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Lee T, Jung S, Hong J, Wang CH, Alessi DS, Lee SS, Park YK, Kwon EE. Using CO 2 as an Oxidant in the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Peat Moss from the North Polar Region. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:6329-6343. [PMID: 32343132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As global warming and climate change become perceived as significant, the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) stored in the earth's polar regions is considered a matter of concern. Here, we focused on exploiting GHGs to address potential global warming challenges in the north polar regions. In particular, we used CO2 as a soft oxidant to recover energy as syngas (CO and H2) and to produce biochars from pyrolysis of peat moss. CO2 expedited homogeneous reaction with volatile matters from peat moss pyrolysis, and the mechanistic CO2 role resulted in the conversion of CO2 and peat moss to CO at ≥530 °C. Steel slag waste was then used as an ex situ catalyst to increase reaction kinetics, addressing the issue of the role of CO2 being limited to ≥530 °C, with the result where substantial H2 and CO formation was achieved at a milder temperature. The porosity of biochars, a solid peat moss pyrolysis product, was modified in the presence of CO2, with a significant improvement in CO2 adsorption capacity compared to those achieved by N2 pyrolysis. Therefore, CO2 has the potential to serve as an initial feedstock in sustainable biomass-to-energy applications and biochar production, mitigating atmospheric carbon concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyu Hong
- Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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52
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Zhong C, Nesbø CL, Goss GG, Lanoil BD, Alessi DS. Response of aquatic microbial communities and bioindicator modelling of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5819956. [PMID: 32286608 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of microbial communities to releases of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (PW) may influence ecosystem functions. However, knowledge of the effects of PW spills on freshwater microbiota is limited. Here, we conducted two separate experiments: 16S rRNA gene sequencing combined with random forests modelling was used to assess freshwater community changes in simulated PW spills by volume from 0.05% to 50%. In a separate experiment, live/dead cell viability in a freshwater community was tested during exposure to 10% PW by volume. Three distinct patterns of microbial community shifts were identified: (i) indigenous freshwater genera remained dominant in <2.5% PW, (ii) from 2.5% to 5% PW, potential PW organic degraders such as Pseudomonas, Rheinheimera and Brevundimonas became dominant, and (iii) no significant change in the relative abundance of taxa was observed in >5% PW. Microbial taxa including less abundant genera such as Cellvibrio were potential bioindicators for the degree of contamination with PW. Additionally, live cells were quickly damaged by adding 10% PW, but cell counts recovered in the following days. Our study shows that the responses of freshwater microbiota vary by spill size, and these responses show promise as effective fingerprints for PW spills in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Camilla L Nesbø
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Brian D Lanoil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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53
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Zhang J, Hou D, Shen Z, Jin F, O'Connor D, Pan S, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Bolan NS, Alessi DS. Effects of excessive impregnation, magnesium content, and pyrolysis temperature on MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar and its lead removal capacity. Environ Res 2020; 183:109152. [PMID: 32006766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar (MWRB) is a potentially highly-effective waste-derived material in environmental applications. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the optimization of the production of MWRB for superior environmental performance. It was found that the Mg content of the MWRB could be easily controlled by adjusting the Mg/feedstock mass ratio during excessive impregnation. The BET surface area was found to first increase and then decrease as the Mg content of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased from 1.52% to 10.1%, with an optimal surface area of 293 m2/g observed at 2.51%. Similarly, an optimum pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C was observed in the range of 400-800 °C for a maximum surface area of the MWRB at a fixed Mg/feedstock ratio of 0.48% (resulting in MWRBs with Mg contents of 1.89-2.51%). The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased with increasing Mg content, with a greatest Pb removal capacity of 558 mg/g found for the MWRB with the highest Mg content (10.1%), an improvement of 208% over the 181 mg/g Pb removal capacity of unmodified WRB produced at 600 °C. The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced with 1.89-2.51% Mg) was also discovered to increase from 81.7 mg/g (at 400 °C) to 742 mg/g (at 700 °C), before dropping to 368 mg/g at 800 °C. These findings suggest that the MWRB can be more efficiently utilized in soil and water remediation by optimizing its synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhuo Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shizhen Pan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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54
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von Gunten K, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Potential of asphalt concrete as a source of trace metals. Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:397-405. [PMID: 31309375 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt concrete is one of the most important building materials in the modern world, but the leaching potential of metals from this composite material to the environment is poorly understood. In this study, metals leaching from four hot-mix asphalt samples were analyzed: two fresh samples of low-traffic and high-traffic composition and their weathered equivalents collected from roads in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. A sequential extraction, based on the Community Bureau of Reference method, was applied to study the speciation and potential mobility of metals and metalloids in those samples. Major trace metals identified in all four samples were Mn, P, Ba, Sr, Zn, V, and Ni, with the highest metals concentrations generally found in weathered asphalt concrete. Of the major trace metals, P, Mn, Sr, and Zn were relatively mobile, having large portions of their total concentrations in the exchangeable/acid-soluble and reducible fractions. When considering the most mobile fraction (exchangeable/acid soluble) and using Canada as a model country, up to 180 t P, 440 t Mn, 50 t Ba, 36 t Sr, 11 t Zn, and 0.11-3.2 t of other metals and metalloids (including Cr, Ni, Cu, As, and Pb) could potentially leach from the top layer of Canada's total of paved public roads. To place these amounts into perspective, they were estimated to make up to 22‰ of Canada's annual release numbers into soil, water and air for these same metals and metalloids. However, they are concentrated in a small area around roads and highways, creating the potential for localized soil and groundwater contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin von Gunten
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Gunarathne V, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Adassooriya N, Cooray A, Liyanage S, Athapattu B, Rajakaruna N, Igalavithana AD, Hou D, Alessi DS, Ok YS. Heavy metal dissolution mechanisms from electrical industrial sludge. Sci Total Environ 2019; 696:133922. [PMID: 31446288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the release of heavy metals from sludge produced from an electrical industry using both organic and inorganic acids. Single and sequential extractions were conducted to assess heavy metals in different phases of the sludge. Metal release from sludge was investigated in the presence of three inorganic acids (nitric, sulfuric, and phosphoric) and three organic acids (acetic, malic, and citric) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mol L-1. Sequential extraction indicated the presence of Cu primarily in the carbonate fraction, Pb in the residual fraction, and Ni in the FeMn oxide fraction. The cumulative release rates of heavy metals (i.e., Pb, Cu, and Ni) by 1.0 mol L-1 of acid increased with the use of the following acids in the order of: malic < sulfuric < acetic < phosphoric < citric < nitric. Acetic acid exhibited the highest release of Cu, at a rate of 72.62 × 10-11 mol m-2 s-1 at pH 1, and malic acid drove the release of Pb at a maximum rate of 3.90 × 10-11 mol m-2 s-1. Meanwhile, nitric acid provided the maximum rate of Ni release (0.23 × 10-11 mol m-2 s-1) at pH 1. The high rate of metal release by organic acids is explained through ligand-promoted mechanisms that enhance the release of metal ions from the sludge. The results from our study emphasize that an understanding of the metal release mechanism is key to selecting the optimal acid for the maximum recovery of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; Instrument Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; Instrument Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Nadeesh Adassooriya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila 60170, Sri Lanka
| | - Asitha Cooray
- Instrument Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Sudantha Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandunee Athapattu
- Department of Civil Engineering, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Nishanta Rajakaruna
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Avanthi Deshani Igalavithana
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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56
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Shi J, Fan X, Tsang DCW, Wang F, Shen Z, Hou D, Alessi DS. Removal of lead by rice husk biochars produced at different temperatures and implications for their environmental utilizations. Chemosphere 2019; 235:825-831. [PMID: 31284130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice husk is a common agricultural waste. The utilization of rice husk biochar depends on the characteristics of biochar and its interaction mechanisms with heavy metals. In the present study, rice husk biochars at three different temperatures 300, 500, and 700 °C were produced (RH300, RH500, and RH700). The characteristics of these rice husk biochars and their interaction mechanisms with lead (Pb) were investigated, in order to reveal the potential environmental applications of the biochars. It was observed that the surface area (from 0.632 to 193.149 m2/g) and pH (from 7.13 to 9.80) of the rice husk biochars significantly increased as production temperature rose from 300 to 700 °C, while the number of functional groups (e.g., carboxyl) decreased. The Langmuir maximum removal capacity (Qmax) values for Pb are in the order of RH300 < RH500 < RH700 (14.1, 21.7, and 26.7 mg/g respectively). Although RH300 has the smallest Qmax value, its exchangeable Pb amount is the largest (2.61 versus 0.223-0.377 mg/g), suggesting RH300 may be suitable for water treatment due to the easy separation of immobilized Pb and better recycling usage. The Pb immobilized on RH500 and RH700 was mainly acidic soluble and generally stable. Hydrocerussite is one important form within the acidic soluble fraction. Within the generally stable formation, pyromorphite is a form for the immobilized Pb on the rice husk biochars, particularly for RH500 and RH700. These findings suggest RH500 and RH700 are of promising potential to be applied in soil remediation to immobilize Pb and reduce its environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xiaoliang Fan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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57
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Sun C, Zhang Y, Alessi DS, Martin JW. Nontarget profiling of organic compounds in a temporal series of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced waters. Environ Int 2019; 131:104944. [PMID: 31284105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) flowback and produced water (FPW) can be toxic to aquatic life but its chemical content is largely unknown, variable and complex. Seven FPW samples were collected from a HF operation in the Duvernay Formation (Alberta, Canada) over 30 days of flowback and characterized by a nontarget workflow based on high performance liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A modified Kendrick mass defect plot and MS/MS spectral interpretation revealed seven series of homologues composed of ethylene oxide (i.e. -CH2CH2O-), among which a series of aldehydes was proposed as degradation products of polyethylene glycols, and two series of alkyl ethoxylate carboxylates could be proprietary HF additives. Many other ions were confidently assigned a formula by accurate mass measurement and were subsequently prioritized for identification by matching to records in ChemSpider and the US EPA's CompTox Chemistry Dashboard. Quaternary ammonium compounds, amine oxides, organophosphorous compounds, phthalate diesters and hydroxyquinoline were identified with high confidence by MS/MS spectra (Level 3), matching to reference spectra in MassBank (Level 2) or to authentic standards (Level 1). Temporal trends showed that most of the compounds declined in abundance over the first nine days of flowback, except for phthalate diesters and hydroxyquinoline that were still observed on Day 30 and had disappearance half-lives of 61 and 91 days, respectively. All the compounds followed first-order disappearance kinetics in flowback, except for polyoxygenated acids which followed second-order kinetics. This analysis and the workflow, based largely on public on-line databases, enabled profiling of complex organic compounds in HF-FPW, and will likely be useful for further understanding the toxicity and chemical fate of HF-FPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden.
