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Cuijpers P, Gentili C, Banos RM, Garcia-Campayo J, Botella C, Cristea IA. Relative effects of cognitive and behavioral therapies on generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder: A meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 43:79-89. [PMID: 27637075 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cognitive and behavioral therapies are effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders, it is not clear what the relative effects of these treatments are. We conducted a meta-analysis of trials comparing cognitive and behavioral therapies with a control condition, in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder. We included 42 studies in which generic measures of anxiety were used (BAI, HAMA, STAI-State and Trait). Only the effects of treatment for panic disorder as measured on the BAI (13.33 points; 95% CI: 10.58-16.07) were significantly (p=0.001) larger than the effect sizes on GAD (6.06 points; 95% CI: 3.96-8.16) and SAD (5.92 points; 95% CI: 4.64-7.20). The effects remained significant after adjusting for baseline severity and other major characteristics of the trials. The results should be considered with caution because of the small number of studies in many subgroups and the high risk of bias in most studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, The Netherlands.
| | - Claudio Gentili
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosa M Banos
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Valencia, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Garcia-Campayo
- Department of Psychatry, Miguel Servet Hospital & University of Zaragoza, Red Investigación en Atención Primaria (REDIAPP), Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ioana A Cristea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Cuijpers P, Cristea IA, Karyotaki E, Reijnders M, Huibers MJH. How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. World Psychiatry 2016; 15:245-258. [PMID: 27717254 PMCID: PMC5032489 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the current best estimate of the effects of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of major depression (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), taking into account publication bias, the quality of trials, and the influence of waiting list control groups on the outcomes. In our meta-analyses, we included randomized trials comparing CBT with a control condition (waiting list, care-as-usual or pill placebo) in the acute treatment of MDD, GAD, PAD or SAD, diagnosed on the basis of a structured interview. We found that the overall effects in the 144 included trials (184 comparisons) for all four disorders were large, ranging from g=0.75 for MDD to g=0.80 for GAD, g=0.81 for PAD, and g=0.88 for SAD. Publication bias mostly affected the outcomes of CBT in GAD (adjusted g=0.59) and MDD (adjusted g=0.65), but not those in PAD and SAD. Only 17.4% of the included trials were considered to be high-quality, and this mostly affected the outcomes for PAD (g=0.61) and SAD (g=0.76). More than 80% of trials in anxiety disorders used waiting list control groups, and the few studies using other control groups pointed at much smaller effect sizes for CBT. We conclude that CBT is probably effective in the treatment of MDD, GAD, PAD and SAD; that the effects are large when the control condition is waiting list, but small to moderate when it is care-as-usual or pill placebo; and that, because of the small number of high-quality trials, these effects are still uncertain and should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ioana A Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eirini Karyotaki
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Reijnders
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J H Huibers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cristea IA, Kok RN, Cuijpers P. The Effectiveness of Cognitive Bias Modification Interventions for Substance Addictions: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162226. [PMID: 27611692 PMCID: PMC5017662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Cognitive bias modification (CBM) interventions, presumably targeting automatic processes, are considered particularly promising for addictions. We conducted a meta-analysis examining randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CBM for substance addiction outcomes. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches in bibliographical databases. We included RCTs of CBM interventions, alone or in combination with other treatments, for any type of addiction. We examined trial risk of bias, publication bias and possible moderators. Effects sizes were computed for post-test and follow-up, using a random-effects model. We grouped outcome measures and reported results for addiction (all related measures), craving and cognitive bias. Results We identified 25 trials, 18 for alcohol problems, and 7 for smoking. At post-test, there was no significant effect of CBM for addiction, g = 0.08 (95% CI -0.02 to 0.18) or craving, g = 0.05 (95% CI -0.06 to 0.16), but there was a significant, moderate effect on cognitive bias, g = 0.60 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.79). Results were similar for alcohol and smoking outcomes taken separately. Follow-up addiction outcomes were reported in 7 trials, resulting in a small but significant effect of CBM, g = 0.18 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.32). Results for addiction and craving did not differ by substance type, sample type, delivery setting, bias targeted or number of sessions. Risk of bias was high or uncertain in most trials, for most criteria considered. Meta-regression analyses revealed significant inverse relationships between risk of bias and effect sizes for addiction outcomes and craving. The relationship between cognitive bias and respectively addiction ESs was not significant. There was consistent evidence of publication bias in the form of funnel plot asymmetry. Conclusions Our results cast serious doubts on the clinical utility of CBM interventions for addiction problems, but sounder methodological trials are necessary before this issue can be settled. We found no indication that positive effects on biases translate into effects on addiction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana A. Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Robin N. Kok
