51
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Paulsen T, Kumar P, Koseoglu MM, Dutta A. Discoveries of Extrachromosomal Circles of DNA in Normal and Tumor Cells. Trends Genet 2018; 34:270-278. [PMID: 29329720 PMCID: PMC5881399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While the vast majority of cellular DNA in eukaryotes is contained in long linear strands in chromosomes, we have long recognized some exceptions like mitochondrial DNA, plasmids in yeasts, and double minutes (DMs) in cancer cells where the DNA is present in extrachromosomal circles. In addition, specialized extrachromosomal circles of DNA (eccDNA) have been noted to arise from repetitive genomic sequences like telomeric DNA or rDNA. Recently eccDNA arising from unique (nonrepetitive) DNA have been discovered in normal and malignant cells, raising interesting questions about their biogenesis, function and clinical utility. Here, we review recent results and future directions of inquiry on these new forms of eccDNA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Human/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human/metabolism
- DNA, Chloroplast/chemistry
- DNA, Chloroplast/genetics
- DNA, Chloroplast/metabolism
- DNA, Circular/chemistry
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- DNA, Circular/metabolism
- DNA, Kinetoplast/chemistry
- DNA, Kinetoplast/genetics
- DNA, Kinetoplast/metabolism
- DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Eukaryotic Cells/chemistry
- Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Kinetoplastida/genetics
- Kinetoplastida/metabolism
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/chemistry
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Plants/genetics
- Plants/metabolism
- Plasmids/chemistry
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Telomere/chemistry
- Telomere/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Teressa Paulsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M Murat Koseoglu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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52
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Naidoo K, Wai PT, Maguire SL, Daley F, Haider S, Kriplani D, Campbell J, Mirza H, Grigoriadis A, Tutt A, Moseley PM, Abdel-Fatah TMA, Chan SYT, Madhusudan S, Rhaka EA, Ellis IO, Lord CJ, Yuan Y, Green AR, Natrajan R. Evaluation of CDK12 Protein Expression as a Potential Novel Biomarker for DNA Damage Response-Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:306-315. [PMID: 29133620 PMCID: PMC6284786 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 12 (CDK12) is known to lead to defects in DNA repair and sensitivity to platinum salts and PARP1/2 inhibitors. However, CDK12 has also been proposed as an oncogene in breast cancer. We therefore aimed to assess the frequency and distribution of CDK12 protein expression by IHC in independent cohorts of breast cancer and correlate this with outcome and genomic status. We found that 21% of primary unselected breast cancers were CDK12 high, and 10.5% were absent, by IHC. CDK12 positivity correlated with HER2 positivity but was not an independent predictor of breast cancer-specific survival taking HER2 status into account; however, absent CDK12 protein expression significantly correlated with a triple-negative phenotype. Interestingly, CDK12 protein absence was associated with reduced expression of a number of DDR proteins including ATR, Ku70/Ku80, PARP1, DNA-PK, and γH2AX, suggesting a novel mechanism of CDK12-associated DDR dysregulation in breast cancer. Our data suggest that diagnostic IHC quantification of CDK12 in breast cancer is feasible, with CDK12 absence possibly signifying defective DDR function. This may have important therapeutic implications, particularly for triple-negative breast cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(1); 306-15. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalnisha Naidoo
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patty T Wai
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Centre for Evolution and Cancer and Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Maguire
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Daley
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Kriplani
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Campbell
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Mirza
- Cancer Bioinformatics, Cancer Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Cancer Bioinformatics, Cancer Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tutt
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Moseley
- Clinical Oncology, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M A Abdel-Fatah
- Clinical Oncology, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Y T Chan
- Clinical Oncology, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Histopathology and Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emad A Rhaka
- Department of Histopathology and Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Histopathology and Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yinyin Yuan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Centre for Evolution and Cancer and Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Histopathology and Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Centre for Evolution and Cancer and Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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53
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Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is commonly used for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa). However, cancer cells often develop resistance to radiation through unknown mechanisms and pose an intractable challenge. Radiation resistance is highly unpredictable, rendering the treatment less effective in many patients and frequently causing metastasis and cancer recurrence. Understanding the molecular events that cause radioresistance in PCa will enable us to develop adjuvant treatments for enhancing the efficacy of RT. Radioresistant PCa depends on the elevated DNA repair system and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to proliferate, self-renew, and scavenge anti-cancer regimens, whereas the elevated heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enable radioresistant PCa cells to metastasize after exposure to radiation. The up-regulation of the DNA repairing system, ROS, HSP90, and EMT effectors has been studied extensively, but not targeted by adjuvant therapy of radioresistant PCa. Here, we emphasize the effects of ionizing radiation and the mechanisms driving the emergence of radioresistant PCa. We also address the markers of radioresistance, the gene signatures for the predictive response to radiotherapy, and novel therapeutic platforms for targeting radioresistant PCa. This review provides significant insights into enhancing the current knowledge and the understanding toward optimization of these markers for the treatment of radioresistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility
| | - Rani D. Jayswal
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility
| | | | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology
- Department of Urology
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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54
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Somasagara RR, Spencer SM, Tripathi K, Clark DW, Mani C, da Silva LM, Scalici J, Kothayer H, Westwell AD, Rocconi RP, Palle K. RAD6 promotes DNA repair and stem cell signaling in ovarian cancer and is a promising therapeutic target to prevent and treat acquired chemoresistance. Oncogene 2017; 36:6680-6690. [PMID: 28806395 PMCID: PMC5709226 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly gynecological cancer and unlike most other neoplasms, survival rates for OC have not significantly improved in recent decades. We show that RAD6, an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, is significantly overexpressed in ovarian tumors and its expression increases in response to carboplatin chemotherapy. RAD6 expression correlated strongly with acquired chemoresistance and malignant behavior of OC cells, expression of stem cell genes and poor prognosis of OC patients, suggesting an important role for RAD6 in ovarian tumor progression. Upregulated RAD6 enhances DNA damage tolerance and repair efficiency of OC cells and promotes their survival. Increased RAD6 levels cause histone 2B ubiquitination-mediated epigenetic changes that stimulate transcription of stem cell genes, including ALDH1A1 and SOX2, leading to a cancer stem cell phenotype, which is implicated in disease recurrence and metastasis. Downregulation of RAD6 or its inhibition using a small molecule inhibitor attenuated DNA repair signaling and expression of cancer stem cells markers and sensitized chemoresistant OC cells to carboplatin. Together, these results suggest that RAD6 could be a therapeutic target to prevent and treat acquired chemoresistance and disease recurrence in OC and enhance the efficacy of standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganatha R. Somasagara
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Sebastian M. Spencer
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - David W. Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Luciana Madeira da Silva
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Jennifer Scalici
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Hend Kothayer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Andrew D. Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - Rodney P. Rocconi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
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55
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Saki M, Makino H, Javvadi P, Tomimatsu N, Ding LH, Clark JE, Gavin E, Takeda K, Andrews J, Saha D, Story MD, Burma S, Nirodi CS. EGFR Mutations Compromise Hypoxia-Associated Radiation Resistance through Impaired Replication Fork-Associated DNA Damage Repair. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1503-1516. [PMID: 28801308 PMCID: PMC5668182 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EGFR signaling has been implicated in hypoxia-associated resistance to radiation or chemotherapy. Non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) with activating L858R or ΔE746-E750 EGFR mutations exhibit elevated EGFR activity and downstream signaling. Here, relative to wild-type (WT) EGFR, mutant (MT) EGFR expression significantly increases radiosensitivity in hypoxic cells. Gene expression profiling in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) revealed that MT-EGFR expression elevated transcripts related to cell cycle and replication in aerobic and hypoxic conditions and downregulated RAD50, a critical component of nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination DNA repair pathways. NSCLCs and HBEC with MT-EGFR revealed elevated basal and hypoxia-induced γ-H2AX-associated DNA lesions that were coincident with replication protein A in the S-phase nuclei. DNA fiber analysis showed that, relative to WT-EGFR, MT-EGFR NSCLCs harbored significantly higher levels of stalled replication forks and decreased fork velocities in aerobic and hypoxic conditions. EGFR blockade by cetuximab significantly increased radiosensitivity in hypoxic cells, recapitulating MT-EGFR expression and closely resembling synthetic lethality of PARP inhibition.Implications: This study demonstrates that within an altered DNA damage response of hypoxic NSCLC cells, mutant EGFR expression, or EGFR blockade by cetuximab exerts a synthetic lethality effect and significantly compromises radiation resistance in hypoxic tumor cells. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1503-16. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saki
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Haruhiko Makino
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Prashanthi Javvadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nozomi Tomimatsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Liang-Hao Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jennifer E Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Elaine Gavin
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Kenichi Takeda
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Joel Andrews
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael D Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chaitanya S Nirodi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama.