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58
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Shen Z, Fan X, Hou D, Jin F, O'Connor D, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Alessi DS. Risk evaluation of biochars produced from Cd-contaminated rice straw and optimization of its production for Cd removal. Chemosphere 2019; 233:149-156. [PMID: 31173952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on the "waste-treat-waste" concept, biochars were produced from cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice straw (CRSBs) at 300, 500, and 700 °C (CRSB300, CRSB500, and CRSB700). The risks of the Cd remaining in CRSBs were evaluated and the optimal biochar pyrolysis temperature for Cd removal was investigated. It was observed that 41% of the total Cd in the raw rice straw was exchangeable, which may pose significant risks to crops and humans. Pyrolyzing at 300 °C did not significantly alter the Cd fractions, while the exchangeable fraction of Cd greatly dropped to 5.79% at 500 °C and further to 2.12% at 700 °C. Increasing the highest pyrolysis temperature resulted in CRSBs with higher pH values, greater surface area, and smaller pore sizes, thus providing more rapid and efficient removal of Cd from aqueous solutions. For Cd removal tests, increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-700 °C) increased the total (24.8-55.1 mg/g) and non-exchangeable (18.9-52.8 mg/g) Cd concentrations immobilized on the CRSBs and significantly decreased the exchangeable Cd fraction (23.7%-4.85%). It is suggested based on the study from aqueous solutions that CRSB700 was the most suitable for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil on site due to the lowest risks of remained Cd from feedstock, fastest and highest Cd removal, and most stable immobilization of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Xiaoliang Fan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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59
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Shen Z, Pan S, Hou D, O'Connor D, Jin F, Mo L, Xu D, Zhang Z, Alessi DS. Temporal effect of MgO reactivity on the stabilization of lead contaminated soil. Environ Int 2019; 131:104990. [PMID: 31302485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated soil lead (Pb) concentrations are a global concern owing to the toxic effects of this heavy metal. Solidification/stabilization (S/S) of soils using reagents like Portland cement (PC) is a common approach for the remediation of Pb contaminated sites. However, it has been reported that under long-term field conditions, the performance of PC treatments can diminish significantly. Therefore, novel reagents that provide longer-term stabilization performance are needed. In this study, four magnesium oxide (MgO) products of different reactivity values were applied (5 wt%) to a Pb contaminated clayey soil. The short-term (1-49 days) and long-term (25-100 years) temporal stabilization effects were investigated by laboratory incubation and accelerated ageing methods, respectively. The concentration of Pb in Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procure (TCLP) leachate was ~14 mg/L for the untreated soil; ~1.8 times higher than the TCLP regulatory level (5 mg/L). Only one day after treatment with MgO, the leachate concentration was reduced to below the regulatory level (a reduction of 69.4%-83.2%), regardless of the MgO type applied. However, in the long-term accelerated ageing experiments, only treatments using the most reactive MgO type could provide leachate concentrations that were consistently below the TCLP threshold throughout the 100 years of simulated ageing. The soil treated with the MgO of lowest reactivity was the first to exceed the regulatory level, at simulated year 75. It is thus demonstrated that MgO reactivity has a significant effect on its long-term effectiveness for contaminated soil stabilization. This is attributed to differences in their specific surface area and readiness to carbonate, which may facilitate the immobilization of Pb in the long term. It is also noteworthy that compared to PC, reactive MgO is more environmentally friendly owing to lower energy consumption and reduced CO2 emissions during its manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Shizhen Pan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Liwu Mo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; Key State Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Dongyao Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhuorong Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
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60
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Folkerts EJ, Blewett TA, Delompré P, Mehler WT, Flynn SL, Sun C, Zhang Y, Martin JW, Alessi DS, Goss GG. Toxicity in aquatic model species exposed to a temporal series of three different flowback and produced water samples collected from a horizontal hydraulically fractured well. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 180:600-609. [PMID: 31132555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we compared the toxicity and associated chemical characterizations of flowback and produced water (FPW) collected from a single horizontal hydraulically fractured well at different time points during FPW production. Since few studies on whole mixture toxicity related to FPW exist, our aims were to determine both overall toxicity of the FPW mixture in a suite of organisms (Daphnia magna, Lumbriculus variegatus, Danio rerio, and Oncorhynchus mykiss) and also determine if toxicity changes depending on variation in FPW chemical properties as a function of time sampled (1.33, 72, and 228 h FPW samples collected immediately post-well production onset were analyzed in current study). FPW chemical composition was determined via quadra-pole inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS), full-scan high performance liquid chromatography/Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HPLC/Orbitrap-MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We observed that FPW sampled later in the production process contained higher ion and total dissolved solids concentrations, whereas the highest concentrations of dissolved organic compounds were observed in the earliest FPW sample analyzed. Toxicity associated with FPW exposure was deemed to be species-specific to a certain extent, but general trends revealed the earliest FPW sampled contained highest toxic potential. Accordingly, we theorize that although the saline conditions of FPW are the foremost toxicological drivers to freshwater organisms, dissolved organics associated with FPW significantly contribute to the overall toxicity of exposed organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Perrine Delompré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
| | - W Tyler Mehler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shannon L Flynn
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada; National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M9, Canada
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61
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Yue T, Hu Y, Alessi DS, Konhauser K, Hao W, Sun W, Xu Z. Correction to "Mechanism of Goethite Precipitation on Magnetite and Maghemite Nanoparticles Studied by Surface Complexation/Precipitation Modeling". Langmuir 2019; 35:10676. [PMID: 31339725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yue
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering , Central South University , Changsha , China 410083
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Yuehua Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering , Central South University , Changsha , China 410083
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Kurt Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Weiduo Hao
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering , Central South University , Changsha , China 410083
| | - Zhenghe Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 1H9
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
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62
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Delompré PLM, Blewett TA, Snihur KN, Flynn SL, Alessi DS, Glover CN, Goss GG. The osmotic effect of hyper-saline hydraulic fracturing fluid on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 211:1-10. [PMID: 30901626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flowback and produced water (FPW) is a complex, often brackish, solution formed during the process of hydraulic fracturing. Despite recent findings on the short-term toxicity of FPW on aquatic biota, longer-term impacts of FPW on fish have not yet been investigated and the mechanisms of chronic effects remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of a diluted FPW on ionoregulatory endpoints in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, following a 28-d sub-chronic exposure. A salinity-matched control solution (SW), recreating the salt content of the FPW, was used to differentiate the specific effect of the salts from the effects of the other FPW components (i.e. organics and metals). Overall, fish ionoregulation was not impacted by the chronic exposure. An accumulation of strontium (Sr) and bromide (Br) occurred in the plasma of the FPW-exposed fish only, however no change of plasma ions (Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg) was observed in SW- or FPW-exposed fish. Similarly, exposures did not alter branchial activity of the osmoregulatory enzymes sodium/potassium ATPase and proton ATPase. Finally, FPW exposure resulted in modifications of gill morphology over time, with fish exposed to the fluid displaying shorter lamellae and increased interlamellar-cell mass. However, these effects were not distinct from morphological changes that also occurred in the gills of control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L M Delompré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - T A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - K N Snihur
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S L Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - C N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - G G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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63
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Park SM, Alessi DS, Baek K. Selective adsorption and irreversible fixation behavior of cesium onto 2:1 layered clay mineral: A mini review. J Hazard Mater 2019; 369:569-576. [PMID: 30818121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we reviewed the selective adsorption and irreversible fixation of cesium (Cs+) on clay minerals. The selective adsorption of Cs+ results from reactions with frayed edge sites (FES) of clay minerals. The content of FES is about 0.1-2.0% of the total cation exchange capacity (CEC). The fractionation of Cs+ in actual accident sites mainly exists as a residue, which is important because it is closely related to the strong binding between Cs+ and soils. Cs+ adsorbed onto FES can move into the deeper interlayer via weathering processes, thereby Cs+ can be irreversibly fixed in the interlayer of non-expanding 2:1 layered clay mineral. Additionally, Cs+ can be adsorbed in the interlayer of the expanding clay mineral and can be fixed by interlayer collapse. For this reason, Cs+ adsorption onto FES is defined as 'selective adsorption' subsequent sorption in the interlayer as 'irreversible fixation'. Furthermore, the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis can confirm that Cs+ bound to illite is coordinated with the outer surface (OOS) and interlayer surface oxygens (OIS) through FES or interlayer sites. Through these processes, Cs+ is adsorbed selectively onto FES, while Cs+ can subsequently move into the interlayer and become more strongly fixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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64