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Innovative Medical Technology, Department of Clinical Innovation, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) has been developed for the treatment of depression but has been examined for several other mental disorders. A comprehensive meta-analysis of all randomized trials examining the effects of IPT for all mental health problems was conducted. METHOD Searches in PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, and Cochrane were conducted to identify all trials examining IPT for any mental health problem. RESULTS Ninety studies with 11,434 participants were included. IPT for acute-phase depression had moderate-to-large effects compared with control groups (g=0.60; 95% CI=0.45-0.75). No significant difference was found with other therapies (differential g=0.06) and pharmacotherapy (g=-0.13). Combined treatment was more effective than IPT alone (g=0.24). IPT in subthreshold depression significantly prevented the onset of major depression, and maintenance IPT significantly reduced relapse. IPT had significant effects on eating disorders, but the effects are probably slightly smaller than those of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the acute phase of treatment. In anxiety disorders, IPT had large effects compared with control groups, and there is no evidence that IPT was less effective than CBT. There was risk of bias as defined by the Cochrane Collaboration in the majority of studies. There was little indication that the presence of bias influenced outcome. CONCLUSIONS IPT is effective in the acute treatment of depression and may be effective in the prevention of new depressive disorders and in preventing relapse. IPT may also be effective in the treatment of eating disorders and anxiety disorders and has shown promising effects in some other mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Cuijpers
- From the Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Mailman School of Public Health, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and the Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; and the Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tara Donker
- From the Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Mailman School of Public Health, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and the Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; and the Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- From the Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Mailman School of Public Health, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and the Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; and the Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paula Ravitz
- From the Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Mailman School of Public Health, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and the Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; and the Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ioana A Cristea
- From the Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Mailman School of Public Health, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and the Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; and the Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Cuijpers P, Cristea IA, Ebert DD, Koot HM, Auerbach RP, Bruffaerts R, Kessler RC. PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS: A METAANALYSIS. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:400-14. [PMID: 26682536 PMCID: PMC4846553 DOI: 10.1002/da.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanded efforts to detect and treat depression among college students, a peak period of onset, have the potential to bear high human capital value from a societal perspective because depression increases college withdrawal rates. However, it is not clear whether evidence-based depression therapies are as effective in college students as in other adult populations. The higher levels of cognitive functioning and IQ and higher proportions of first-onset cases might lead to treatment effects being different among college students relative to the larger adult population. METHODS We conducted a metaanalysis of randomized trials comparing psychological treatments of depressed college students relative to control groups and compared effect sizes in these studies to those in trials carried out in unselected populations of depressed adults. RESULTS The 15 trials on college students satisfying study inclusion criteria included 997 participants. The pooled effect size of therapy versus control was g = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.66∼1.11; NNT = 2.13) with moderate heterogeneity (I(2) = 57; 95% CI: 23∼72). None of these trials had low risk of bias. Effect sizes were significantly larger when students were not remunerated (e.g. money, credit), received individual versus group therapy, and were in trials that included a waiting list control group. No significant difference emerged in comparing effect sizes among college students versus adults either in simple mean comparisons or in multivariate metaregression analyses. CONCLUSIONS This metaanalysis of trials examining psychological treatments of depression in college students suggests that these therapies are effective and have effect sizes comparable to trials carried out among depressed adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,Correspondence to: Professor Pim Cuijpers, Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ioana A. Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
,Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David D. Ebert
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Nuremberg-Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans M. Koot
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Randy P. Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum – KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Weitz ES, Hollon SD, Twisk J, van Straten A, Huibers MJH, David D, DeRubeis RJ, Dimidjian S, Dunlop BW, Cristea IA, Faramarzi M, Hegerl U, Jarrett RB, Kheirkhah F, Kennedy SH, Mergl R, Miranda J, Mohr DC, Rush AJ, Segal ZV, Siddique J, Simons AD, Vittengl JR, Cuijpers P. Baseline Depression Severity as Moderator of Depression Outcomes Between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Pharmacotherapy: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:1102-9. [PMID: 26397232 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Current guidelines recommend treating severe depression with pharmacotherapy. Randomized clinical trials as well as traditional meta-analyses have considerable limitations in testing for moderators of treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic literature search, collect primary data from trials, and analyze baseline depression severity as a moderator of treatment outcomes between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medication (ADM). DATA SOURCES A total of 14 902 abstracts were examined from a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials from 1966 to January 1, 2014. STUDY SELECTION Randomized clinical trials in which CBT and ADM were compared in patients with a DSM-defined depressive disorder