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56
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Goodall J, Mateo J, Yuan W, Mossop H, Porta N, Miranda S, Perez-Lopez R, Dolling D, Robinson DR, Sandhu S, Fowler G, Ebbs B, Flohr P, Seed G, Rodrigues DN, Boysen G, Bertan C, Atkin M, Clarke M, Crespo M, Figueiredo I, Riisnaes R, Sumanasuriya S, Rescigno P, Zafeiriou Z, Sharp A, Tunariu N, Bianchini D, Gillman A, Lord CJ, Hall E, Chinnaiyan AM, Carreira S, de Bono JS. Circulating Cell-Free DNA to Guide Prostate Cancer Treatment with PARP Inhibition. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1006-1017. [PMID: 28450425 PMCID: PMC6143169 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers for more precise patient care are needed in metastatic prostate cancer. We have reported a phase II trial (TOPARP-A) of the PARP inhibitor olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer, demonstrating antitumor activity associating with homologous recombination DNA repair defects. We now report targeted and whole-exome sequencing of serial circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples collected during this trial. Decreases in cfDNA concentration independently associated with outcome in multivariable analyses (HR for overall survival at week 8: 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.56; P = 0.003). All tumor tissue somatic DNA repair mutations were detectable in cfDNA; allele frequency of somatic mutations decreased selectively in responding patients (χ2P < 0.001). At disease progression, following response to olaparib, multiple subclonal aberrations reverting germline and somatic DNA repair mutations (BRCA2, PALB2) back in frame emerged as mechanisms of resistance. These data support the role of liquid biopsies as a predictive, prognostic, response, and resistance biomarker in metastatic prostate cancer.Significance: We report prospectively planned, serial, cfDNA analyses from patients with metastatic prostate cancer treated on an investigator-initiated phase II trial of olaparib. These analyses provide predictive, prognostic, response, and resistance data with "second hit" mutations first detectable at disease progression, suggesting clonal evolution from treatment-selective pressure and platinum resistance. Cancer Discov; 7(9); 1006-17. ©2017 AACR.See related commentary by Domchek, p. 937See related article by Kondrashova et al., p. 984See related article by Quigley et al., p. 999This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Goodall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Mossop
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Porta
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Miranda
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Perez-Lopez
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Dolling
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gemma Fowler
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Berni Ebbs
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Flohr
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Seed
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Nava Rodrigues
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunther Boysen
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Bertan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Atkin
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Clarke
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Riisnaes
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Semini Sumanasuriya
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zafeiris Zafeiriou
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexa Gillman
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Hall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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57
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Walsh MF, Chang VY, Kohlmann WK, Scott HS, Cunniff C, Bourdeaut F, Molenaar JJ, Porter CC, Sandlund JT, Plon SE, Wang LL, Savage SA. Recommendations for Childhood Cancer Screening and Surveillance in DNA Repair Disorders. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:e23-e31. [PMID: 28572264 PMCID: PMC5697784 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair syndromes are heterogeneous disorders caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins key in DNA replication and/or the cellular response to DNA damage. The majority of these syndromes are inherited in an autosomal-recessive manner, but autosomal-dominant and X-linked recessive disorders also exist. The clinical features of patients with DNA repair syndromes are highly varied and dependent on the underlying genetic cause. Notably, all patients have elevated risks of syndrome-associated cancers, and many of these cancers present in childhood. Although it is clear that the risk of cancer is increased, there are limited data defining the true incidence of cancer and almost no evidence-based approaches to cancer surveillance in patients with DNA repair disorders. This article is the product of the October 2016 AACR Childhood Cancer Predisposition Workshop, which brought together experts from around the world to discuss and develop cancer surveillance guidelines for children with cancer-prone disorders. Herein, we focus on the more common of the rare DNA repair disorders: ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, and Xeroderma pigmentosum. Dedicated syndrome registries and a combination of basic science and clinical research have led to important insights into the underlying biology of these disorders. Given the rarity of these disorders, it is recommended that centralized centers of excellence be involved directly or through consultation in caring for patients with heritable DNA repair syndromes. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); e23-e31. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Y Chang
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wendy K Kohlmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hamish S Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | | | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sharon E Plon
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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58
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Gross J, Wirth N, Tessmer I. Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair. J Vis Exp 2017:55501. [PMID: 28570512 PMCID: PMC5608143 DOI: 10.3791/55501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AFM imaging is a powerful technique for the study of protein-DNA interactions. This single molecule method allows the simultaneous resolution of different molecules and molecular assemblies in a heterogeneous sample. In the particular context of DNA interacting protein systems, different protein complex forms and their corresponding binding positions on target sites containing DNA fragments can thus be distinguished. Here, an application of AFM to the study of DNA lesion recognition in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic nucleotide excision DNA repair (NER) systems is presented. The procedures of DNA and protein sample preparations are described and experimental as well as analytical details of the experiments are provided. The data allow important conclusions on the strategies by which target site verification may be achieved by the NER proteins. Interestingly, they indicate different approaches of lesion recognition and identification for the eukaryotic NER system, depending on the type of lesion. Furthermore, distinct structural properties of the two different helicases involved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic NER result in and explain the different strategies observed for these two systems. Importantly, these experimental and analytical approaches can be applied not only to the study of DNA repair but also very similarly to other DNA interacting protein systems such as those involved in replication or transcription processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gross
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg
| | - Nicolas Wirth
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg
| | - Ingrid Tessmer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg;
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59
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Chang SC, Seneviratne UI, Wu J, Tretyakova N, Essigmann JM. 1,3-Butadiene-Induced Adenine DNA Adducts Are Genotoxic but Only Weakly Mutagenic When Replicated in Escherichia coli of Various Repair and Replication Backgrounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1230-1239. [PMID: 28394575 PMCID: PMC5512570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of the human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD) are believed to be mediated by its DNA-reactive metabolites such as 3,4-epoxybut-1-ene (EB) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). The specific DNA adducts responsible for toxic and mutagenic effects of BD, however, have yet to be identified. Recent in vitro polymerase bypass studies of BD-induced adenine (BD-dA) adducts show that DEB-induced N6,N6-DHB-dA (DHB = 2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl) and 1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA (HMHP = 2-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl) adducts block replicative DNA polymerases but are bypassed by human polymerases η and κ, leading to point mutations and deletions. In contrast, EB-induced N6-HB-dA (HB = 2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl) does not block DNA synthesis and is nonmutagenic. In the present study, we employed a newly established in vivo lesion-induced mutagenesis/genotoxicity assay via next-generation sequencing to evaluate the in vivo biological consequences of S-N6-HB-dA, R,R-N6,N6-DHB-dA, S,S-N6,N6-DHB-dA, and R,S-1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA. In addition, the effects of AlkB-mediated direct reversal repair, MutM and MutY catalyzed base excision repair, and DinB translesion synthesis on the BD-dA adducts in bacterial cells were investigated. BD-dA adducts showed the expected inhibition of DNA replication in vivo but were not substantively mutagenic in any of the genetic environments investigated. This result is in contrast with previous in vitro observations and opens the possibility that E. coli repair and bypass systems other than the ones studied here are able to minimize the mutagenic properties of BD-dA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-chi Chang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Uthpala I. Seneviratne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jie Wu
- BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - John M. Essigmann
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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60
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Vlasschaert C, Cook D, Xia X, Gray DA. The evolution and functional diversification of the deubiquitinating enzyme superfamily. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:558-573. [PMID: 28177072 PMCID: PMC5381560 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules are attached to and removed from cellular proteins in a dynamic and highly regulated manner. Deubiquitinating enzymes are critical to this process, and the genetic catalogue of deubiquitinating enzymes expanded greatly over the course of evolution. Extensive functional redundancy has been noted among the 93 members of the human deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) superfamily. This is especially true of genes that were generated by duplication (termed paralogs) as they often retain considerable sequence similarity. Because complete redundancy in systems should be eliminated by selective pressure, we theorized that many overlapping DUBs must have significant and unique spatiotemporal roles that can be evaluated in an evolutionary context. We have determined the evolutionary history of the entire class of deubiquitinating enzymes, including the sequence and means of duplication for all paralogous pairs. To establish their uniqueness, we have investigated cell-type specificity in developmental and adult contexts, and have investigated the coemergence of substrates from the same duplication events. Our analysis has revealed examples of DUB gene subfunctionalization, neofunctionalization, and nonfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Vlasschaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Cook
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas A. Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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61
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Gojo I, Beumer JH, Pratz KW, McDevitt MA, Baer MR, Blackford AL, Smith BD, Gore SD, Carraway HE, Showel MM, Levis MJ, Dezern AE, Gladstone DE, Ji JJ, Wang L, Kinders RJ, Pouquet M, Ali-Walbi I, Rudek MA, Poh W, Herman JG, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH, Chen A, Karp JE. A Phase 1 Study of the PARP Inhibitor Veliparib in Combination with Temozolomide in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:697-706. [PMID: 27503200 PMCID: PMC5290001 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In preclinical studies, the PARP inhibitor veliparib enhanced the antileukemic action of temozolomide through potentiation of DNA damage. Accordingly, we conducted a phase 1 study of temozolomide with escalating doses of veliparib in patients with relapsed, refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or AML arising from aggressive myeloid malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received veliparib [20-200 mg once a day on day 1 and twice daily on days 4-12 in cycle 1 (days 1-8 in cycle ≥2)] and temozolomide [150-200 mg/m2 daily on days 3-9 in cycle 1 (days 1-5 in cycle ≥2)] every 28 to 56 days. Veliparib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [ability to inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymer (PAR) formation and induce H2AX phosphorylation] were assessed. Pretreatment levels of MGMT and PARP1 protein, methylation of the MGMT promoter, and integrity of the Fanconi anemia pathway were also examined. RESULTS Forty-eight patients were treated at seven dose levels. Dose-limiting toxicities were oral mucositis and esophagitis lasting >7 days. The MTD was veliparib 150 mg twice daily with temozolomide 200 mg/m2 daily. The complete response (CR) rate was 17% (8/48 patients). Veliparib exposure as well as inhibition of PAR polymer formation increased dose proportionately. A veliparib-induced increase in H2AX phosphorylation in CD34+ cells was observed in responders. Three of 4 patients with MGMT promoter methylation achieved CR. CONCLUSIONS Veliparib plus temozolomide is well tolerated, with activity in advanced AML. Further evaluation of this regimen and of treatment-induced phosphorylation of H2AX and MGMT methylation as potential response predictors appears warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 697-706. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gojo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A McDevitt
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda L Blackford
- Department of Statistics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven D Gore
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hetty E Carraway
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret M Showel
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark J Levis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy E Dezern
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas E Gladstone
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Jay Ji
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lihua Wang
