryl tricaprylate (C 8) and glyceryl tricaprate (C 10) were used as MCT. Cumulative food intake was determined during the 6 h after the start of feeding. 2. Chicks were given diets containing 200 g C 8/kg diet, 200 g C 10/kg diet or 200 g LCT/kg diet in experiment 1. As early as 30 min after feeding, cumulative food intake in both MCT-supplemented diets decreased significantly compared with the diet containing LCT. 3. To determine if endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) was responsible for the decrease in food intake caused by MCT, birds were injected with the CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide (DVZ, 1 mg/kg BW) before diet presentation. DVZ had no effect on food intake with either LCT- or MCT-supplemented diets. 4. In experiment 3, chicks were given a choice between either diets containing LCT and C 8, LCT and C 10, or C 8 and C 10 to confirm whether or not the palatability of the diets was influenced by the dietary fat sources. There was no difference in food intake between C 8 and C 10-supplemented diets. However, chicks preferred the LCT-supplemented diet compared with either of the diets containing MCT.

Feeding behavior in rats fed diets containing medium chain triglyceride

The effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride (MCT) on short-term food intake was compared with the effect of long chain triglyceride (LCT) in rats. Corn oil and glyceryl tricaprylate were used as LCT and MCT sources, respectively. Rats were given diets containing 200 g MCT/kg diet (MCT diet), 100 g MCT + 100 g LCT/kg diet (ML diet), or 200 g LCT/kg diet (LCT diet) in Experiment 1. Cumulative food intake was determined every h for the first 12 h, then at 2-h intervals thereafter during the subsequent 12 h. As early as 1 h after feeding, cumulative food intake significantly decreased in MCT-fed animals in a dose-dependent fashion. In Experiment 2, rats were given a choice between MCT and LCT diets for 1 h to confirm whether or not the palatability of diets was influenced by dietary fat sources. There was no difference in food intake between the two diets. In Experiment 3, the responsibility of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) for the difference in food intake between the two diets was investigated for 6 h by using a CCK-A receptor antagonist, Devazepide (DVZ, 1 mg/kg b. wt.). Food intake in the MCT diet and also in the LCT diet was improved by DVZ. It is concluded that the satiety, but not the palatability, is affected by carbon chain length in dietary triglyceride sources, although the responsibility of endogenous CCK is very small.

[A study for womanhood and caring]

This study is to explore the womanhood and caring. To explore the meaning of caring for nursing, it is necessary to identify the terms of the relationship between caring and womanhood as these bonds have been formed over the last century. Historically, nurses were expected to act out of on obligation to care, taking on Caring more as an identity than as work, and expressing altruism without, thought of autonomy either at the bedside of in their profession. Not only did the role of nursing evolve from the mother's role in the family, but the family itself served as a modal for care in the hospital. Thus, Nurses, like others who perform what is defined as "womens'work" in own society, have had to content with what appears as a dichotomy between the duty to Care for others and the right to control their own activities in the name of caring. Nursing was to be, therefore, a woman's duty, not the job. Obligations and love, not the need of work, were to bind the Nurses bo her patient. Caring was to be an unpaid labour of Love Gender studies suggests a basis for caring the stresses individual discretion and values, acknowledging that the Nurses'right to Care should be given equal consideration with the physician's right to Cure. Nursing continues to struggle with the basis, and the value of caring. But the dilemma of nursing is too tied to society's broader problems of gender and class. Nurses will have both to create a new political understanding for the basis of caring and to find ways to gain the power to implement it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of media and the presence of bovine oviduct epithelial cells during in vitro fertilization on fertilizability and developmental capacity of bovine oocytes