were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Study authors were asked to provide primary data from their trial. Primary data from 16 of 24 identified trials (67%), with 1700 outpatients (794 from the CBT condition and 906 from the ADM condition), were included. Missing data were imputed with multiple imputation methods. Mixed-effects models adjusting for study-level differences were used to examine baseline depression severity as a moderator of treatment outcomes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Seventeen-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS There was a main effect of ADM over CBT on the HAM-D (β = -0.88; P = .03) and a nonsignificant trend on the BDI (β = -1.14; P = .08, statistical test for trend), but no significant differences in response (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; P = .12) or remission (OR, 1.18; P = .22). Mixed-effects models using the HAM-D indicated that baseline depression severity does not moderate reductions in depressive symptoms between CBT and ADM at outcome (β = 0.00; P = .96). Similar results were seen using the BDI. Baseline depression severity also did not moderate the likelihood of response (OR, 0.99; P = .77) or remission (OR, 1.00; P = .93) between CBT and ADM. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Baseline depression severity did not moderate differences between CBT and ADM on the HAM-D or BDI or in response or remission. This finding cannot be extrapolated to other psychotherapies, to individual ADMs, or to inpatients. However, it offers new and substantial evidence that is of relevance to researchers, physicians and therapists, and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Weitz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven D Hollon
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jos Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke van Straten
- Department of Clinical Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus J H Huibers
- Department of Clinical Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj, Romania
| | | | - Sona Dimidjian
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ioana A Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj, Romania
| | - Mahbobeh Faramarzi
- Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robin B Jarrett
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Farzan Kheirkhah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland Mergl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeanne Miranda
- Health Services Research Center, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - David C Mohr
- Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - A John Rush
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Zindel V Segal
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juned Siddique
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anne D Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | | | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ioana A Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes Bolyai UniversityCluj, Romania
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Cristea IA, Huibers MJH, David D, Hollon SD, Andersson G, Cuijpers P. The effects of cognitive behavior therapy for adult depression on dysfunctional thinking: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 42:62-71. [PMID: 26319193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear whether cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) works through changing dysfunctional thinking. Although several primary studies have examined the effects of CBT on dysfunctional thinking, no meta-analysis has yet been conducted. METHOD We searched for randomized trials comparing CBT for adult depression with control groups or with other therapies and reporting outcomes on dysfunctional thinking. We calculated effect sizes for CBT versus control groups, and separately for CBT versus other psychotherapies and respectively, pharmacotherapy. RESULTS 26 studies totalizing 2002 patients met inclusion criteria. The quality of the studies was less than optimal. We found a moderate effect of CBT compared to control groups on dysfunctional thinking at post-test (g=0.50; 95% CI: 0.38-0.62), with no differences between the measures used. This result was maintained at follow-up (g=0.46; 95% CI: 0.15-0.78). There was a strong association between the effects on dysfunctional thinking and those on depression. We found no significant differences between CBT and other psychotherapies (g=0.17; p=0.31), except when restrict in outcomes to the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (g=0.29). There also was no difference between CBT and pharmacotherapy (g=0.04), though this result was based on only 4 studies. DISCUSSION While CBT had a robust and stable effect on dysfunctional thoughts, this was not significantly different from what other psychotherapies or pharmacotherapy achieved. This result can be interpreted as confirming the primacy of cognitive change in symptom change, irrespective of how it is attained, as well as supporting the idea that dysfunctional thoughts are simply another symptom that changes subsequent to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana A Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marcus J H Huibers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Steven D Hollon
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, The Netherlands
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Cristea IA, Mogoașe C, David D, Cuijpers P. Practitioner Review: Cognitive bias modification for mental health problems in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:723-734. [PMID: 25640876 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite accumulating research and bold claims about the efficacy of cognitive bias modification (CBM) for young populations, no meta-analysis has attempted to synthesize the research literature so far. We examined whether there was empirical evidence for the clinical efficacy of CBM interventions in youths, while also considering the methodological quality of this evidence. METHODS Studies were identified through systematic searches in bibliographical databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, Cochrane Library and EMBASE to June 2014). We included randomized controlled trials of CBM interventions, and considered both clinical outcomes and targeted biases. We examined the quality of the trials, as well as potential publication bias and possible moderators. RESULTS We identified 23 trials that reported on four types of outcomes: mental health, anxiety, depression and bias. Effect sizes were small and nonsignificant for all symptom outcomes considered. We found a moderate significant effect size for bias outcomes (Hedges' g of 0.53), with significant heterogeneity. There were no differences between types of CBM interventions, or between one versus multiple-session applications. A small but significant effect size for mental health problems arose when the intervention was delivered in schools. The quality of almost all of the included studies was suboptimal and the vast majority did not include information needed for allowing quality assessment. CONCLUSIONS We conducted the first meta-analysis of CBM interventions for children and adolescents and found no effects for mental health outcomes, but we did find moderate and significant effects on the targeted biases. Our results cast serious doubts on CBM interventions having any clinical utility for nonadult populations. Demand characteristics might play an important part in CBM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana A Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Mogoașe