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marie Pouquet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ismail Ali-Walbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Weijie Poh
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Herman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alice Chen
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Judith E Karp
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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62
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Chen J, Shukla V, Farci P, Andricovich J, Jogunoori W, Kwong LN, Katz LH, Shetty K, Rashid A, Su X, White J, Li L, Wang AY, Blechacz B, Raju GS, Davila M, Nguyen BN, Stroehlein JR, Chen J, Kim SS, Levin H, Machida K, Tsukamoto H, Michaely P, Tzatsos A, Mishra B, Amdur R, Mishra L. Loss of the transforming growth factor-β effector β2-Spectrin promotes genomic instability. Hepatology 2017; 65:678-693. [PMID: 28114741 PMCID: PMC5432427 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exposure to genotoxins such as ethanol-derived acetaldehyde leads to DNA damage and liver injury and promotes the development of cancer. We report here a major role for the transforming growth factor β/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 adaptor β2-Spectrin (β2SP, gene Sptbn1) in maintaining genomic stability following alcohol-induced DNA damage. β2SP supports DNA repair through β2SP-dependent activation of Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (Fancd2), a core component of the Fanconi anemia complex. Loss of β2SP leads to decreased Fancd2 levels and sensitizes β2SP mutants to DNA damage by ethanol treatment, leading to phenotypes that closely resemble those observed in animals lacking both aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and Fancd2 and resemble human fetal alcohol syndrome. Sptbn1-deficient cells are hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agents and have defective DNA double-strand break repair that is rescued by ectopic Fancd2 expression. Moreover, Fancd2 transcription in response to DNA damage/transforming growth factor β stimulation is regulated by the β2SP/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 complex. CONCLUSION Dysfunctional transforming growth factor β/β2SP signaling impacts the processing of genotoxic metabolites by altering the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. (Hepatology 2017;65:678-693).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vivek Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Thoracic Oncology Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaclyn Andricovich
- George Washington University, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Wilma Jogunoori
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20422, USA
| | - Lawrence N Kwong
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lior H. Katz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Sheba Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jon White
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20422, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alan Yaoqi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Boris Blechacz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gottumukkala S. Raju
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marta Davila
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bao-Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John R. Stroehlein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- National Cancer Center, Radiation Medicine Branch, Goyang, 410-769, Korea
| | - Heather Levin
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Peter Michaely
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Alexandros Tzatsos
- George Washington University, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Bibhuti Mishra
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20422, USA,Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Richard Amdur
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20422, USA,Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA,Contact Information for Correspondence: Lopa Mishra, M.D., Director, Center for Translational Medicine, Professor, Department of Surgery, MFA, VA & George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street NW, Ross Hall #554, Washington, DC 20037, Tel: 240-401-2916, Fax: 202-462-2006, ,
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63
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Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent pulmonary carcinogen in laboratory animals. It is classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Cancer Research. NNK is bioactivated upon cytochrome P450 catalyzed hydroxylation of the carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrosamino group to both methylating and pyridyloxobutylating agents. Both pathways generate a spectrum of DNA damage that contributes to the overall mutagenic and toxic properties of this compound. NNK is also reduced to form 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), which is also carcinogenic. Like NNK, NNAL requires metabolic activation to DNA alkylating agents. Methyl hydroxylation of NNAL generates pyridylhydroxybutyl DNA adducts, and methylene hydroxylation leads to DNA methyl adducts. The consequence of this complex metabolism is that NNK generates a vast spectrum of DNA damage, any form of which can contribute to the overall carcinogenic properties of this potent pulmonary carcinogen. This Perspective reviews the chemistry and genotoxic properties of the collection of DNA adducts formed from NNK. In addition, it provides evidence that multiple adducts contribute to the overall carcinogenic properties of this chemical. The adduct that contributes to the genotoxic effects of NNK depends on the context, such as the relative amounts of each DNA alkylating pathway occurring in the model system, the levels and genetic variants of key repair enzymes, and the gene targeted for mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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64
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Brown JS, O'Carrigan B, Jackson SP, Yap TA. Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer: Beyond PARP Inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:20-37. [PMID: 28003236 PMCID: PMC5300099 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Germline aberrations in critical DNA-repair and DNA damage-response (DDR) genes cause cancer predisposition, whereas various tumors harbor somatic mutations causing defective DDR/DNA repair. The concept of synthetic lethality can be exploited in such malignancies, as exemplified by approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for treating BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancers. Herein, we detail how cellular DDR processes engage various proteins that sense DNA damage, initiate signaling pathways to promote cell-cycle checkpoint activation, trigger apoptosis, and coordinate DNA repair. We focus on novel therapeutic strategies targeting promising DDR targets and discuss challenges of patient selection and the development of rational drug combinations. SIGNIFICANCE Various inhibitors of DDR components are in preclinical and clinical development. A thorough understanding of DDR pathway complexities must now be combined with strategies and lessons learned from the successful registration of PARP inhibitors in order to fully exploit the potential of DDR inhibitors and to ensure their long-term clinical success. Cancer Discov; 7(1); 20-37. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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65
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Ranganathan P, Kashyap T, Yu X, Meng X, Lai TH, McNeil B, Bhatnagar B, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Dorrance AM, Blum W, Sampath D, Landesman Y, Garzon R. XPO1 Inhibition using Selinexor Synergizes with Chemotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Targeting DNA Repair and Restoring Topoisomerase IIα to the Nucleus. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6142-6152. [PMID: 27358488 PMCID: PMC5161584 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selinexor, a selective inhibitor of XPO1, is currently being tested as single agent in clinical trials in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, considering the molecular complexity of AML, it is unlikely that AML can be cured with monotherapy. Therefore, we asked whether adding already established effective drugs such as topoisomerase (Topo) II inhibitors to selinexor will enhance its anti-leukemic effects in AML. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The efficacy of combinatorial drug treatment using Topo II inhibitors (idarubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, etoposide) and selinexor was evaluated in established cellular and animal models of AML. RESULTS Concomitant treatment with selinexor and Topo II inhibitors resulted in therapeutic synergy in AML cell lines and patient samples. Using a xenograft MV4-11 AML mouse model, we show that treatment with selinexor and idarubicin significantly prolongs survival of leukemic mice compared with each single therapy. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant nuclear export and cytoplasmic localization of Topo IIα has been identified as one of the mechanisms leading to drug resistance in cancer. Here, we show that in a subset of patients with AML that express cytoplasmic Topo IIα, selinexor treatment results in nuclear retention of Topo IIα protein, resulting in increased sensitivity to idarubicin. Selinexor treatment of AML cells resulted in a c-MYC-dependent reduction of DNA damage repair genes (Rad51 and Chk1) mRNA and protein expression and subsequent inhibition of homologous recombination repair and increased sensitivity to Topo II inhibitors. The preclinical data reported here support further clinical studies using selinexor and Topo II inhibitors in combination to treat AML. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6142-52. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- DNA Damage/drug effects
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xueyan Yu
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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66
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Jonsson M, Ragnum HB, Julin CH, Yeramian A, Clancy T, Frikstad KAM, Seierstad T, Stokke T, Matias-Guiu X, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H. Hypoxia-independent gene expression signature associated with radiosensitisation of prostate cancer cell lines by histone deacetylase inhibition. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:929-939. [PMID: 27599042 PMCID: PMC5061908 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) like vorinostat are promising radiosensitisers in prostate cancer, but their effect under hypoxia is not known. We investigated gene expression associated with radiosensitisation of normoxic and hypoxic prostate cancer cells by vorinostat. METHODS Cells were exposed to vorinostat under normoxia or hypoxia and subjected to gene expression profiling before irradiation and clonogenic survival analysis. RESULTS Pretreatment with vorinostat led to radiosensitisation of the intrinsically radioresistant DU 145 cells, but not the radiosensitive PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells, and was independent of hypoxia status. Knockdown experiments showed that the sensitisation was not caused by repression of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1 or tumour protein TP53. Global deregulation of DNA repair and chromatin organisation genes was associated with radiosensitisation under both normoxia and hypoxia. A radiosensitisation signature with expression changes of 56 genes was generated and valid for both conditions. For eight signature genes, baseline expression also correlated with sensitisation, showing potential as pretreatment biomarker. The hypoxia independence of the signature was confirmed in a clinical data set. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with HDACi may overcome radioresistance of hypoxic prostate tumours by similar mechanisms as under normoxia. We propose a gene signature to predict radiosensitising effects independent of hypoxia status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Jonsson
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Bull Ragnum
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathinka Halle Julin
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andree Yeramian
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics HUAV, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Trevor Clancy
- Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari-Anne Myrum Frikstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Seierstad
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Stokke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics HUAV, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Anne Hansen Ree
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Kjersti Flatmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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67
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Abstract
Analysis of chromosomal translocation sequence locations in human lymphomas has provided valuable clues about the mechanism of the translocations and when they occur. Biochemical analyses on the mechanisms of DNA breakage and rejoining permit formulation of detailed models of the human chromosomal translocation process in lymphoid neoplasms. Most human lymphomas are derived from B cells in which a DNA break at an oncogene is initiated by activation-induced deaminase (AID). The partner locus in many cases is located at one of the antigen receptor loci, and this break is generated by the recombination activating gene (RAG) complex or by AID. After breakage, the joining process typically occurs by non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ). Some of the insights into this mechanism also apply to translocations that occur in non-lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lieber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Room 5428, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, MC9176, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176, USA
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68
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Saunders EJ, Dadaev T, Leongamornlert DA, Olama AAA, Benlloch S, Giles GG, Wiklund F, Grönberg H, Haiman CA, Schleutker J, Nordestgaard BG, Travis RC, Neal D, Pasayan N, Khaw KT, Stanford JL, Blot WJ, Thibodeau SN, Maier C, Kibel AS, Cybulski C, Cannon-Albright L, Brenner H, Park JY, Kaneva R, Batra J, Teixeira MR, Pandha H, Govindasami K, Muir K, Easton DF, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z. Gene and pathway level analyses of germline DNA-repair gene variants and prostate cancer susceptibility using the iCOGS-genotyping array. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:945-52. [PMID: 26964030 PMCID: PMC5379914 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations within DNA-repair genes are implicated in susceptibility to multiple forms of cancer. For prostate cancer (PrCa), rare mutations in BRCA2 and BRCA1 give rise to moderately elevated risk, whereas two of B100 common, low-penetrance PrCa susceptibility variants identified so far by genome-wide association studies implicate RAD51B and RAD23B. METHODS Genotype data from the iCOGS array were imputed to the 1000 genomes phase 3 reference panel for 21 780 PrCa cases and 21 727 controls from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium. We subsequently performed single variant, gene and pathway-level analyses using 81 303 SNPs within 20 Kb of a panel of 179 DNA-repair genes. RESULTS Single SNP analyses identified only the previously reported association with RAD51B. Gene-level analyses using the SKAT-C test from the SNP-set (Sequence) Kernel Association Test (SKAT) identified a significant association with PrCa for MSH5. Pathway-level analyses suggested a possible role for the translesion synthesis pathway in PrCa risk and Homologous recombination/Fanconi Anaemia pathway for PrCa aggressiveness, even though after adjustment for multiple testing these did not remain significant. CONCLUSIONS MSH5 is a novel candidate gene warranting additional follow-up as a prospective PrCa-risk locus. MSH5 has previously been reported as a pleiotropic susceptibility locus for lung, colorectal and serous ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Saunders