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Wang L, Cho DW, Tsang DCW, Cao X, Hou D, Shen Z, Alessi DS, Ok YS, Poon CS. Green remediation of As and Pb contaminated soil using cement-free clay-based stabilization/solidification. Environ Int 2019; 126:336-345. [PMID: 30826612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a low-cost and high-efficiency remediation method for contaminated soils, however, conventional cement-based S/S method has environmental constraints and sustainability concerns. This study proposes a low-carbon, cement-free, clay-based approach for simultaneous S/S of As and Pb in the contaminated soil, and accordingly elucidates the chemical interactions between alkali-activated clay binders and potentially toxic elements. Quantitative X-ray diffraction and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that the addition of lime effectively activated the hydration of kaolinite clay, and the presence of limestone further enhanced the polymerization of hydrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that approximately 19% of As[III] was oxidized to As[V] in the alkali-activated clay system, which reduced toxicity and facilitated immobilization of As. During the cement-free S/S process, As and Pb consumed Ca(OH)2 and precipitated as Ca3(AsO4)2·4H2O and Pb3(NO3)(OH)5, respectively, accounting for the low leachability of As (7.0%) and Pb (5.4%). However, the reduced amount of Ca(OH)2 decreased the degree of hydration of clay minerals, and the pH buffering capacity of the contaminated soil hindered the pH increase. Sufficient dosage of lime was required for ensuring satisfactory solidification and contaminant immobilization of the clay-based S/S products. The leachability of As and Pb in high-Ca S/S treated soil samples was reduced by 96.2% and 98.8%, respectively. This is the first study developing a green and cement-free S/S of As- and Pb-contaminated soil using clay minerals as an environmentally compatible binding material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Wan Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Geological Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Gwahak-ro 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Sun Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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65
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Safari S, Alam MS, von Gunten K, Samborsky S, Alessi DS. Inhibition of naphthalene leaching from municipal carbonaceous waste by a magnetic organophilic clay. J Hazard Mater 2019; 368:578-583. [PMID: 30711706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste conversion into biofuels via gasification is one of the latest technologies to divert waste from landfills. The byproduct of the process is a carbonaceous material, which is often tainted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as naphthalene that can leach into the environment and have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. In this paper, we present a novel method to address the issue of leachable naphthalene in a carbonaceous waste produced from a gasification process, using a magnetic sorbent. The sorbent was fabricated by the coprecipitation of iron oxide nanoparticles on an organophilic clay under atmospheric conditions. The characterization results show that the intercalated nanoparticles are predominantly magnetite with a diameter of 15-20 nm, and increase the clay specific surface area from 0.4 to 17 m2 g-1. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure results indicate that the magnetic composite has a high naphthalene inhibition efficiency comparable to that of the original clay. As opposed to the clay alone, the magnetic hybrid can be separated from the carbonaceous waste with a magnet, regenerated by heat treatment, and reused without compromising its naphthalene removal efficiency. Thus, these composites may provide a cost-effective method to curtail leaching of PAH from contaminated carbonaceous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Safari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Md Samrat Alam
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Konstantin von Gunten
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | | | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
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66
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Liu Y, Xu W, Bao L, Li Y, Liu S, Zhang Q, Alessi DS, Konhauser KO, Zhao H. Cell surface characterization and trace metal adsorptive properties of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) consortia. Chemosphere 2019; 221:11-20. [PMID: 30634144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between metals and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing consortia substantially affect the quality of wastewater treatment plant effluent. In this study, we conducted acid-base titrations to ascertain the surface reactivity and proton adsorptive capacity of anammox consortia. A combination of titration data modeling and infrared spectroscopy suggested the presence of carboxyl, amine, and hydroxyl groups. Cd adsorption experiments demonstrate that 1 g of dry biomass could bind an equivalent of 7.12 × 10-6 mol/L of Cd. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are able to form stable Cd complexes. Furthermore, considerable carboxyl and hydroxyl groups promote bacterial aggregation, and thus solid-liquid separation. The results of this study highlight the potential role of anammox consortia in adsorbing metal cations, and thus help to improve the understanding of the universally significant contribution of anammox consortia at the detoxification of metal cations in wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 10249, China; Key Lab of Water & Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Advanced Wastewater Treatment, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- State Key Lab Plateau Ecology & Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Huazhang Zhao
- Key Lab of Water & Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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67
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Shen Z, Hou D, Jin F, Shi J, Fan X, Tsang DCW, Alessi DS. Effect of production temperature on lead removal mechanisms by rice straw biochars. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655:751-758. [PMID: 30476855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Production temperature significantly affects biochar properties and consequently the removal mechanisms of heavy metals. In this study, rice straw biochars were produced at 300, 500 and 700 °C (RSB300, RSB500 and RSB700). The influence of production temperature on the adsorption characteristics and removal mechanisms of lead on this set of rice straw biochars were investigated by batch adsorption tests, micro-structural analyses and sequential metal extractions. Biochars produced at higher temperatures had significantly higher pH values and surface areas, resulting in higher metal removal capacities and faster uptake kinetics. Precipitation was a key mechanism for lead removal from solution for all biochars: lead oxalate was precipitated on RSB300, and hydrocerussite was precipitated on RSB500 and RSB700. The immobilized lead fraction on the biochars could be divided into exchangeable, acid soluble and non-available fractions. RSB300 had 11.34% of the total immobilized Pb attributed to the exchangeable fraction, whereas for RSB500 and RSB700, it was <1%. Immobilized Pb on RSB500 and RSB700 was almost exclusively attributable to the acid soluble and non-available fractions (>99%). Based on our results, RSB500 and RSB700 are likely much more appropriate for soil remediation of Pb as compared with RSB300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Junxian Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiaoliang Fan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
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68
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Sun Y, Yu IKM, Tsang DCW, Cao X, Lin D, Wang L, Graham NJD, Alessi DS, Komárek M, Ok YS, Feng Y, Li XD. Multifunctional iron-biochar composites for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater. Environ Int 2019; 124:521-532. [PMID: 30685454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates a novel sorbent for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater (FWW). A series of iron-biochar (Fe-BC) composites with different Fe/BC impregnation mass ratios (0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1) were prepared by mixing forestry wood waste-derived BC powder with an aqueous FeCl3 solution and subsequently pyrolyzing them at 1000 °C in a N2-purged tubular furnace. The porosity, surface morphology, crystalline structure, and interfacial chemical behavior of the Fe-BC composites were characterized, revealing that Fe chelated with CO bonds as COFe moieties on the BC surface, which were subsequently reduced to a CC bond and nanoscale zerovalent Fe (nZVI) during pyrolysis. The performance of the Fe-BC composites was evaluated for simultaneous removal of potentially toxic elements (Cu(II), Cr(VI), Zn(II), and As(V)), inherent cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Sr), hetero-chloride (1,1,2-trichlorethane (1,1,2-TCA)), and total organic carbon (TOC) from high-salinity (233 g L-1 total dissolved solids (TDS)) model FWW. By elucidating the removal mechanisms of different contaminants, we demonstrated that Fe-BC (1:1) had an optimal reducing/charge-transfer reactivity owing to the homogenous distribution of nZVI with the highest Fe0/Fe2+ ratio. A lower Fe content in Fe-BC (0.5:1) resulted in a rapid exhaustion of Fe0, while a higher Fe content in Fe-BC (2:1) caused severe aggregation and oxidization of Fe0, contributing to its complexation/(co-)precipitation with Fe2+/Fe3+. All of the synthesized Fe-BC composites exhibited a high removal capacity for inherent cations (3.2-7.2 g g-1) in FWW through bridging with the CO bonds and cation-π interactions. Overall, this study illustrated the potential efficacy and mechanistic roles of Fe-BC composites for (pre-)treatment of high-salinity and complex FWW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Iris K M Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linling Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Michael Komárek
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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69
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Shaheen SM, Alessi DS, Tack FM, Ok YS, Kim KH, Gustafsson JP, Sparks DL, Rinklebe J. Redox chemistry of vanadium in soils and sediments: Interactions with colloidal materials, mobilization, speciation, and relevant environmental implications- A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 265:1-13. [PMID: 30685738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium (V), although serving as an important component of industrial activities, has bioinorganic implications to pose highly toxic hazards to humans and animals. Soils and sediments throughout the world exhibit wide ranges of vanadium concentrations. Although vanadium toxicity varies between different species, it is mainly controlled by soil redox potential (EH). Nonetheless, knowledge of the redox geochemistry of vanadium lags in comparison to what is known about other potentially toxic elements (PTEs). In particular, the redox-induced speciation and mobilization of vanadium in soils and sediments and the associated risks to the environment have not been reviewed to date. Therefore, this review aims to address 1) the content and geochemical fate of vanadium in soils and sediments, 2) its redox-induced release dynamics, 3) redox-mediated chemical reactions between vanadium and soil organic and inorganic colloidal materials in soil solution, 4) its speciation in soil solution and soil-sediments, and 5) the use of advanced geochemical and spectroscopic techniques to investigate these complex systems. Vanadium (+5) is the most mobile and toxic form of its species while being the thermodynamically stable valence state in oxic environments, while vanadium (+3) might be expected to be predominant under euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) conditions. Vanadium can react variably in response to changing soil EH: under anoxic conditions, the mobilization of vanadium can decrease because vanadium (+5) can be reduced to relatively less soluble vanadium (+4) via inorganic reactions such as with H2S and organic matter and by metal-reducing microorganisms. On the other hand, dissolved concentrations of vanadium can increase at low EH in many soils to reveal a similar pattern to that of Fe, which may be due to the reductive dissolution of Fe(hydr)oxides and the release of the associated vanadium. Those differences in vanadium release dynamics might occur as a result of the direct impact of EH on vanadium speciation in soil solution and soil sediments, and/or because of the EH-dependent changes in soil pH, chemistry of (Fe)(hydr)oxides, and complexation with soil organic carbon. Release dynamics of vanadium in soils may also be affected positively by soil pH and the release of aromatic organic compounds. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful tool to investigate the speciation of vanadium present in soil. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) is often used to constrain the average valence state of vanadium in soils and sediments, and in limited cases extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis has been used to determine the average molecular coordination environment of vanadium in soil components. In conclusion, this review presents the state of the art about the redox geochemistry of vanadium and thus contributes to a better understanding of the speciation, potential mobilization, and environmental hazards of vanadium in the near-surface environment of uplands, wetlands, and agricultural ecosystems as affected by various colloidal particles. Further research is needed to elucidate the geochemistry and speciation of vanadium in the dissolved, colloidal, and soil sediments phases, including the determination of factors that control the redox geochemistry of vanadium.