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nardelli M, Valenza G, Cristea IA, Gentili C, Cotet C, David D, Lanata A, Scilingo EP. Characterizing psychological dimensions in non-pathological subjects through autonomic nervous system dynamics. Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9:37. [PMID: 25859212 PMCID: PMC4373375 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective assessment of psychological traits of healthy subjects and psychiatric patients has been growing interest in clinical and bioengineering research fields during the last decade. Several experimental evidences strongly suggest that a link between Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) dynamics and specific dimensions such as anxiety, social phobia, stress, and emotional regulation might exist. Nevertheless, an extensive investigation on a wide range of psycho-cognitive scales and ANS non-invasive markers gathered from standard and non-linear analysis still needs to be addressed. In this study, we analyzed the discerning and correlation capabilities of a comprehensive set of ANS features and psycho-cognitive scales in 29 non-pathological subjects monitored during resting conditions. In particular, the state of the art of standard and non-linear analysis was performed on Heart Rate Variability, InterBreath Interval series, and InterBeat Respiration series, which were considered as monovariate and multivariate measurements. Experimental results show that each ANS feature is linked to specific psychological traits. Moreover, non-linear analysis outperforms the psychological assessment with respect to standard analysis. Considering that the current clinical practice relies only on subjective scores from interviews and questionnaires, this study provides objective tools for the assessment of psychological dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimma Nardelli
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, Faculty of Engineering, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, Faculty of Engineering, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Ioana A. Cristea
- Section of Psychology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of PisaPisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Pychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai UniversityCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudio Gentili
- Section of Psychology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Carmen Cotet
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Pychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai UniversityCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Pychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai UniversityCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonio Lanata
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, Faculty of Engineering, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Enzo P. Scilingo
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, Faculty of Engineering, University of PisaPisa, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive bias modification (CBM) interventions are strongly advocated in research and clinical practice. AIMS To examine the efficiency of CBM for clinically relevant outcomes, along with study quality, publication bias and potential moderators. METHOD We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBM interventions that reported clinically relevant outcomes assessed with standardised instruments. RESULTS We identified 49 trials and grouped outcomes into anxiety and depression. Effect sizes were small considering all the samples, and mostly non-significant for patient samples. Effect sizes became non-significant when outliers were excluded and after adjustment for publication bias. The quality of the RCTs was suboptimal. CONCLUSIONS CBM may have small effects on mental health problems, but it is also very well possible that there are no significant clinically relevant effects. Research in this field is hampered by small and low-quality trials, and by risk of publication bias. Many positive outcomes are driven by extreme outliers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana A Cristea
- Ioana A. Cristea, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeʂ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Robin N. Kok, MSc, Department of Clinical Psychology and the EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia; Pim Cuijpers, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Robin N Kok
- Ioana A. Cristea, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeʂ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Robin N. Kok, MSc, Department of Clinical Psychology and the EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia; Pim Cuijpers, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Ioana A. Cristea, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeʂ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Robin N. Kok, MSc, Department of Clinical Psychology and the EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia; Pim Cuijpers, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