- The Institute of Cancer Research
& Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton
Rd, London
SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Tokhir Dadaev
- The Institute of Cancer Research
& Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton
Rd, London
SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Daniel A Leongamornlert
- The Institute of Cancer Research
& Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton
Rd, London
SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic
Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of
Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway,
Cambridge
CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch
- Centre for Cancer Genetic
Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of
Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway,
Cambridge
CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The
Cancer Council Victoria, 1 Rathdowne Street,
Carlton Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental,
Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne
3053, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology
and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
17177, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology
and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
17177, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine,
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California & Norris
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles,
CA
90089, USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku,
Finland
- Institute of Biomedical Technology
and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and FimLab Laboratories,
Tampere
33520, Finland
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry,
Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital,
Herlev Ringvej 75
DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield
Department of Population Health, University of Oxford,
Oxford
OX3 7LF, UK
| | - David Neal
- Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology:
S4), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road,
Cambridge & Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka
Shing Centre, Cambridge
CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Nora Pasayan
- University College London,
Department of Applied Health Research, 1-19 Torrington
Place, London
WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Cambridge Institute of Public
Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson
Way, Cambridge
CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Department of Epidemiology, School
of Public Health, University of Washington & Division of Public
Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William J Blot
- International Epidemiology
Institute, 1455 Research Blvd., Suite 550,
Rockville
MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Christiane Maier
- Institute of Human Genetics,
University Hospital Ulm, Ulm
89075, Germany
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery,
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
45 Francis Street- ASB II-3
Boston, MA, 02245,
USA
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer
Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical
University, Szczecin
70-115, Poland
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology,
Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine &
George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Salt Lake City, UT
84132, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology
and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
& Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center
(DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg &
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ),
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology,
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive,
Tampa, FL
33612, USA
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center and
Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University -
Sofia, 2 Zdrave Street, Sofia
1431, Bulgaria
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research
Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation & School
of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane
4102, Australia
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Biomedical Sciences Institute
(ICBAS), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese
Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
4200-072, Portugal
| | - Hardev Pandha
- The University of Surrey,
Guildford, Surrey
GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Koveela Govindasami
- The Institute of Cancer Research
& Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton
Rd, London
SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Ken Muir
- Warwick Medical School, University
of Warwick, Coventry
CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic
Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of
Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway,
Cambridge
CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research
& Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton
Rd, London
SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research
& Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton
Rd, London
SW7 3RP, UK
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Abstract
This article reviews atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of DNA structure and dynamics and protein-DNA complexes, including recent advances in the visualization of protein-DNA complexes with the use of cutting-edge, high-speed AFM. Special emphasis is given to direct nanoscale visualization of dynamics of protein-DNA complexes. In the area of DNA structure and dynamics, structural studies of local non-B conformations of DNA and the interplay of local and global DNA conformations are reviewed. The application of time-lapse AFM nanoscale imaging of DNA dynamics is illustrated by studies of Holliday junction branch migration. Structure and dynamics of protein-DNA interactions include problems related to site-specific DNA recombination, DNA replication, and DNA mismatch repair. Studies involving the structure and dynamics of chromatin are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025
| | - Luda S. Shlyakhtenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025
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Colmegna B, Uboldi S, Frapolli R, Licandro SA, Panini N, Galmarini CM, Badri N, Spanswick VJ, Bingham JP, Kiakos K, Erba E, Hartley JA, D'Incalci M. Increased sensitivity to platinum drugs of cancer cells with acquired resistance to trabectedin. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1687-93. [PMID: 26633559 PMCID: PMC4701998 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to investigate the mechanisms of acquired resistance to trabectedin, trabectedin-resistant human myxoid liposarcoma (402-91/T) and ovarian carcinoma (A2780/T) cell lines were derived and characterised in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Resistant cell lines were obtained by repeated exposures to trabectedin. Characterisation was performed by evaluating drug sensitivity, cell cycle perturbations, DNA damage and DNA repair protein expression. In vivo experiments were performed on A2780 and A2780/T xenografts. RESULTS 402-91/T and A2780/T cells were six-fold resistant to trabectedin compared with parental cells. Resistant cells were found to be hypersensitive to UV light and did not express specific proteins involved in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway: XPF and ERCC1 in 402-91/T and XPG in A2780/T. NER deficiency in trabectedin-resistant cells was associated with the absence of a G2/M arrest induced by trabectedin and with enhanced sensitivity (two-fold) to platinum drugs. In A2780/T, this collateral sensitivity, confirmed in vivo, was associated with an increased formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that resistance to trabectedin is associated with the loss of NER function, with a consequent increased sensitivity to platinum drugs, provides the rational for sequential use of these drugs in patients who have acquired resistance to trabectedin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Colmegna
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - S Uboldi
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - R Frapolli
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - S A Licandro
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - N Panini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - C M Galmarini
- Department of Research and Development (R&D), PharmaMar S.A., Colmenar Viejo, Madrid 28770, Spain
| | - Nadia Badri
- Department of Research and Development (R&D), PharmaMar S.A., Colmenar Viejo, Madrid 28770, Spain
| | - V J Spanswick
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J P Bingham
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - E Erba
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - J A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy
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Bethea CL, Reddy AP. Ovarian steroids regulate gene expression related to DNA repair and neurodegenerative diseases in serotonin neurons of macaques. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1565-78. [PMID: 25600110 PMCID: PMC4508249 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression often accompanies the perimenopausal transition and it often precedes overt symptomology in common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Serotonin dysfunction is frequently found in the different etiologies of depression. We have shown that ovariectomized (Ovx) monkeys treated with estradiol (E) for 28 days supplemented with placebo or progesterone (P) on days 14-28 had reduced DNA fragmentation in serotonin neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and long-term Ovx monkeys had fewer serotonin neurons than intact controls. We questioned the effect of E alone or E+P (estradiol supplemented with progesterone) on gene expression related to DNA repair, protein folding (chaperones), the ubiquitin-proteosome, axon transport and NDD-specific genes in serotonin neurons. Ovx macaques were treated with placebo, E or E+P (n=3 per group) for 1 month. Serotonin neurons were laser captured and subjected to microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Increases were confirmed with qRT-PCR in five genes that code for proteins involved in repair of strand breaks and nucleotide excision. NBN1, PCNA (proliferating nuclear antigen), GADD45A (DNA damage-inducible), RAD23A (DNA damage recognition) and GTF2H5 (gene transcription factor 2H5) significantly increased with E or E+P treatment (all analysis of variance (ANOVA), P<0.01). Chaperone genes HSP70 (heat-shock protein 70), HSP60 and HSP27 significantly increased with E or E+P treatment (all ANOVA, P<0.05). HSP90 showed a similar trend. Ubiquinase coding genes UBEA5, UBE2D3 and UBE3A (Parkin) increased with E or E+P (all ANOVA, P<0.003). Transport-related genes coding kinesin, dynein and dynactin increased with E or E+P treatment (all ANOVA, P<0.03). SCNA (α-synuclein) and ADAM10 (α-secretase) increased (both ANOVA, P<0.02) but PSEN1 (presenilin1) decreased (ANOVA, P<0.02) with treatment. APP decreased 10-fold with E or E+P administration. Newman-Keuls post hoc comparisons indicated variation in the response to E alone versus E+P across the different genes. In summary, E or E+P increased gene expression for DNA repair mechanisms in serotonin neurons, thereby rendering them less vulnerable to stress-induced DNA fragmentation. In addition, E or E+P regulated four genes encoding proteins that are often misfolded or malfunctioning in neuronal populations subserving overt NDD symptomology. The expression and regulation of these genes in serotonergic neurons invites speculation that they may mediate an underlying disease process in NDDs, which in turn may be ameliorated or delayed with timely hormone therapy in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Bethea
- Division of Reproductive Sciencesm, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR 97201
| | - Arubala P. Reddy
- Division of Reproductive Sciencesm, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006
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72
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Djuzenova CS, Zimmermann M, Katzer A, Fiedler V, Distel LV, Gasser M, Waaga-Gasser AM, Flentje M, Polat B. A prospective study on histone γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci expression in rectal carcinoma patients: correlation with radiation therapy-induced outcome. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:856. [PMID: 26541290 PMCID: PMC4635621 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of histone γ-H2AX and 53BP1 proteins to predict the radiotherapy (RT) outcome of patients with rectal carcinoma (RC) was evaluated in a prospective study. High expression of the constitutive histone γ-H2AX is indicative of defective DNA repair pathway and/or genomic instability, whereas 53BP1 (p53-binding protein 1) is a conserved checkpoint protein with properties of a DNA double-strand breaks sensor. METHODS Using fluorescence microscopy, we assessed spontaneous and radiation-induced foci of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from unselected RC patients (n = 53) undergoing neoadjuvant chemo- and RT. Cells from apparently healthy donors (n = 12) served as references. RESULTS The γ-H2AX assay of in vitro irradiated lymphocytes revealed significantly higher degree of DNA damage in the group of unselected RC patients with respect to the background, initial (0.5 Gy, 30 min) and residual (0.5 Gy and 2 Gy, 24 h post-radiation) damage compared to the control group. Likewise, the numbers of 53BP1 foci analyzed in the samples from 46 RC patients were significantly higher than in controls except for the background DNA damage. However, both markers were not able to predict tumor stage, gastrointestinal toxicity or tumor regression after curative RT. Interestingly, the mean baseline and induced DNA damage was found to be lower in the group of RC patients with tumor stage IV (n = 7) as compared with the stage III (n = 35). The difference, however, did not reach statistical significance, apparently, because of the limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS The study shows higher expression of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci in rectal cancer patients compared with healthy individuals. Yet the data in vitro were not predictive in regard to the radiotherapy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Zimmermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid Katzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Fiedler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Luitpold V Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Martin Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Bülent Polat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.