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70
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Tasker TL, Burgos WD, Ajemigbitse MA, Lauer NE, Gusa AV, Kuatbek M, May D, Landis JD, Alessi DS, Johnsen AM, Kaste JM, Headrick KL, Wilke FDH, McNeal M, Engle M, Jubb AM, Vidic RD, Vengosh A, Warner NR. Accuracy of methods for reporting inorganic element concentrations and radioactivity in oil and gas wastewaters from the Appalachian Basin, U.S. based on an inter-laboratory comparison. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:224-241. [PMID: 30452047 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and precise analyses of oil and gas (O&G) wastewaters and solids (e.g., sediments and sludge) are important for the regulatory monitoring of O&G development and tracing potential O&G contamination in the environment. In this study, 15 laboratories participated in an inter-laboratory comparison on the chemical characterization of three O&G wastewaters from the Appalachian Basin and four solids impacted by O&G development, with the goal of evaluating the quality of data and the accuracy of measurements for various analytes of concern. Using a variety of different methods, analytes in the wastewaters with high concentrations (i.e., >5 mg L-1) were easily detectable with relatively high accuracy, often within ±10% of the most probable value (MPV). In contrast, often less than 7 of the 15 labs were able to report detectable trace metal(loid) concentrations (i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb) with accuracies of approximately ±40%. Despite most labs using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with low instrument detection capabilities for trace metal analyses, large dilution factors during sample preparation and low trace metal concentrations in the wastewaters limited the number of quantifiable determinations and likely influenced analytical accuracy. In contrast, all the labs measuring Ra in the wastewaters were able to report detectable concentrations using a variety of methods including gamma spectroscopy and wet chemical approaches following Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard methods. However, the reported radium activities were often greater than ±30% different to the MPV possibly due to calibration inconsistencies among labs, radon leakage, or failing to correct for self-attenuation. Reported radium activities in solid materials had less variability (±20% from MPV) but accuracy could likely be improved by using certified radium standards and accounting for self-attenuation that results from matrix interferences or a density difference between the calibration standard and the unknown sample. This inter-laboratory comparison illustrates that numerous methods can be used to measure major cation, minor cation, and anion concentrations in O&G wastewaters with relatively high accuracy while trace metal(loid) and radioactivity analyses in liquids may often be over ±20% different from the MPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Tasker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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71
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Flynn SL, von Gunten K, Warchola T, Snihur K, Forbes TZ, Goss GG, Gingras MK, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Characterization and implications of solids associated with hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water from the Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:242-255. [PMID: 30556566 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00404h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Public concern is heightened around flowback and produced water (FPW) generated by the hydraulic fracturing process. FPW is a complex mix of organic and inorganic solutes derived from both the injected hydraulic fracturing fluid and interactions with the subsurface lithology. Few studies to date have systematically investigated the composition of FPW or its individual components. Here, we provide the first systematic characterization of the composition of the solids associated with FPW by analyzing samples from three wells drilled into the Duvernay Formation in Alberta, Canada. The FPW initially returned to the surface with high total dissolved solids (greater than 170 000 mg L-1) and enriched with Fe(ii), silica, sulfate, barium, and strontium. The solids form two distinct phases once the FPW reached the surface: (1) silica-enriched Fe(iii) oxyhydroxides, and (2) a barite-celestine solid solution. We hypothesize that the precipitation of the amorphous silica-enriched Fe(iii) oxyhydroxide is a two-step process, where first the silica precipitates as a function of the cooling of the FPW from elevated subsurface temperatures to ambient surface temperatures. Next, the silica acts as a template for the precipitation of Fe(iii) oxyhydroxide as the diffusion of oxygen into the subsurface causes oxidation of aqueous Fe(ii). The barite-celestine solid solution precipitates solely as a function of cooling. Elevated dissolved Fe concentrations in FPW and modeled saturation indices from five North American shale plays (Marcellus, Fayetteville, Barnett, Bakken, and Denver-Julesburg) indicate that solids similar to those found in Duvernay FPW, specifically Fe(iii) oxyhydroxides, barite and quartz, are likely to occur. With the solids known to carry a significant portion of FPW's toxicity and organic contaminant load, the development of new treatment technologies, such as the oxidation of the Fe(ii) in FPW, may increase FPW reuse and reduce the environmental risk posed by FPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Flynn
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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72
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Funk SP, Duffin L, He Y, McMullen C, Sun C, Utting N, Martin JW, Goss GG, Alessi DS. Assessment of impacts of diphenyl phosphate on groundwater and near-surface environments: Sorption and toxicity. J Contam Hydrol 2019; 221:50-57. [PMID: 30642690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater recovered from hydraulic fracturing is referred to as flowback and produced water (FPW), and is often saline, contains numerous organic and inorganic constituents, and may pose threats to groundwater resources. Hundreds of spills of FPW have been reported to the Alberta Energy Regulator each year. Recently, samples of FPW derived from hydraulic fracturing of the Duvernay Formation, AB, were found to contain a previously unidentified class of aryl phosphates, including diphenyl phosphate (DPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and others. Aryl phosphates are also used in a variety of other industries and their constituents can be found in flame retardants, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and oxidizers. Many of these aryl phosphates break down into DPP. Therefore, it is important to determine the environmental fate and potential impact of DPP if spilled in the near-surface, as DPP is an emerging contaminant in soil and groundwater systems. This study was aimed at determining 1) the sorption behavior of DPP onto various surficial sediments collected within the Fox Creek, AB region, and 2) the toxicity of DPP toward aquatic ecosystems. We report that the sorption of DPP onto both clay-rich soils and sandy sediment was low compared to that of other aryl phosphates, with an average log KOC value of 2.30 ± 0.42 (1σ). Therefore, the transport of DPP in groundwater would be rapid due to its low degree of sorption on surficial materials. We also determined the acute 96 h-LC50 of DPP on zebrafish embryos to be 50.0 ± 7.1 mg/L. Su et al. (2014) studied the toxic effects of DPP and TPP on chicken embryonic hepatocytes and found that DPP had less cytotoxic effects than TPP but altered more gene transcripts. From the results our study, we infer that DPP may pose an environmental risk to aquatic ecosystems if released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Funk
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Lisa Duffin
- CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Yuhe He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Craig McMullen
- CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nicholas Utting
- CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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73
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Park SM, Yang JS, Tsang DCW, Alessi DS, Baek K. Enhanced irreversible fixation of cesium by wetting and drying cycles in soil. Environ Geochem Health 2019; 41:149-157. [PMID: 30143907 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The retention of radioactive cesium (Cs) in soil is significantly related to the types of clay minerals, while the weathering process affects the irreversible adsorption sites in clay minerals. In this study, the effect of weathering (exposure duration of Cs and repeated wetting and drying cycles) on fractionation of Cs in soils was investigated using fractionation analysis by the sequential extraction. The residual fraction of Cs increased slowly with exposure time but increased rapidly by repeated wetting and drying cycles. XRD analysis shows that a 1.43 nm of interlayer size for vermiculite is shortened to 1.00 nm, i.e., similar to that of illite. The change implies the potential that the structure of expandable clay minerals is transformed to the non-expandable structure by weathering process after Cs retention. Based on the result, the residual fraction of Cs, most stable form of Cs in the soil, reached relatively rapidly to a maximum. However, the process is much slower kinetically in the field because the bench-scale weathering process used in this study is more aggressive. This study implies that Cs fractionations in the soil are converted into a more stable fraction by weathering processes in the soil. Therefore, Cs removal should be conducted as soon as possible after accidental release of Cs in an environmental side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Yang
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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74
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Shen Z, Zhang J, Hou D, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Alessi DS. Synthesis of MgO-coated corncob biochar and its application in lead stabilization in a soil washing residue. Environ Int 2019; 122:357-362. [PMID: 30501914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a magnesium oxide (MgO) coated corncob biochar (MCB) was synthesized by pyrolyzing MgCl2 pretreated corncob, for a better performance in lead immobilization in a contaminated soil compared with corncob biochar (CB). The properties and microstructures of CB and MCB were investigated. It was observed that MgO particles ranging from 1 to 2 μm were well coated on MCB, and the MgO content in MCB was calculated at 29.90% in w/w. The surface area of the biochar was significantly enhanced from 0.07 to 26.56 m2/g after the MgO coating. The MgO coating also significantly facilitated the lead removal percentage from 23% to 74% in aqueous solution by biochar. CB failed to immobilize lead in a soil washing residue and could not reduce its environmental risks in a laboratory incubation study. In contrast, MCB was applied to the soil and resulted in a significant reduction in TCLP leached lead from 10.63 to 5.24 mg/L (reduced by 50.71%). The comparison between MCB and other amendments suggests that the biochar component of MCB adsorbed lead onto its surface through cation-π interaction and increased surface adsorption due to higher surface area, and then the MgO coated on MCB's surface further enhanced the adsorption through precipitation. The synergistic roles of biochar-mineral composites make them a promising candidate for soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jingzhuo Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
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75