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Cristea IA, Valenza G, Scilingo EP, Szentágotai Tătar A, Gentili C, David D. Autonomic effects of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance in social anxiety: evidence for common and distinct pathways for parasympathetic reactivity. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:795-803. [PMID: 25265548 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Few studies investigated the effects of emotion regulation strategies on autonomic parameters in socially anxious individuals. We asked 99 socially anxious participants to give an impromptu speech in front of an audience in a virtual reality environment. In the anticipation phase, they practiced an emotion regulation strategy: negative functional reappraisal, acceptance, negative dysfunctional reappraisal. All strategies led to decreases in parasympathetic activity and increases in heart rate during anticipation. Parasympathetic activity remained low in the recovery phase, while heart rate increased, indicating a possible rebound effect of social performance. Exploratory moderation analysis revealed that for subjects with higher social anxiety, acceptance led to increased parasympathetic activity in the anticipation and recovery phases than negative functional reappraisal. Our results indicate that although globally parasympathetic reactivity seems to be a more general marker of simply attempting to regulate emotions, it could help distinguish between emotion regulation strategies for some participant subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana A Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Research Centre Ë. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Aurora Szentágotai Tătar
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudio Gentili
- Clinical Psychology Branch, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Cristea IA, Legge E, Prosperi M, Guazzelli M, David D, Gentili C. Moderating effects of empathic concern and personal distress on the emotional reactions of disaster volunteers. Disasters 2014; 38:740-752. [PMID: 25196334 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examines stress and mood outcomes in community volunteers who undertook one week's worth of post-disaster relief work in L'Aquila, Italy, which had been hit by an earthquake four months earlier. The study team obtained pre- and post-relief work data from 130 volunteers involved in activities such as preparing food for the displaced, cleaning the camps and distributing clean linen. The Perceived Stress Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Profile of Mood States were administered at the start and at the end of the aid activities. Psychopathological symptoms and empathy were assessed in the beginning, using the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, respectively. The results show that, following the assistance work, volunteers displayed decreases in perceived stress, general distress, anxiety and anger, as well as increases in positive emotions. The empathy facets empathic concern and personal distress showed different patterns in modulating the post-disaster relief work adaptation for some of the mood outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana A Cristea
- Research Fellow in the Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Assistant Professor at the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Vîslă A, Cristea IA, Szentágotai Tătar A, David D. Core beliefs, automatic thoughts and response expectancies in predicting public speaking anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cristea IA, Montgomery GH, Szamoskozi Ş, David D. Key Constructs in “Classical” and “New Wave” Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapies: Relationships Among Each Other and With Emotional Distress. J Clin Psychol 2013; 69:584-99. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cristea IA, Szentagotai Tatar A, Nagy D, David D. The bottle is half empty and that’s bad, but not tragic: Differential effects of negative functional reappraisal. Motiv Emot 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-012-9277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Strassberg SS, Cristea IA, Qian D, Parton LA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the susceptibility to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42:29-36. [PMID: 17123322 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease of infancy. A "New" BPD has been characterized in preterm infants that may begin in utero, and then progress post-natally, resulting in arrested lung development and alveolar hypoplasia. Foundations for this "New" BPD may be derived from pro-inflammatory genes including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The hypothesis of the current study is that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the pro-inflammatory TNFalpha gene place preterm infants at increased risk for BPD. Preterm infants (105 in number) with birthweights <or=1 kg, who survived to at least 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) or discharge were enrolled into this study. They were stratified for BPD according to their need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days and at 36 weeks PMA (non-, mild-, moderate-, or severe-BPD). DNA was extracted from these infants and subjected to analyses for the TNFalpha SNPs: -1,031, -863, -857, -308, and -238. The PHASE software (version 2.1) was used to reconstruct haplotypes and estimate their frequencies within the study population. Differences in birth weight (P < 0.001) and gestational age (P < 0.001), but not in racial distribution between the groups were found. Haplotype-specific analysis revealed no significant association between BPD severity and any of the 5-marker common haplotypes with 10 or more copies in this study population. Additionally, no significant association was observed in any three SNP haplotypes at -1,031, -863, and -857, and two SNP haplotypes at -308 and -238. We observed no association between BPD severity and the five TNFalpha SNPs investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya S Strassberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital of Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Abstract
While the 'original' bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was attributed to the iatrogenic effects of oxygen and barotrauma on the preterm lung, analyses of the 'new' BPD suggests that these environmental effects may contribute to arrested pulmonary development, and that there may also be genetic foundations for the susceptibility to BPD. Twinning, family and population studies implicate heritable factors in the evolution of BPD. The candidate genes examined for their potential role in BPD include surfactant apoprotein and inflammatory genes. With the identification and mapping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), an explosion of testing for these genetic components that may contribute to a number of complex, multigenic disease conditions-including BPD-have been initiated. Sophisticated multiplex analyses are now available to link candidate SNPs to conditions such as BPD. However, there continues to be wide variation in the expression of BPD throughout neonatal units. Differentiating the effects caused by environmental and environmental-genetic interactions from isolated genetic etiologies is still problematic and will require carefully designed genetic analyses of preterm infant groups and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Parton
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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