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Cardnell RJ, Behrens C, Diao L, Fan Y, Tang X, Tong P, John D. M, Mills GB, Heymach JV, Wistuba II, Wang J, Byers. LA. An Integrated Molecular Analysis of Lung Adenocarcinomas Identifies Potential Therapeutic Targets among TTF1-Negative Tumors, Including DNA Repair Proteins and Nrf2. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3480-91. [PMID: 25878335 PMCID: PMC4526428 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used clinically to differentiate primary lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) from squamous lung cancers and metastatic adenocarcinomas from other primary sites. However, a subset of LUAD (15%-20%) does not express TTF1, and TTF1-negative patients have worse clinical outcomes. As there are no established targeted agents with activity in TTF1-negative LUAD, we performed an integrated molecular analysis to identify potential therapeutic targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using two clinical LUAD cohorts (274 tumors), one from our institution (PROSPECT) and The Cancer Genome Atlas, we interrogated proteomic profiles (by reverse phase protein array, RPPA), gene expression, and mutational data. Drug response data from 74 cell lines were used to validate potential therapeutic agents. RESULTS Strong correlations were observed between TTF1 IHC and TTF1 measurements by RPPA (Rho = 0.57, P < 0.001) and gene expression (NKX2-1, Rho = 0.61, P < 0.001). Established driver mutations (e.g., BRAF and EGFR) were associated with high TTF1 expression. In contrast, TTF1-negative LUAD had a higher frequency of inactivating KEAP1 mutations (P = 0.001). Proteomic profiling identified increased expression of DNA repair proteins (e.g., Chk1 and the DNA repair score) and suppressed PI3k/mTOR signaling among TTF1-negative tumors, with differences in total proteins confirmed at the mRNA level. Cell line analysis showed drugs targeting DNA repair to be more active in TTF1-low cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Combined genomic and proteomic analyses demonstrated infrequent alteration of validated lung cancer targets (including the absence of BRAF mutations in TTF1-negative LUAD), but identified novel potential targets for TTF1-negative LUAD, including KEAP1/Nrf2 and DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J.G. Cardnell
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - YouHong Fan
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Ximing Tang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Pan Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Minna John D.
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and the Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX
| | | | - John V. Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
| | - Lauren A. Byers.
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX
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Soares JP, Silva AM, Oliveira MM, Peixoto F, Gaivão I, Mota MP. Effects of combined physical exercise training on DNA damage and repair capacity: role of oxidative stress changes. Age (Dordr) 2015; 37:9799. [PMID: 26044257 PMCID: PMC4456486 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical exercise has been shown to be one of the most important lifestyle influences on improving functional performance, decreasing morbidity and all causes of mortality among older people. However, it is known that acute physical exercise may induce an increase in oxidative stress and oxidative damage in several structures, including DNA. Considering this, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of 16 weeks of combined physical exercise in DNA damage and repair capacity in lymphocytes. In addition, we aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress involved in those changes. Fifty-seven healthy men (40 to 74 years) were enrolled in this study. The sample was divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG), composed of 31 individuals, submitted to 16 weeks of combined physical exercise training; and the control group (CG), composed of 26 individuals, who did not undergo any specifically orientated physical activity. We observed an improvement of overall physical performance in the EG, after the physical exercise training. A significant decrease in DNA strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites was found after the physical exercise training, with no significant changes in 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase enzyme activity. An increase was observed in antioxidant activity, and a decrease was found in lipid peroxidation levels after physical exercise training. These results suggest that physical exercise training induces protective effects against DNA damage in lymphocytes possibly related to the increase in antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pinto Soares
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta dos Prados, P-5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal,
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75
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer and seventh most common cause of cancer death in women world-wide. Three-quarters of women present when the disease has spread throughout the abdomen (stage III or IV) and treatment consists of a combination of debulking surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Although initial responses to chemotherapy are good, most women will relapse and require further chemotherapy and will eventually develop resistance to chemotherapy.PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitors, are a novel type of medication that works by preventing cancer cells from repairing their DNA once they have been damaged by other chemotherapy agents. It is not clear how PARP inhibitors compare to conventional chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of ovarian cancer, with respect to survival, side effects and quality of life. OBJECTIVES To determine the benefits and risks of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). SEARCH METHODS We identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2014, Issue 4), the Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group Trial Register, MEDLINE (1990 to May 2014), EMBASE (1990 to May 2014), ongoing trials on www.controlled-trials.com/rct, www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials and the National Research Register (NRR), the FDA database and pharmaceutical industry biomedical literature. SELECTION CRITERIA Women with histologically proven EOC who were randomised to treatment groups in trials that either compared PARP inhibitors with no treatment, or PARP inhibitors versus conventional chemotherapy, or PARP inhibitors together with conventional chemotherapy versus conventional chemotherapy alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodology. Two review authors independently assessed whether studies met the inclusion criteria. We contacted investigators for additional data, where possible. Outcomes included survival, quality of life and toxicity. MAIN RESULTS We included four RCTs involving 599 women with EOC. Data for veliparib were limited and of low quality, due to small numbers (75 women total). Olaparib, on average, improved progression-free survival (PFS) when added to conventional treatment and when used as maintenance treatment in women with platinum-sensitive disease compared with placebo (hazard ratio (HR) 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29 to 0.60; 426 participants ; two studies), but did not improve overall survival (OS) (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.39; 426 participants; two studies). We graded this evidence as moderate quality using the GRADE approach. Olaparib was associated with more severe adverse events (G3/4) during the maintenance phase compared with controls (risk ratio (RR) 1.74, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.49; 385 participants, two studies; moderate quality evidence). Quality of life data were insufficient for meta-analysis. We identified four ongoing studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibitors appear to improve PFS in women with recurrent platinum-sensitive disease. Ongoing studies are likely to provide more information about whether the improvement in PFS leads to any change in OS in this subgroup of women with EOC. More research is needed to determine whether PARP inhibitors have any role to play in platinum-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Wiggans
- Musgrove Park HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyTaunton and Somerset NHS Foundation TrustTauntonUKTA1 5DA
| | - Gemma KS Cass
- Musgrove Park HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyTaunton and Somerset NHS Foundation TrustTauntonUKTA1 5DA
| | - Andrew Bryant
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health & SocietyMedical School New BuildRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - Theresa A Lawrie
- Royal United HospitalCochrane Gynaecological, Neuro‐oncology and Orphan Cancer GroupEducation CentreBathUKBA1 3NG
| | - Jo Morrison
- Musgrove Park HospitalDepartment of Gynaecological OncologyTaunton and Somerset NHS Foundation TrustTauntonUKTA1 5DA
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76
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Massey SE. Genetic code evolution reveals the neutral emergence of mutational robustness, and information as an evolutionary constraint. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:1301-32. [PMID: 25919033 PMCID: PMC4500140 DOI: 10.3390/life5021301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard genetic code (SGC) is central to molecular biology and its origin and evolution is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology, the elucidation of which promises to reveal much about the origins of life. In addition, we propose that study of its origin can also reveal some fundamental and generalizable insights into mechanisms of molecular evolution, utilizing concepts from complexity theory. The first is that beneficial traits may arise by non-adaptive processes, via a process of "neutral emergence". The structure of the SGC is optimized for the property of error minimization, which reduces the deleterious impact of point mutations. Via simulation, it can be shown that genetic codes with error minimization superior to the SGC can emerge in a neutral fashion simply by a process of genetic code expansion via tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase duplication, whereby similar amino acids are added to codons related to that of the parent amino acid. This process of neutral emergence has implications beyond that of the genetic code, as it suggests that not all beneficial traits have arisen by the direct action of natural selection; we term these "pseudaptations", and discuss a range of potential examples. Secondly, consideration of genetic code deviations (codon reassignments) reveals that these are mostly associated with a reduction in proteome size. This code malleability implies the existence of a proteomic constraint on the genetic code, proportional to the size of the proteome (P), and that its reduction in size leads to an "unfreezing" of the codon - amino acid mapping that defines the genetic code, consistent with Crick's Frozen Accident theory. The concept of a proteomic constraint may be extended to propose a general informational constraint on genetic fidelity, which may be used to explain variously, differences in mutation rates in genomes with differing proteome sizes, differences in DNA repair capacity and genome GC content between organisms, a selective pressure in the evolution of sexual reproduction, and differences in translational fidelity. Lastly, the utility of the concept of an informational constraint to other diverse fields of research is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Massey
- Biology Department, PO Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
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77