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Shen Z, Hou D, Xu W, Zhang J, Jin F, Zhao B, Pan S, Peng T, Alessi DS. Assessing long-term stability of cadmium and lead in a soil washing residue amended with MgO-based binders using quantitative accelerated ageing. Sci Total Environ 2018; 643:1571-1578. [PMID: 30189573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A soil washing residue (SWR) (containing 90% clay, cadmium (Cd2+) of 132 mg/kg, lead (Pb2+) of 3410 mg/kg) was stabilized with MgO (M) and MgO + bioapatite (MB) respectively at a dosage of 5% in w/w. The stability of the metals in original and amended SWRs was assessed after immediate treatment and using a laboratory accelerated ageing method simulating 26, 52, 78 and 104 years in field conditions. The dissolved Cd2+ and Pb2+ from the SWR in Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) leachates significantly reduced (by 96.84-99.06%) by both amendments after immediate treatment. The stabilization remained effective within simulated 26 years as the TCLP leached Cd2+ and Pb2+ kept below regulatory levels. This immobilization was mainly due to the increased non-bioavailable Cd2+ and Pb2+ from sequential extraction tests in SWR by the amendments. At simulated 52 years, the TCLP leached Cd2+ from M and MB exceeded regulatory level by 106% and 1% respectively. Large amounts of Cd2+ and Pb2+ were leached out by 36.74-48.18% regardless of the treatments at simulated 104 years. Although bioapatite can significantly aid the stabilization of metals by MgO, the stabilization effectiveness for both treatments diminished at simulated 52 years and from 52 to 104 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wendi Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shizhen Pan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianyue Peng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
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76
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He Y, Zhang Y, Martin JW, Alessi DS, Giesy JP, Goss GG. In vitro assessment of endocrine disrupting potential of organic fractions extracted from hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (HF-FPW). Environ Int 2018; 121:824-831. [PMID: 30342413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Potential effects of horizontal drilling combined with high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HF) have drawn significant public concern, especially on the handling, treatment, and disposal of HF flowback and produced water (HF-FPW). Previous studies indicated HF-FPW could significantly disrupt biotransformation and expressions of genes related to the endocrine system. This study focused on effects of organic extracts of HF-FPW on receptor binding activity using several transactivation assays. Six HF-FPW samples were collected from 2 wells (Well A and Well B, 3 time points at each well). These were separated by filtration into aqueous (W) and particulate (S) phases, and organics were extracted from all 12 subsamples. Of all the tested fractions, sample B1-S had the greatest Σ13PAH (11,000 ng/L) and B3-S has the greatest Σ4alkyl-PAHs (16,000 ng/L). Nuclear receptor binding activity of all the extracts on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogen receptor (ER), and androgen receptor (AR) were screened using H4IIE-luc, MVLN-luc, and MDA-kb2 cells, respectively. FPWs from various HF wells exhibited distinct nuclear receptor binding effects. The strongest AhR agonist activity was detected in B3-S, with 450 ± 20 μg BaP/L equivalency at 5 × exposure. The greatest ER agonist activity was detected in A1-W, with 5.3 ± 0.9 nM E2 equivalency at 10× exposures. There is a decreasing trend in ER agonist activity from A1 to A3 in both aqueous and particulate fractions from Well A, while there is an increasing trend in ER agonist activity from B1 to B3 in aqueous fractions from Well B. This study provides novel information on the sources of endocrine disruptive potentials in various HF-FPW considering both temporal and spatial variability. Results suggest that reclamation or remediation and risk assessment of HF-FPW spills likely requires multiple strategies including understanding the properties of each spill with respect to fractured geological formation and physiochemical properties of the injected fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
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77
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von Gunten K, Hamilton SM, Zhong C, Nesbø C, Li J, Muehlenbachs K, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Electron donor-driven bacterial and archaeal community patterns along forest ring edges in Ontario, Canada. Environ Microbiol Rep 2018; 10:663-672. [PMID: 30014579 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest rings are 50-1600 m diameter circular structures found in boreal forests around the globe. They are believed to be chemically reducing chimney features, having an accumulation of reduced species in the middle of the ring and oxidation processes occurring at the ring's edges. It has been suggested that microorganisms could be responsible for charge transfer from the inside to the outside of the ring. To explore this, we focused on the changes in bacterial and archaeal communities in the ring edges of two forest rings, the 'Bean' and the 'Thorn North' ring, in proximity to each other in Ontario, Canada. The drier samples from the methane-sourced Bean ring were characterized by the abundance of bacteria from the classes Deltaproteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes. Geobacter spp. and methanotrophs, such as Candidatus Methylomirabilis and Methylobacter, were highly abundant in these samples. The Thorn North ring, centred on an H2 S accumulation in groundwater, had wetter samples and its communities were dominated by the classes Alphaproteobacteria and Anaerolineae. This ring's microbial communities showed an overall higher microbial diversity supported by higher available free energy. For both rings, the species diversity was highest near the borders of the 20-30 m broad ring edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin von Gunten
- University of Alberta, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Stewart M Hamilton
- Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Sudbury Office, 159 Cedar Street, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 6A5, Canada
| | - Cheng Zhong
- University of Alberta, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Camilla Nesbø
- University of Alberta, Biological Sciences, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jiaying Li
- University of Alberta, Biological Sciences, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Karlis Muehlenbachs
- University of Alberta, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- University of Alberta, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- University of Alberta, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
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78
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Alam MS, Gorman-Lewis D, Chen N, Safari S, Baek K, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Mechanisms of the Removal of U(VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Biochar: A Combined Spectroscopic and Modeling Approach. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:13057-13067. [PMID: 30339395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been touted as a promising sorbent for the removal of inorganic contaminants, such as uranium (U), from water. However, the molecular-scale mechanisms of aqueous U(VI) species adsorption to biochar remain poorly understood. In this study, two approaches, grounded in equilibrium thermodynamics, were employed to investigate the U(VI) adsorption mechanisms: (1) batch U(VI) adsorption experiments coupled to surface complexation modeling (SCM) and (2) isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), supported by synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analyses. The biochars tested have considerable proton buffering capacity and most strongly adsorb U(VI) between approximately pH 4 and 6. FT-IR and XPS studies, along with XAS analyses, show that U(VI) adsorption occurs primarily at the proton-active carboxyl (-COOH) and phenolic hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups on the biochar surface. The SCM approach is able to predict U(VI) adsorption behavior across a wide range of pH and at varying initial U(VI) and biochar concentrations, and U adsorption is strongly influenced by aqueous U(VI) speciation. Supporting ITC measurements indicate that the calculated enthalpies of protonation reactions of the studied biochar, as well as the adsorption of U(VI), are consistent with anionic oxygen ligands and are indicative of both inner- and outer-sphere complexation. Our results provide new insights into the modes of U(VI) adsorption by biochar and more generally improve our understanding of its potential to remove radionuclides from contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samrat Alam
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Drew Gorman-Lewis
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences , University of Washington , Johnson Hall Rm-070, Box 351310, 4000 15th Avenue NE , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Ning Chen
- Canadian Light Source Inc. , University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Plane , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 0X4 , Canada
| | - Salman Safari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center , Chonbuk National University , 567 Baekje-daero , Deokjin-gu, Jeonju , Jeollabuk-do 54896 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building , Alberta , T6G 2E3 , Canada
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79
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Kim HB, Kim SH, Jeon EK, Kim DH, Tsang DCW, Alessi DS, Kwon EE, Baek K. Effect of dissolved organic carbon from sludge, Rice straw and spent coffee ground biochar on the mobility of arsenic in soil. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:1241-1248. [PMID: 29913586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, studies on the mobility of arsenic (As) in soil amended with biochar have primarily relied on broad empirical observations, resulting in a gap between the behavior of As in amended soil and the chemical mechanisms controlling that behavior. This study focuses on the influence of abiotic factors in As mobility in As-contaminated soils amended with biochar. In order to understand the leaching of DOC and phosphate across a range of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis temperature, rice straw and granular sludge from an anaerobic digester were pyrolyzed at 300, 550, and 700 °C, and subjected to leaching studies by mixing air dried soil with 10 wt% of biochar at a soil: water ratio of 1:1(w/v). The concentration of DOC in the presence of granular sludge biochar and rice straw biochar increased from 190 mg L-1 to 2605 mg L-1 and 1192 mg L-1, respectively, which considerable accelerated the mobilization of Fe and As. More specifically, DOC drove the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). Our results suggest enhanced release of As via the reductive dissolution of iron oxides, including by the chelating-enhanced dissolution of Fe oxides, and competitive desorption by DOC and phosphate from biochar. The influence of DOC and phosphate was further evaluated using realistic application amounts (1, 3, and 5 wt%) of biochars derived from pyrolysis of granular sludge, rice straw and spent coffee ground at 300 and 550 °C. The results from these experiments further confirm that DOC is a key factor for influencing the mobility of As in the amendment of biochar to As-contaminated soil, which indicates that biochar having low levels of leachable carbon should be amended to As-contaminated soils, and with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ki Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, Seoul 03367, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea.