The effect of the presence of bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC; Experiment 1) as well as the effects of media (Tyrode fertilization medium: TFM vs synthetic oviduct fluid: SOF), fertilization containers (drops in petri dish vs 96-wells), and the number of oocytes per drop and well (5 vs 10) for in vitro fertilization (Experiment 2) on the fertilizability and in vitro development of bovine oocytes were investigated. Immature oocytes with cumulus cells were cultured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% ECS and 2.5x10(6) granulosa cells for 24 hours at 39 degrees C under 5% CO(2) in air. In vitro fertilization was performed with frozen-thawed, heparin-treated spermatozoa (100 mug/ml, 15 minutes) and with BOEC (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, in vitro fertilization was performed with two different media (TFM and SOF) and various conditions (culture dish and different number of oocytes). Cleavage, development to the blastocyst stage were evaluated on Day 2 and Day 7 after the start of culture. Effect of the presence of BOEC on fertilizability and developmental capacity (Experiment 1) was not significantly different. In Experiment 2, alterations in media, containers and number of oocytes during in vitro fertilization had no affect. The SOF medium showed results similar to those of TFM (normal fertilization rate: 63.2 vs 64%; cleavage: 69.3 vs 73.9%; development to the blastocyst stage: 14 vs 15%; and mean number of nuclei per blastocyst: 80.5 vs 86.6). The results indicate that the presence of BOEC during in vitro fertilization did not improve fertilizability, and that SOF as well as TFM medium can be utilized as a simple fertilization medium.

Pulmonary veins in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with obstruction: demonstration using silicone rubber casts

We studied the postmortem vascular anatomy of four patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) with obstruction using a silicone rubber casting method. Two patients were studied clinically but died before therapeutic intervention, one died after corrective surgery, and another was not diagnosed before death. The morphologic types were supracardiac (2), infracardiac (1), and mixed (1). One of the supracardiac forms had a stenosis at the left vertical vein by a bronchoarterial vise, and a collateral channel to the right superior caval vein was also present. In the other supracardiac case, a left upper pulmonary vein was connected to the left vertical vein above the stenotic portion, resulting in postoperative pulmonary hemorrhage into the left upper lobe. The patient with infracardiac TAPVC had a tree-shaped descending vertical vein and small opening at the inferior caval vein. In the mixed type, a right upper pulmonary vein ran between the pulmonary artery and bronchus draining into the superior caval vein, and the rest of the drainage was to the portal vein.

[A study on the pattern of pain expression of peptic ulcer patients]

Pain is a subjective and multidimensional concept. Therefore the patient's expression of pain have been referred to the best believable indicator of pain condition but the support data obtained from the patient considered cultural difference is a deficient condition in determined on the precise nursing diagnosis. The purpose of this research was to understand multiple pain responses in cultural difference and sensitivity, to encourage communication between medical teams, and to provide the foundation data of on data of precise nursing assessment for the patient in pain. The research problem was to grasp pain express pattern of Korean peptic ulcer patients. The subjects were 20 peptic ulcer patients in medical unit or OPD of twp university hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected from September 7th to 22nd, 1990 by intensive interviews. Interviews were done by the researcher and all were tape-recorded. The Data analysis was done by Phenomenological method from Van Kaam. Validity assured by confirmation of the internal consistency of the statements and category by nursing colleague in educational and clinicians in medical care. From the emic data, 96 descriptive statements were organized in 18 theme cluster. The results of study were summarized as follows. 1. Pain Express Pattern cluster of Peptic Ulcer Patients were "pain as clogging", "shallow pain", "pain as pressing", "nauseateing pain", "pain as smarting", "pain as pulling", "pain as pricking", "pain as bursting", "wrenching pain", "excising pain", "uncontrollable pain for mind and body", "awakening pain", "pain as hollowing" and the other cluster. As above mentioned, Pain Express Pattern of Peptic Ulcer Patient appeared diversely in verbal and they were propered to Korean culture. Therefore they will provide for the foundation data of precise nursing assessment.

Energy utilisation in germ-free and conventional chicks fed diets containing sorbose

1. In experiment 1, growing conventional (CV) chicks were fed on diets containing graded amounts (0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg diet) of sorbose from 4 to 14 d. Protein, fat and energy deposition were determined after carcase analysis. The values for growth, food efficiency, metabolisable energy (ME) and fat and energy depositions declined as the dietary sorbose content increased. 2. In experiment 2, the performances of germ-free (GF) and CV chicks fed on diets with (100 g sorbose/kg diet) or without sorbose were investigated. On both diets, body weight gain, food consumption and protein accumulation in GF chicks were significantly higher than those in CV birds. No significant differences were observed between the dietary treatment except for ME values, which were significantly lower for the sorbose diet. 3. It is suggested that dietary sorbose decreased energy utilisation, and that the microbial contribution to the utilisation of dietary sorbose was negligible in the chicken.