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Bonanno L. Predictive models for customizing chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 2:160-71. [PMID: 25806229 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.03.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The backbone of first-line treatment for Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR) wild-type (wt) advanced Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is the use of a platinum-based chemotherapy combination. The treatment is characterized by great inter-individual variability in outcome. Molecular predictive markers are extremely needed in order to identify patients most likely to benefit from platinum-based treatment and resistant ones, thus optimizing chemotherapy approach in NSCLC. Several components of DNA repair response (DRR) have been investigated as potential predictive markers. Among them, high levels of expression of ERCC1, both at protein and mRNA levels, have been associated with resistance to cisplatin in NSCLC. In addition, low levels of expression of RRM1, a target for gemcitabine, have been associated with improved OS in advanced NSCLC patients treated with cisplatin and gemcitabine. Preclinical data and retrospective analyses showed that BRCA1 is able to induce resistance to cisplatin and sensitivity to antimicrotubule agents. In addition, the mRNA levels of expression of RAP80, encoding for a protein cooperating with BRCA1 in homologous recombination (HR), have demonstrated to further sub-classify low BRCA1 NSCLC tumors, improving the predictive model. On the basis of biological knowledge on DNA repair pathway and recent controversial results from clinical validation of potential molecular markers, integrated analysis of multiple DNA repair components could improve predictive information and pave the way to a new approach to customized chemotherapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonanno
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto I.R.C.C.S., Padova, Italia
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78
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Chen S, Zhu JH, Wang F, Huang SY, Xue WQ, Cui Z, He J, Jia WH. Association of the Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln polymorphisms in the XPD gene with the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: evidence from a meta-analysis. Chin J Cancer 2015; 34:108-14. [PMID: 25962431 PMCID: PMC4593373 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may alter DNA repair capacity and, consequently, lead to genetic instability and carcinogenesis. Several studies have investigated the association of the Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln polymorphisms in the xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD) gene with the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), but the conclusions have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to more precisely estimate these relationships. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, and Chinese Biomedical (CBM) databases. Ultimately, 6 studies of Asp312Asn, comprising 3,095 cases and 3,306 controls, and 7 studies of Lys751Gln, consisting of 3,249 cases and 3,676 controls, were included. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of each association. Overall, no association was observed between the Asp312Asn polymorphism and NHL risk (homozygous: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.94-1.32; heterozygous: OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.89-1.11; recessive: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.95-1.31; dominant: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.92-1.13; and allele comparison: OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.96-1.12) or between the Lys751Gln polymorphism and NHL risk (homozygous: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.83-1.15; heterozygous: OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.86-1.06; recessive: OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.86-1.16; dominant: OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.87-1.06; and allele comparison: OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.91-1.05). Furthermore, subgroup analyses did not reveal any association between these polymorphisms and ethnicity, the source of the controls, or the NHL subtype. These results indicated that neither the Asp312Asn nor Lys751Gln XPD polymorphism was related to NHL risk. Large and well-designed prospective studies are required to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Hong Zhu
- Molecular Epidemiology Lab and Laboratory Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.
| | - Shao-Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuo Cui
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA.
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.
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79
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Mittra I, Khare NK, Raghuram GV, Chaubal R, Khambatti F, Gupta D, Gaikwad A, Prasannan P, Singh A, Iyer A, Singh A, Upadhyay P, Nair NK, Mishra PK, Dutt A. Circulating nucleic acids damage DNA of healthy cells by integrating into their genomes. J Biosci 2015; 40:91-111. [PMID: 25740145 PMCID: PMC5779614 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Whether nucleic acids that circulate in blood have any patho-physiological functions in the host have not been explored.We report here that far from being inert molecules, circulating nucleic acids have significant biological activities of their own that are deleterious to healthy cells of the body. Fragmented DNA and chromatin (DNAfs and Cfs) isolated from blood of cancer patients and healthy volunteers are readily taken up by a variety of cells in culture to be localized in their nuclei within a few minutes. The intra-nuclear DNAfs and Cfs associate themselves with host cell chromosomes to evoke a cellular DNA-damage-repair-response (DDR) followed by their incorporation into the host cell genomes. Whole genome sequencing detected the presence of tens of thousands of human sequence reads in the recipient mouse cells. Genomic incorporation of DNAfs and Cfs leads to dsDNA breaks and activation of apoptotic pathways in the treated cells. When injected intravenously into Balb/C mice, DNAfs and Cfs undergo genomic integration into cells of their vital organs resulting in activation of DDR and apoptotic proteins in the recipient cells. Cfs have significantly greater activity than DNAfs with respect to all parameters examined, while both DNAfs and Cfs isolated from cancer patients are more active than those from normal volunteers. All the above pathological actions of DNAfs and Cfs described above can be abrogated by concurrent treatment with DNase I and/or anti-histone antibody complexed nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that circulating DNAfs and Cfs are physiological, continuously arising, endogenous DNA damaging agents with implications to ageing and a multitude of human pathologies including initiation of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India,
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80
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Meisenberg C, Gilbert DC, Chalmers A, Haley V, Gollins S, Ward SE, El-Khamisy SF. Clinical and cellular roles for TDP1 and TOP1 in modulating colorectal cancer response to irinotecan. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:575-85. [PMID: 25522766 PMCID: PMC4340569 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. Despite surgery, up to 50% of patients relapse with incurable disease. First-line chemotherapy uses the topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) poison irinotecan, which triggers cell death by trapping TOP1 on DNA. The removal of TOP1 peptide from TOP1-DNA breaks is conducted by tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). Despite putative roles for TDP1 and TOP1 in colorectal cancer, their role in cellular and clinical responses to TOP1-targeting therapies remains unclear. Here, we show varying expression levels of TOP1 and TDP1 polypeptides in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines and in clinical colorectal cancer samples. TDP1 overexpression or TOP1 depletion is protective. Conversely, TDP1 depletion increases DNA-strand breakage and hypersensitivity to irinotecan in a TOP1-dependent manner, presenting a potential therapeutic opportunity in colorectal cancer. TDP1 protein levels correlate well with mRNA and with TDP1 catalytic activity. However, no correlation is observed between inherent TDP1 or TOP1 levels alone and irinotecan sensitivity, pointing at their limited utility as predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer. These findings establish TDP1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer and question the validity of TOP1 or TDP1 on their own as predictive biomarkers for irinotecan response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Meisenberg
- The Wellcome Trust DNA Repair Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan C Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vikki Haley
- Faculty of Science, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gollins
- North Wales Cancer Treatment Centre, Betsi Cadwaladr University of Health Board, Ysbty Glan Clwyd, Bodelwyddan, Rhyl, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Ward
- Translational Drug Discovery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- The Wellcome Trust DNA Repair Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom. Mammalian Genome Stability Group, Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Center of Genomics, Helmy Institute, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
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81
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Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) involves DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, but autophagy is also suggested to play a role in DDR. Autophagy can be activated in response to DNA-damaging agents, but the exact mechanism underlying this activation is not fully understood, although it is suggested that it involves the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). mTORC1 represses autophagy via phosphorylation of the ULK1/2-Atg13-FIP200 complex thus preventing maturation of pre-autophagosomal structures. When DNA damage occurs, it is recognized by some proteins or their complexes, such as poly(ADP)ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex or FOXO3, which activate repressors of mTORC1. SQSTM1/p62 is one of the proteins whose levels are regulated via autophagic degradation. Inhibition of autophagy by knockout of FIP200 results in upregulation of SQSTM1/p62, enhanced DNA damage and less efficient damage repair. Mitophagy, one form of autophagy involved in the selective degradation of mitochondria, may also play role in DDR. It degrades abnormal mitochondria and can either repress or activate apoptosis, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. There is a need to clarify the role of autophagy in DDR, as this process may possess several important biomedical applications, involving also cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czarny
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Bialkowska-Warzecha
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 92-347 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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82
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López-Guerrero JA, Romero I, Poveda A. Trabectedin therapy as an emerging treatment strategy for recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Chin J Cancer 2015; 34:41-9. [PMID: 25556617 PMCID: PMC4302088 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) is a common gynecologic malignancy in women. The standard treatment for OC is maximal cytoreductive surgical debulking followed by platinum-based chemotherapy. Despite the high response rate to primary therapy, approximately 85% of patients will develop recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC). This review identifies the clinical use of trabectedin in the treatment algorithm for ROC, with specific emphasis on platinum-sensitive ROC, for which trabectedin in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has been approved as a treatment protocol. The main mechanisms of action of trabectedin at the cellular level and in the tumor microenvironment is also discussed as bases for identifying biomarkers for selecting patients who may largely benefit from trabectedin-based therapies.