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80
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Alam MS, Gorman-Lewis D, Chen N, Flynn SL, Ok YS, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Thermodynamic Analysis of Nickel(II) and Zinc(II) Adsorption to Biochar. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:6246-6255. [PMID: 29746774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies have investigated metal uptake from solution by biochar, few of these have developed a mechanistic understanding of the adsorption reactions that occur at the biochar surface. In this study, we explore a combined modeling and spectroscopic approach for the first time to describe the molecular level adsorption of Ni(II) and Zn(II) to five types of biochar. Following thorough characterization, potentiometric titrations were carried out to measure the proton (H+) reactivity of each biochar, and the data was used to develop protonation models. Surface complexation modeling (SCM) supported by synchrotron-based extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was then used to gain insights into the molecular scale metal-biochar surface reactions. The SCM approach was combined with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) data to determine the thermodynamic driving forces of metal adsorption. Our results show that the reactivity of biochar toward Ni(II) and Zn(II) directly relates to the site densities of biochar. EXAFS along with FT-IR analyses, suggest that Ni(II) and Zn(II) adsorption occurred primarily through proton-active carboxyl (-COOH) and hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups on the biochar surface. SCM-ITC analyses revealed that the enthalpies of protonation are exothermic and Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes with biochar surface are slightly exothermic to slightly endothermic. The results obtained from these combined approaches contribute to the better understanding of molecular scale metal adsorption onto the biochar surface, and will facilitate the further development of thermodynamics-based, predictive approaches to biochar removal of metals from contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samrat Alam
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Drew Gorman-Lewis
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences , University of Washington , Johnson Hall Rm-070, Box 351310, 4000 15th Avenue , NE Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Ning Chen
- Canadian Light Source Inc. , University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Plane , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 0X4 , Canada
| | - Shannon L Flynn
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E3 , Canada
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU , United Kingdom
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center , O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E3 , Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E3 , Canada
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81
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Rajapaksha AU, Alam MS, Chen N, Alessi DS, Igalavithana AD, Tsang DCW, Ok YS. Removal of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions using biochar: Chemical and spectroscopic investigations. Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:1567-1573. [PMID: 29996453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is an emerging low-cost sorbent used for removing trace metals from water. In this study, we evaluated the removal potential of aqueous hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) by biochars produced from soybean (Glycinemax L.) and burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) residues. The highest Cr(VI) removal from solution occurred at low pH values (pH2-5), and adsorption decreased approximately tenfold when the pH increased from 2 to 10. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigations showed that Cr(VI) species were reduced to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) at the biochar surface following Cr(VI) adsorption. Linear combination fitting (LCF) of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) data indicated that approximately 90% of the total Cr(VI) (962μM) was reduced to Cr(III). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) fitting results yielded interatomic chromium (CrCr) distances consistent with the formation of Cr(III) precipitates as Cr(OH)3. Trivalent chromium is far less soluble than Cr(VI) and typically precipitates as amorphous Cr(III) solids. Thus, biochars produced by soybean and burcucumber residues are a promising technique for both adsorbing and reductively immobilizing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Md Samrat Alam
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Ning Chen
- Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Avanthi Deshani Igalavithana
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada.
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82
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Yoon G, Park SM, Yang H, Tsang DCW, Alessi DS, Baek K. Selection criteria for oxidation method in total organic carbon measurement. Chemosphere 2018; 199:453-458. [PMID: 29453072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the measurement of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon is converted into CO2 by using high temperature combustion (HTC) or wet chemical oxidation (WCO). However, the criteria for selecting the oxidation methods are not clear. In this study, the chemical structures of organic material were considered as a key factor to select the oxidation method used. Most non-degradable organic compounds showed a similar oxidation efficiency in both methods, including natural organic compounds, dyes, and pharmaceuticals, and thus both methods are appropriate to measure TOC in waters containing these compounds. However, only a fraction of the carbon in the halogenated compounds (perfluorooctanoic acid and trifluoroacetic acid) were oxidized using WCO, resulting in measured TOC values that are considerably lower than those determined by HTC. This result is likely due to the electronegativity of halogen elements which inhibits the approach of electron-rich sulfate radicals in the WCO, and the higher bond strength of carbon-halogen pairs as compared to carbon-hydrogen bonds, which results in a lower degree of oxidation of the compounds. Our results indicate that WCO could be used to oxidize most organic compounds, but may not be appropriate to quantify TOC in organic carbon pools that contain certain halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- GeunSeok Yoon
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Heuiwon Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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83
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O'Connor D, Peng T, Zhang J, Tsang DCW, Alessi DS, Shen Z, Bolan NS, Hou D. Biochar application for the remediation of heavy metal polluted land: A review of in situ field trials. Sci Total Environ 2018; 619-620:815-826. [PMID: 29166628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polluted land is a global issue, especially for developing countries. It has been reported that soil amendment with biochar may reduce the bioavailability of a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metal(loids), potentially reclaiming contaminated soils for agricultural use. However, there have been only limited reports on the in situ application of biochar at the field scale. This review was devoted to providing preliminary scientific evidence from these field trials, based on a review of 29 publications involving field applications of biochar in 8 different countries. The data show that biochar's effectiveness in reducing the impacts of pollution depends on a myriad of factors in the field, including the application time period, site-specific factors (e.g. climate, biochar dosage rate, and mixing depth), biochar feedstock type, and biochar properties. The results of this review indicate that biochar application can potentially reduce contaminant bioavailability in the field; for instance, a significant decrease (control normalized mean value=0.55) in the Cd enrichment of rice crops was observed. It was found that the use of biochar may help increase crop yields on polluted land, and thus reduce the amount of mineral fertilizer used in the field. However, in order to maximize the benefits of biochar addition, farmers need to accept that the dosage rates of mineral fertilizers should be reduced. This review also revealed that the effectiveness of biochar in mitigating pollution may decrease with time due to ageing factors, such as leaching of biochar alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyue Peng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Solid Waste and Chemical Management Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW2308, Australia
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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84
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Shen Z, Hou D, Zhao B, Xu W, Ok YS, Bolan NS, Alessi DS. Stability of heavy metals in soil washing residue with and without biochar addition under accelerated ageing. Sci Total Environ 2018; 619-620:185-193. [PMID: 29149742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil washing residue (SWR), which typically concentrates the washed toxic metals and is comprised of high contents of clay particles, may pose risks to the surrounding environment. This study aims to simulate accelerated ageing to assess the stability of selected metals (Cd2+ (132mg/kg), Cu2+ (248mg/kg) and Pb2+ (3470mg/kg)) in a SWR (89.68% of clay) with and without biochar treatment. The soil was incubated under constant moisture and wet-dry cycles (accelerated ageing), respectively, and the mobility and fractions of heavy metals in the soils with and without biochar treatment were examined. Under the constant moisture condition, biochar addition at 5% w/w reduced the leached Cd2+ (by 1.81%) and Cu2+ (by 8.70%) from SWR at day 1 and the leached Cu2+ (by 51.08%) and Pb2+ (by 25.36%) from SWR at day 14; however, the leached metals in the TCLP solution from the biochar-amended soils still exceed the regulatory limits (1mg/L for Cd2+, 5mg/L for Pb2+, no regulatory limits for Cu2+). Conversely, accelerated ageing (14days) significantly increased the fractions of exchangeable Cd2+ (from 3.63-3.94% to 6.21-6.29%) and Pb2+ (from 0.025-0.027% to 0.034-0.041%) as well as the TCLP leachabilities of Cd2+ (from 2.91-3.28% to 3.46-3.73%), Cu2+ (from 0.08-0.10% to 0.03-0.06%) and Pb2+ (from 0.25-0.35% to 0.52-0.57%) in the soils, as compared with those incubated under constant moisture, regardless of biochar addition. This study reveals challenges associated with stabilising SWR due to the presence of residual fine-grained particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wendi Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
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85
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Blewett TA, Newton D, Flynn SL, Alessi DS, Goss GG, Hamilton TJ. Cadmium bioaccumulates after acute exposure but has no effect on locomotion or shelter-seeking behaviour in the invasive green shore crab ( Carcinus maenas). Conserv Physiol 2017; 5:cox057. [PMID: 28979787 PMCID: PMC5620452 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd2+) is a non-essential metal ubiquitous in the environment due to industrial processes. However, little is known regarding the ability of Cd2+ to impact the behaviour of aquatic animals in receiving environments. Green shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) were exposed to waterborne Cd2+ [control (no Cd2+), low (0.30 μmol/L), medium (3.3 μmol/L) and high (63 μmol/L)], for 24 h, then, crabs were placed in an open field and shelter test to determine potential changes in locomotion and preference for shelter. Tissues (gill, haemolymph, stomatogastric ganglion) were taken for bioaccumulation analysis of Cd2+ and ion content. Behavioural testing was recorded with a motion-tracking software system and showed no impact of Cd2+ on any variable in either of the tests used. All three tissues accumulated Cd2+ in a concentration-dependent manner. Crabs exposed to low Cd2+ showed a small but significant decrease in haemolymph Ca2+, however, this effect was not present at higher Cd2+ exposures. Overall, the results indicate that short-term Cd2+ exposure, and the resulting Cd2+ accumulation, had no effect on locomotor and anxiety-related behaviour of green shore crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin Newton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shannon L Flynn
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada
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86
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von Gunten K, Alam MS, Hubmann M, Ok YS, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Modified sequential extraction for biochar and petroleum coke: Metal release potential and its environmental implications. Bioresour Technol 2017; 236:106-110. [PMID: 28391104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A modified Community Bureau of Reference (CBR) sequential extraction method was tested to assess the composition of untreated pyrogenic carbon (biochar) and oil sands petroleum coke. Wood biochar samples were found to contain lower concentrations of metals, but had higher fractions of easily mobilized alkaline earth and transition metals. Sewage sludge biochar was determined to be less recalcitrant and had higher total metal concentrations, with most of the metals found in the more resilient extraction fractions (oxidizable, residual). Petroleum coke was the most stable material, with a similar metal distribution pattern as the sewage sludge biochar. The applied sequential extraction method represents a suitable technique to recover metals from these materials, and is a valuable tool in understanding the metal retaining and leaching capability of various biochar types and carbonaceous petroleum coke samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin von Gunten
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Md Samrat Alam
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Magdalena Hubmann
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
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87
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He Y, Flynn SL, Folkerts EJ, Zhang Y, Ruan D, Alessi DS, Martin JW, Goss GG. Chemical and toxicological characterizations of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water. Water Res 2017; 114:78-87. [PMID: 28229951 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) has emerged as a major method of unconventional oil and gas recovery. The toxicity of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (HF-FPW) has not been previously reported and is complicated by the combined complexity of organic and inorganic constituents in HF fluids and deep formation water. In this study, we characterized the solids, salts, and organic signatures in an HF-FPW sample from the Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada. Untargeted HPLC-Orbitrap revealed numerous unknown dissolved polar organics. Among the most prominent peaks, a substituted tri-phenyl phosphate was identified which is likely an oxidation product of a common polymer antioxidant. Acute toxicity of zebrafish embryo was attributable to high salinity and organic contaminants in HF-FPW with LC50 values ranging from 0.6% to 3.9%, depending on the HF-FPW fractions and embryo developmental stages. Induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was detected, due in part to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and suspended solids might have a synergistic effect on EROD induction. This study demonstrates that toxicological profiling of real HF-FPW sample presents great challenges for assessing the potential risks and impacts posed by HF-FPW spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Shannon L Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Dongliang Ruan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada.