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83
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Brandalize APC, Schüler-Faccini L, Hoffmann JS, Caleffi M, Cazaux C, Ashton-Prolla P. A DNA repair variant in POLQ (c.-1060A > G) is associated to hereditary breast cancer patients: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:850. [PMID: 25409685 PMCID: PMC4246548 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the hallmarks of cancer is the occurrence of high levels of chromosomal rearrangements as a result of inaccurate repair of double-strand breaks (DSB). Germline mutations in BRCA and RAD51 genes, involved in DSB repair, are strongly associated with hereditary breast cancer. Pol θ, a translesional DNA polymerase specialized in the replication of damaged DNA, has been also shown to contribute to DNA synthesis associated to DSB repair. It is noteworthy that POLQ is highly expressed in breast tumors and this expression is able to predict patient outcome. The objective of this study was to analyze genetic variants related to POLQ as new population biomarkers of risk in hereditary (HBC) and sporadic (SBC) breast cancer. METHODS We analyzed through case-control study nine SNPs of POLQ in hereditary (HBC) and sporadic (SBC) breast cancer patients using Taqman Real Time PCR assays. Polymorphisms were systematically identified through the NCBI database and are located within exons or promoter regions. We recruited 204 breast cancer patients (101 SBC and 103 HBC) and 212 unaffected controls residing in Southern Brazil. RESULTS The rs581553 SNP located in the promoter region was strongly associated with HBC (c.-1060A > G; HBC GG = 15, Control TT = 8; OR = 5.67, CI95% = 2.26-14.20; p < 0.0001). Interestingly, 11 of 15 homozygotes for this polymorphism fulfilled criteria for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome. Furthermore, 12 of them developed bilateral breast cancer and one had a familial history of bilateral breast cancer. This polymorphism was also associated with bilateral breast cancer in 67 patients (OR = 9.86, CI95% = 3.81-25.54). There was no statistically significant difference of age at breast cancer diagnosis between SNP carriers and non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS Considering that Pol θ is involved in DBS repair, our results suggest that this polymorphism may contribute to the etiology of HBC, particularly in patients with bilateral breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Carneiro Brandalize
- />Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Laboratory of Genomics, Proteomics and DNA Repair, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schüler-Faccini
- />Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- />Equipe « Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 » INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294, CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), Toulouse Oncopole, France
- />University of Toulouse; UPS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Christophe Cazaux
- />Equipe « Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 » INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294, CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), Toulouse Oncopole, France
- />University of Toulouse; UPS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- />Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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84
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HEIN ASHLEYL, OUELLETTE MICHELM, YAN YING. Radiation-induced signaling pathways that promote cancer cell survival (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1813-9. [PMID: 25174607 PMCID: PMC4203326 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a staple cancer treatment approach that has significantly improved local disease control and the overall survival of cancer patients. However, its efficacy is still limited by the development of radiation resistance and the presence of residual disease after therapy that leads to cancer recurrence. Radiation impedes cancer cell growth by inducing cytotoxicity, mainly caused by DNA damage. However, radiation can also simultaneously induce multiple pro-survival signaling pathways, such as those mediated by AKT, ERK and ATM/ATR, which can lead to suppression of apoptosis, induction of cell cycle arrest and/or initiation of DNA repair. These signaling pathways act conjointly to reduce the magnitude of radiation-induced cytotoxicity and promote the development of radioresistance in cancer cells. Thus, targeting these pro-survival pathways has great potential for the radiosensitization of cancer cells. In the present review, we summarize the current literature on how these radiation‑activated signaling pathways promote cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- ASHLEY L. HEIN
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - MICHEL M. OUELLETTE
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - YING YAN
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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85
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van Dam JCJ, Schaap PJ, Martins dos Santos VAP, Suárez-Diez M. Integration of heterogeneous molecular networks to unravel gene-regulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Syst Biol 2014; 8:111. [PMID: 25279447 PMCID: PMC4181829 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-014-0111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different methods have been developed to infer regulatory networks from heterogeneous omics datasets and to construct co-expression networks. Each algorithm produces different networks and efforts have been devoted to automatically integrate them into consensus sets. However each separate set has an intrinsic value that is diluted and partly lost when building a consensus network. Here we present a methodology to generate co-expression networks and, instead of a consensus network, we propose an integration framework where the different networks are kept and analysed with additional tools to efficiently combine the information extracted from each network. RESULTS We developed a workflow to efficiently analyse information generated by different inference and prediction methods. Our methodology relies on providing the user the means to simultaneously visualise and analyse the coexisting networks generated by different algorithms, heterogeneous datasets, and a suite of analysis tools. As a show case, we have analysed the gene co-expression networks of Mycobacterium tuberculosis generated using over 600 expression experiments. Regarding DNA damage repair, we identified SigC as a key control element, 12 new targets for LexA, an updated LexA binding motif, and a potential mismatch repair system. We expanded the DevR regulon with 27 genes while identifying 9 targets wrongly assigned to this regulon. We discovered 10 new genes linked to zinc uptake and a new regulatory mechanism for ZuR. The use of co-expression networks to perform system level analysis allows the development of custom made methodologies. As show cases we implemented a pipeline to integrate ChIP-seq data and another method to uncover multiple regulatory layers. CONCLUSIONS Our workflow is based on representing the multiple types of information as network representations and presenting these networks in a synchronous framework that allows their simultaneous visualization while keeping specific associations from the different networks. By simultaneously exploring these networks and metadata, we gained insights into regulatory mechanisms in M. tuberculosis that could not be obtained through the separate analysis of each data type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse CJ van Dam
- />Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schaap
- />Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor AP Martins dos Santos
- />Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, Berlin, Germany
| | - María Suárez-Diez
- />Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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86
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Abstract
Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency and type of chromosome aberrations in different cell types allows defects in DNA repair pathways to be elucidated. Understanding mammalian DNA repair biology has been greatly helped by the production of mice with knockouts in specific genes. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability in mouse B lymphocytes. Labeling of the telomeres using PNA-FISH probes (peptide nucleic acid - fluorescent in situ hybridization) facilitates the rapid analysis of genomic instability in metaphase chromosome spreads. B cells have specific advantages relative to fibroblasts, because they have normal ploidy and a higher mitotic index. Short-term culture of B cells therefore enables precise measurement of genomic instability in a primary cell population which is likely to have fewer secondary genetic mutations than what is typically found in transformed fibroblasts or patient cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Misenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
| | - Samuel F Bunting
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey;
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87
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AMABLE LAUREN, FAIN JASON, GAVIN ELAINE, REED EDDIE. Gli1 contributes to cellular resistance to cisplatin through altered cellular accumulation of the drug. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:469-74. [PMID: 24926795 PMCID: PMC4091882 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular resistance to platinum anticancer compounds is governed by no less than two molecular processes; DNA repair and cellular accumulation of drug. Gli1 is an upstream regulator of nucleotide excision repair, effecting this process through c-jun. We, therefore, investigated whether Gli1 plays a role in cellular accumulation of cisplatin. Using a Gli1-specific shRNA, we explored the role of Gli1 in the cellular accumulation and efflux of cisplatin, in cisplatin-resistant A2780-CP70 human ovarian cancer cells. When Gli1 is inhibited, cellular uptake of cisplatin was approximately 33% of the level of uptake under control conditions. When Gli1 is inhibited, cellular efflux of cisplatin was completely abrogated, over a 12-h period of observation. We assayed nuclear lysates from these cells, for the ability to bind the DNA sequence that is the Gli-binding site (GBS) in the 5'UTR for each of five known cisplatin transmembrane transporters. Four of these transporters are active in cisplatin uptake; and, one is active in cisplatin efflux. In each case, nuclear lysate from A2780-CP70 cells binds the GBS of the respective cisplatin transport gene. We conclude that Gli1 plays a strong role in total cellular accumulation of cisplatin in these cells; and, that the combined effects on cellular accumulation of drug and on DNA repair may indicate a role for Gli1 in protecting cellular DNA from lethal types of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- LAUREN AMABLE
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - JASON FAIN
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - ELAINE GAVIN
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - EDDIE REED
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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88
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Lee HW, Wang HT, Weng MW, Hu Y, Chen WS, Chou D, Liu Y, Donin N, Huang WC, Lepor H, Wu XR, Wang H, Beland FA, Tang MS. Acrolein- and 4-Aminobiphenyl-DNA adducts in human bladder mucosa and tumor tissue and their mutagenicity in human urothelial cells. Oncotarget 2014; 5:3526-40. [PMID: 24939871 PMCID: PMC4116500 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) is a major cause of human bladder cancer (BC). Two components in TS, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and acrolein, which also are environmental contaminants, can cause bladder tumor in rat models. Their role in TS related BC has not been forthcoming. To establish the relationship between acrolein and 4-ABP exposure and BC, we analyzed acrolein-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 4-ABP-DNA adducts in normal human urothelial mucosa (NHUM) and bladder tumor tissues (BTT), and measured their mutagenicity in human urothelial cells. We found that the acrolein-dG levels in NHUM and BTT are 10-30 fold higher than 4-ABP-DNA adduct levels and that the acrolein-dG levels in BTT are 2 fold higher than in NHUM. Both acrolein-dG and 4-ABP-DNA adducts are mutagenic; however, the former are 5 fold more mutagenic than the latter. These two types of DNA adducts induce different mutational signatures and spectra. We found that acrolein inhibits nucleotide excision and base excision repair and induces repair protein degradation in urothelial cells. Since acrolein is abundant in TS, inhaled acrolein is excreted into urine and accumulates in the bladder and because acrolein inhibits DNA repair and acrolein-dG DNA adducts are mutagenic, we propose that acrolein is a major bladder carcinogen in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Mao-wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Wei-sheng Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - David Chou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas Donin
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William C. Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hailin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR
| | - Moon-shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
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89