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88
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Blewett TA, Delompré PLM, He Y, Folkerts EJ, Flynn SL, Alessi DS, Goss GG. Sublethal and Reproductive Effects of Acute and Chronic Exposure to Flowback and Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing on the Water Flea Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:3032-3039. [PMID: 28140571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is an industrial process allowing for the extraction of gas or oil. To fracture the rocks, a proprietary mix of chemicals is injected under high pressure, which later returns to the surface as flowback and produced water (FPW). FPW is a complex chemical mixture consisting of trace metals, organic compounds, and often, high levels of salts. FPW toxicity to the model freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna was characterized utilizing acute (48 h median lethal concentrations; LC50) and chronic (21 day) exposures. A decrease in reproduction was observed, with a mean value of 18.5 neonates produced per replicate over a 21 day chronic exposure to 0.04% FPW, which was a significant decrease from the average of 64 neonates produced in the controls. The time to first brood was delayed in the highest FPW (0.04%) treatment. Neonates exhibited an LC50 of 0.19% of full-strength FPW, making them more sensitive than adults, which displayed an LC50 value of 0.75%. Quantitative PCR highlighted significant changes in expression of genes encoding xenobiotic metabolism (cyp4) and moulting (cut). This study is the first to characterize chronic FPW toxicity and will help with the development of environmental monitoring and risk assessment of FPW spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Perrine L M Delompré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yuhe He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Shannon L Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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89
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He Y, Folkerts EJ, Zhang Y, Martin JW, Alessi DS, Goss GG. Effects on Biotransformation, Oxidative Stress, and Endocrine Disruption in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and Produced Water. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:940-947. [PMID: 27973770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hydraulic fracturing (HF) flowback and produced water (HF-FPW), a complex saline mixture of injected HF fluids and deep formation water that return to the surface, was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Exposure to HF-FPWs resulted in significant induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in both liver and gill tissues. Increased lipid peroxidation via oxidative stress was also detected by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. The mRNA expressions of a battery of genes related to biotransformation, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption were also measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). The increased expression of cyp1a (2.49 ± 0.28-fold), udpgt (2.01 ± 0.31-fold), sod (1.67 ± 0.09-fold), and gpx (1.58 ± 0.10-fold) in raw sample exposure group (7.5%) indicated elevated metabolic enzyme activity, likely through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, and generation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, the elevated vtg and era2 expression demonstrated endocrine disrupting potential exerted by HF-FPW in rainbow trout. The overall results suggested HF-FPW could cause significant adverse effects on fish, and the organic contents might play the major role in its toxicity. Future studies are needed to help fully determine the toxic mechanism(s) of HF-FPW on freshwater fish, and aid in establishing monitoring, treatment, and remediation protocols for HF-FPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe He
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and §Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 2E9
| | - Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and §Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 2E9
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and §Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 2E9
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and §Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 2E9
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and §Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 2E9
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and §Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 2E9
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90
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Komárek M, Koretsky CM, Stephen KJ, Alessi DS, Chrastný V. Response to Comment on "Competitive Adsorption of Cd(II), Cr(VI), and Pb(II) onto Nanomaghemite: A Spectroscopic and Modeling Approach". Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1634-1635. [PMID: 26792093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Komárek
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Kamýcká 129, Prague 6 - Suchdol 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Carla M Koretsky
- Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University , 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Krishna J Stephen
- Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University , 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Vladislav Chrastný
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Kamýcká 129, Prague 6 - Suchdol 165 21, Czech Republic
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91
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Komárek M, Koretsky CM, Stephen KJ, Alessi DS, Chrastný V. Competitive Adsorption of Cd(II), Cr(VI), and Pb(II) onto Nanomaghemite: A Spectroscopic and Modeling Approach. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:12851-12859. [PMID: 26457556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A combined modeling and spectroscopic approach is used to describe Cd(II), Cr(VI), and Pb(II) adsorption onto nanomaghemite and nanomaghemite coated quartz. A pseudo-second order kinetic model fitted the adsorption data well. The sorption capacity of nanomaghemite was evaluated using a Langmuir isotherm model, and a diffuse double layer surface complexation model (DLM) was developed to describe metal adsorption. Adsorption mechanisms were assessed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Pb(II) adsorption occurs mainly via formation of inner-sphere complexes, whereas Cr(VI) likely adsorbs mainly as outer-sphere complexes and Cd(II) as a mixture of inner- and outer-sphere complexes. The simple DLM describes well the pH-dependence of single adsorption edges. However, it fails to adequately capture metal adsorption behavior over broad ranges of ionic strength or metal-loading on the sorbents. For systems with equimolar concentrations of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI). Pb(II) adsorption was reasonably well predicted by the DLM, but predictions were poorer for Cr(VI) and Cd(II). This study demonstrates that a simple DLM can describe well the adsorption of the studied metals in mixed sorbate-sorbent systems, but only under narrow ranges of ionic strength or metal loading. The results also highlight the sorption potential of nanomaghemite for metals in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Komárek
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Kamýcká 129, Prague 6 - Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Carla M Koretsky
- Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University , 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Krishna J Stephen
- Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University , 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta , 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Vladislav Chrastný
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Kamýcká 129, Prague 6 - Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
- Department of Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
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92
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Lezama-Pacheco JS, Cerrato JM, Veeramani H, Alessi DS, Suvorova E, Bernier-Latmani R, Giammar DE, Long PE, Williams KH, Bargar JR. Long-term in situ oxidation of biogenic uraninite in an alluvial aquifer: impact of dissolved oxygen and calcium. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:7340-7347. [PMID: 26001126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative dissolution controls uranium release to (sub)oxic pore waters from biogenic uraninite produced by natural or engineered processes, such as bioremediation. Laboratory studies show that uraninite dissolution is profoundly influenced by dissolved oxygen (DO), carbonate, and solutes such as Ca(2+). In complex and heterogeneous subsurface environments, the concentrations of these solutes vary in time and space. Knowledge of dissolution processes and kinetics occurring over the long-term under such conditions is needed to predict subsurface uranium behavior and optimize the selection and performance of uraninite-based remediation technologies over multiyear periods. We have assessed dissolution of biogenic uraninite deployed in wells at the Rifle, CO, DOE research site over a 22 month period. Uraninite loss rates were highly sensitive to DO, with near-complete loss at >0.6 mg/L over this period but no measurable loss at lower DO. We conclude that uraninite can be stable over decadal time scales in aquifers under low DO conditions. U(VI) solid products were absent over a wide range of DO values, suggesting that dissolution proceeded through complexation and removal of oxidized surface uranium atoms by carbonate. Moreover, under the groundwater conditions present, Ca(2+) binds strongly to uraninite surfaces at structural uranium sites, impacting uranium fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Lezama-Pacheco
- †Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - José M Cerrato
- §Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Harish Veeramani
- ‡Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- ‡Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Elena Suvorova
- ‡Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- ‡Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- §Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Philip E Long
- ∥Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth H Williams
- ∥Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John R Bargar
- †Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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93
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Vithanage M, Rajapaksha AU, Ahmad M, Uchimiya M, Dou X, Alessi DS, Ok YS. Mechanisms of antimony adsorption onto soybean stover-derived biochar in aqueous solutions. J Environ Manage 2015; 151:443-9. [PMID: 25602696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Limited mechanistic knowledge is available on the interaction of biochar with trace elements (Sb and As) that exist predominantly as oxoanions. Soybean stover biochars were produced at 300 °C (SBC300) and 700 °C (SBC700), and characterized by BET, Boehm titration, FT-IR, NMR and Raman spectroscopy. Bound protons were quantified by potentiometric titration, and two acidic sites were used to model biochar by the surface complexation modeling based on Boehm titration and NMR observations. The zero point of charge was observed at pH 7.20 and 7.75 for SBC300 and SBC700, respectively. Neither antimonate (Sb(V)) nor antimonite (Sb(III)) showed ionic strength dependency (0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 M NaNO3), indicating inner sphere complexation. Greater adsorption of Sb(III) and Sb(V) was observed for SBC300 having higher -OH content than SBC700. Sb(III) removal (85%) was greater than Sb(V) removal (68%). Maximum adsorption density for Sb(III) was calculated as 1.88 × 10(-6) mol m(-2). The Triple Layer Model (TLM) successfully described surface complexation of Sb onto soybean stover-derived biochar at pH 4-9, and suggested the formation of monodentate mononuclear and binuclear complexes. Spectroscopic investigations by Raman, FT-IR and XPS further confirmed strong chemisorptive binding of Sb to biochar surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meththika Vithanage
- Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea; Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea; Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| | - Mahtab Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Minori Uchimiya
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States.
| | - Xiaomin Dou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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94
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Stylo M, Alessi DS, Shao PP, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Bargar JR, Bernier-Latmani R. Biogeochemical controls on the product of microbial U(VI) reduction. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:12351-12358. [PMID: 24102177 DOI: 10.1021/es402631w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biologically mediated immobilization of radionuclides in the subsurface is a promising strategy for the remediation of uranium-contaminated sites. During this process, soluble U(VI) is reduced by indigenous microorganisms to sparingly soluble U(IV). The crystalline U(IV) phase uraninite, or UO2, is the preferable end-product of bioremediation due to its relatively high stability and low solubility in comparison to biomass-associated nonuraninite U(IV) species that have been reported in laboratory and under field conditions. The goal of this study was to delineate the geochemical conditions that promote the formation of nonuraninite U(IV) versus uraninite and to decipher the mechanisms of its preferential formation. U(IV) products were prepared under varying geochemical conditions and characterized with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), and various wet chemical methods. We report an increasing fraction of nonuraninite U(IV) species with decreasing initial U concentration. Additionally, the presence of several common groundwater solutes (sulfate, silicate, and phosphate) promote the formation of nonuraninite U(IV). Our experiments revealed that the presence of those solutes promotes the formation of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and increases bacterial viability, suggesting that the formation of nonuraninite U(IV) is due to a biological response to solute presence during U(VI) reduction. The results obtained from this laboratory-scale research provide insight into biogeochemical controls on the product(s) of uranium reduction during bioremediation of the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Stylo
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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95
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Cerrato JM, Ashner MN, Alessi DS, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Bernier-Latmani R, Bargar JR, Giammar DE. Relative reactivity of biogenic and chemogenic uraninite and biogenic noncrystalline U(IV). Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:9756-63. [PMID: 23906226 PMCID: PMC3830940 DOI: 10.1021/es401663t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous chemical extractions and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analyses were conducted to investigate the reactivity of chemogenic uraninite, nanoparticulate biogenic uraninite, and biogenic monomeric U(IV) species. The analyses were conducted in systems containing a total U concentration that ranged from 1.48 to 2.10 mM. Less than 0.02% of the total U was released to solution in extractions that targeted water-soluble and ion exchangeable fractions. Less than 5% of the total U was solubilized via complexation with a 0.1 M solution of NaF. Greater than 90% of the total U was extracted from biogenic uraninite and monomeric U(IV) after 6 h of reaction in an oxidizing solution of 50 mM K2S2O8. Additional oxidation experiments with lower concentrations (2 mM and 10 mM) of K2S2O8 and 8.2 mg L(-1) dissolved oxygen suggested that monomeric U(IV) species are more labile than biogenic uraninite; chemogenic uraninite was much less susceptible to oxidation than either form of biogenic U(IV). These results suggest that noncrystalline forms of U(IV) may be more labile than uraninite in subsurface environments. This work helps fill critical gaps in our understanding of the behavior of solid-associated U(IV) species in bioremediated sites and natural uranium ore deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Cerrato
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Corresponding Telephone: (001) (314) 935-3457 Fax: (001) (314) 935-5464
| | - Matthew N. Ashner
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Daniel S. Alessi
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Juan S. Lezama-Pacheco
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - John R. Bargar
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Daniel E. Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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96
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Bargar JR, Williams KH, Campbell KM, Long PE, Stubbs JE, Suvorova EI, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Alessi DS, Stylo M, Webb SM, Davis JA, Giammar DE, Blue LY, Bernier-Latmani R. Uranium redox transition pathways in acetate-amended sediments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4506-4511. [PMCID: PMC3607047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219198110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox transitions of uranium [from U(VI) to U(IV)] in low-temperature sediments govern the mobility of uranium in the environment and the accumulation of uranium in ore bodies, and inform our understanding of Earth’s geochemical history. The molecular-scale mechanistic pathways of these transitions determine the U(IV) products formed, thus influencing uranium isotope fractionation, reoxidation, and transport in sediments. Studies that improve our understanding of these pathways have the potential to substantially advance process understanding across a number of earth sciences disciplines. Detailed mechanistic information regarding uranium redox transitions in field sediments is largely nonexistent, owing to the difficulty of directly observing molecular-scale processes in the subsurface and the compositional/physical complexity of subsurface systems. Here, we present results from an in situ study of uranium redox transitions occurring in aquifer sediments under sulfate-reducing conditions. Based on molecular-scale spectroscopic, pore-scale geochemical, and macroscale aqueous evidence, we propose a biotic–abiotic transition pathway in which biomass-hosted mackinawite (FeS) is an electron source to reduce U(VI) to U(IV), which subsequently reacts with biomass to produce monomeric U(IV) species. A species resembling nanoscale uraninite is also present, implying the operation of at least two redox transition pathways. The presence of multiple pathways in low-temperature sediments unifies apparently contrasting prior observations and helps to explain sustained uranium reduction under disparate biogeochemical conditions. These findings have direct implications for our understanding of uranium bioremediation, ore formation, and global geochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Bargar
- Chemistry and Catalysis Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Kenneth H. Williams
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Philip E. Long
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Joanne E. Stubbs
- Chemistry and Catalysis Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - ElenaI I. Suvorova
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Juan S. Lezama-Pacheco
- Chemistry and Catalysis Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Daniel S. Alessi
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Malgorzata Stylo
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Samuel M. Webb
- Chemistry and Catalysis Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - James A. Davis
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel E. Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130
| | - Lisa Y. Blue
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130
| | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
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97
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Alessi DS, Uster B, Borca CN, Grolimund D, Bernier-Latmani R. Beam-induced oxidation of monomeric U(IV) species. J Synchrotron Radiat 2013; 20:197-199. [PMID: 23254675 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Uranium L(III)-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy is often used to probe the oxidation state and coordination of uranium in environmental samples, and micrometre-sized beams can be used to spatially map the distribution of uranium relative to other elements. Here a variety of uranium-containing environmental samples are analyzed at both microbeam and larger beam sizes to determine whether reoxidation of U(IV) occurred. Monomeric U(IV), a recently discovered product of U(VI) reduction by microbes and certain iron-bearing minerals at uranium-contaminated field sites, was found to be reoxidized during microbeam (3 µm × 2 µm) analysis of biomass and sediments containing the species but not at larger beam sizes. Thus, care must be taken when using X-ray microprobes to analyze samples containing monomeric U(IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Alessi
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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98
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Alessi DS, Uster B, Veeramani H, Suvorova EI, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Stubbs JE, Bargar JR, Bernier-Latmani R. Quantitative separation of monomeric U(IV) from UO2 in products of U(VI) reduction. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:6150-7. [PMID: 22540966 PMCID: PMC3371135 DOI: 10.1021/es204123z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of soluble hexavalent uranium to tetravalent uranium can be catalyzed by bacteria and minerals. The end-product of this reduction is often the mineral uraninite, which was long assumed to be the only product of U(VI) reduction. However, recent studies report the formation of other species including an adsorbed U(IV) species, operationally referred to as monomeric U(IV). The discovery of monomeric U(IV) is important because the species is likely to be more labile and more susceptible to reoxidation than uraninite. Because there is a need to distinguish between these two U(IV) species, we propose here a wet chemical method of differentiating monomeric U(IV) from uraninite in environmental samples. To calibrate the method, U(IV) was extracted from known mixtures of uraninite and monomeric U(IV) and tested using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Monomeric U(IV) was efficiently removed from biomass and Fe(II)-bearing phases by bicarbonate extraction, without affecting uraninite stability. After confirming that the method effectively separates monomeric U(IV) and uraninite, it is further evaluated for a system containing those reduced U species and adsorbed U(VI). The method provides a rapid complement, and in some cases alternative, to XAS analyses for quantifying monomeric U(IV), uraninite, and adsorbed U(VI) species in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Alessi
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Uster
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Harish Veeramani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Elena I. Suvorova
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Juan S. Lezama-Pacheco
- Chemistry and Catalysis Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joanne E. Stubbs
- Chemistry and Catalysis Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - John R. Bargar
- Chemistry and Catalysis Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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99
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Abstract
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) as a permeable barrier material for degradation of chlorinated organic compounds has been extensively studied recently. One of the focal areas in ZVI studies is to increase the contaminant reduction rate. In this research, batch tests were performed to evaluate the synergistic effect of sorbed cationic surfactants on degradation of perchloroethylene (PCE). Sorption of cationic surfactants on ZVI was a function of hydrophobic chain length of the surfactanttail group. Minimal counterion sorption indicated that the sorbed surfactant molecules form a patchy monolayer on ZVI. Both PCE and trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation by ZVI with and without sorbed surfactant followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. In general, the PCE degradation rate increases as the chain length of sorbed surfactant increases. Compared to unmodified ZVI, both apparent rate constants of PCE degradation and TCE accumulation increased by an order of magnitude when ZVI was modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium. The rate of PCE degradation by ZVI modified to lower surfactant loading was relatively higher than that by ZVI modified to higher surfactant loading. It was speculated that longer chain length will result in better admicelle formations, and thus, promote PCE partition and increase PCE surface concentration or surface admicelle catalysis, while low surfactant loading makes significant amounts of surface reduction sites still available. The PCE reduction rate constants were not affected by solution ionic strength, but high initial solution pH, buffered by sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, significantly reduced the PCE degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Alessi
- Geology Department, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha 53141, USA
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