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Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates the secondary antibody diversification process in B lymphocytes. In mammalian B cells, this process includes somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR), both of which require AID. AID induces U:G mismatch lesions in DNA that are subsequently converted into point mutations or DNA double stranded breaks during SHM/CSR. In a physiological context, AID targets immunoglobulin (Ig) loci to mediate SHM/CSR. However, recent studies reveal genome-wide access of AID to numerous non-Ig loci. Thus, AID poses a threat to the genome of B cells if AID-initiated DNA lesions cannot be properly repaired. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the specificity of AID targeting and the repair pathways responsible for processing AID-initiated DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jing H. Wang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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90
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Chu XK, Meyerle CB, Liang X, Chew EY, Chan CC, Tuo J. In-depth analyses unveil the association and possible functional involvement of novel RAD51B polymorphisms in age-related macular degeneration. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36:9627. [PMID: 24526414 PMCID: PMC4082603 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of DNA damage to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been reported. Recently, a genomewide association study detected the association of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in RAD51B (rs8017304 A>G) with AMD. RAD51B is involved in recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. We analyzed RAD51B influence on AMD using two cohorts from Caucasian and Han Chinese populations. The Caucasian set replicated the rs8017304 A>G association and revealed two novel AMD-associated SNPs in RAD51B, rs17105278 T>C and rs4902566 C>T. Under the dominant model, these two SNPs exhibit highly significant disease risk. SNP-SNP interaction analysis on rs17105278 T>C and rs4902566 C>T homozygous demonstrated a synergistic effect on AMD risk, reaching an odds ratio multifold higher than well-established AMD susceptibility loci in genes such as CFH, HTRA1, and ARMS2. Functional study revealed lower RAD51B mRNA expression in cultured primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) carrying rs17105278 T>C variants than in hfRPE carrying rs17105278 wild type. We concluded that the risk of developing AMD exhibits dose dependency as well as an epistatic combined effect in rs17105278 T>C and rs4902566 C>T carriers and that the elevated risk for rs17105278 T>C carriers may be due to decreased transcription of RAD51B. This study further confirms the role of DNA damage/DNA repair in AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi K. Chu
- />Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10/10N103, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1857 USA
| | - Catherine B. Meyerle
- />Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10/10N103, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- />Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10/10N103, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- />Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10/10N103, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1857 USA
| | - Jingsheng Tuo
- />Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10/10N103, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1857 USA
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91
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Abbotts R, Jewell R, Nsengimana J, Maloney DJ, Simeonov A, Seedhouse C, Elliott F, Laye J, Walker C, Jadhav A, Grabowska A, Ball G, Patel PM, Newton-Bishop J, Wilson DM, Madhusudan S. Targeting human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deficient melanoma cells for personalized therapy. Oncotarget 2014; 5:3273-86. [PMID: 24830350 PMCID: PMC4102809 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss is associated with genomic instability. APE1 is a key player in DNA base excision repair (BER) and an emerging drug target in cancer. We have developed small molecule inhibitors against APE1 repair nuclease activity. In the current study we explored a synthetic lethal relationship between PTEN and APE1 in melanoma. Clinicopathological significance of PTEN mRNA and APE1 mRNA expression was investigated in 191 human melanomas. Preclinically, PTEN-deficient BRAF-mutated (UACC62, HT144, and SKMel28), PTEN-proficient BRAF-wildtype (MeWo), and doxycycline-inducible PTEN-knockout BRAF-wildtype MeWo melanoma cells were DNA repair expression profiled and investigated for synthetic lethality using a panel of four prototypical APE1 inhibitors. In human tumours, low PTEN mRNA and high APE1 mRNA was significantly associated with reduced relapse free and overall survival. Pre-clinically, compared to PTEN-proficient cells, PTEN-deficient cells displayed impaired expression of genes involved in DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. Synthetic lethality in PTEN-deficient cells was evidenced by increased sensitivity, accumulation of DSBs and induction of apoptosis following treatment with APE1 inhibitors. We conclude that PTEN deficiency is not only a promising biomarker in melanoma, but can also be targeted by a synthetic lethality strategy using inhibitors of BER, such as those targeting APE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rosalyn Jewell
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - David J Maloney
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Claire Seedhouse
- Academic Haematology, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Faye Elliott
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - Jon Laye
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - Christy Walker
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton campus Nottingham, UK
| | - Poulam M Patel
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
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92
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Hennig J, McShane MP, Cordes N, Eke I. APPL proteins modulate DNA repair and radiation survival of pancreatic carcinoma cells by regulating ATM. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1199. [PMID: 24763056 PMCID: PMC4001316 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive multimodal therapies, the overall survival rate of patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is still poor. The chemo- and radioresistance mechanisms of this tumor entity remain to be determined in order to develop novel treatment strategies. In cancer, endocytosis and membrane trafficking proteins are known to be utilized and they also critically regulate essential cell functions like survival and proliferation. On the basis of these data, we evaluated the role of the endosomal proteins adaptor proteins containing pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine binding domain and a leucine zipper motif (APPL)1 and 2 for the radioresistance of pancreatic carcinoma cells. Here, we show that APPL2 expression in pancreatic cancer cells is upregulated after irradiation and that depletion of APPL proteins by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced radiation survival in parallel to impairing DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. In addition, APPL knockdown diminished radiogenic hyperphosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Activated ATM and APPL1 were also shown to interact after irradiation, suggesting that APPL has a more direct role in the phosphorylation of ATM. Double targeting of APPL proteins and ATM caused similar radiosensitization and concomitant DSB repair perturbation to that observed after depletion of single proteins, indicating that ATM is the central modulator of APPL-mediated effects on radiosensitivity and DNA repair. These data strongly suggest that endosomal APPL proteins contribute to the DNA damage response. Whether targeting of APPL proteins is beneficial for the survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hennig
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - M P McShane
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - N Cordes
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - I Eke
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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93
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Huber KVM, Salah E, Radic B, Gridling M, Elkins JM, Stukalov A, Jemth AS, Gokturk C, Sanjiv K, Strömberg K, Pham T, Berglund UW, Colinge J, Bennett KL, Loizou J, Helleday T, Knapp S, Superti-Furga G. Stereospecific targeting of MTH1 by (S)-crizotinib as an anticancer strategy. Nature 2014; 508:222-7. [PMID: 24695225 PMCID: PMC4150021 DOI: 10.1038/nature13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activated RAS GTPase signalling is a critical driver of oncogenic transformation and malignant disease. Cellular models of RAS-dependent cancers have been used to identify experimental small molecules, such as SCH51344, but their molecular mechanism of action remains generally unknown. Here, using a chemical proteomic approach, we identify the target of SCH51344 as the human mutT homologue MTH1 (also known as NUDT1), a nucleotide pool sanitizing enzyme. Loss-of-function of MTH1 impaired growth of KRAS tumour cells, whereas MTH1 overexpression mitigated sensitivity towards SCH51344. Searching for more drug-like inhibitors, we identified the kinase inhibitor crizotinib as a nanomolar suppressor of MTH1 activity. Surprisingly, the clinically used (R)-enantiomer of the drug was inactive, whereas the (S)-enantiomer selectively inhibited MTH1 catalytic activity. Enzymatic assays, chemical proteomic profiling, kinome-wide activity surveys and MTH1 co-crystal structures of both enantiomers provide a rationale for this remarkable stereospecificity. Disruption of nucleotide pool homeostasis via MTH1 inhibition by (S)-crizotinib induced an increase in DNA single-strand breaks, activated DNA repair in human colon carcinoma cells, and effectively suppressed tumour growth in animal models. Our results propose (S)-crizotinib as an attractive chemical entity for further pre-clinical evaluation, and small-molecule inhibitors of MTH1 in general as a promising novel class of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian V. M. Huber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eidarus Salah
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Branka Radic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Gridling
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan M. Elkins
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Gokturk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kia Strömberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Therese Pham
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Warpman Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacques Colinge
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keiryn L. Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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94
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Duan Y, Huang S, Yang J, Niu P, Gong Z, Liu X, Xin L, Currie RW, Wu T. HspA1A facilitates DNA repair in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to Benzo[a]pyrene and interacts with casein kinase 2. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:271-9. [PMID: 23979991 PMCID: PMC3933616 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitously distributed environmental pollutant that induces deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. The inducible heat shock protein (HspA1A) can function as a molecular chaperone; however, its role in DNA repair remains largely unknown. In the present study, human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) stably transfected with plasmids carrying HspA1A gene or shRNAs against HspA1A were treated with BaP. DNA damage levels of the cells were evaluated by comet assay. Results suggest that HspA1A could protect cells against DNA damage and facilitate the decrease of DNA damage levels during the first 2 h of DNA repair. DNA repair capacity (DRC) of Benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts was evaluated by host cell reactivation assay in the stable 16HBE cells transfected with luciferase reporter vector PCMVluc pretreated with BPDE. Compared with control cells, cells overexpressing HspA1A showed higher DRC (p < 0.01 at 10 μM BPDE and p < 0.05 at 20 μM BPDE, respectively), while knockdown of HspA1A inhibited DNA repair (p < 0.05 at 10 μM BPDE). Moreover, casein kinase 2 (CK2) was shown to interact with HspA1A by mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation assays. The two proteins were co-localized in the cell nucleus and perinuclear region during DNA repair, and were identified by confocal laser scanning microscope. In addition, cells overexpressing HspA1A showed an increased CK2 activity after BaP treatment compared with control cells (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that HspA1A facilitates DNA repair after BaP treatment. HspA1A also interacts with CK2 and enhances the kinase activities of CK2 during DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Duan
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Suli Huang
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Jin Yang
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Piye Niu
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Lili Xin
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - R. William Currie
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Tangchun Wu
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
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95
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Abstract
Cancer is unique amongst human diseases in that its cellular manifestations arise and evolve through the acquisition of somatic alterations in the genome. In particular, instability in the number and structure of chromosomes is a near-universal feature of the genomic alterations associated with epithelial cancers, and is triggered by the inactivation of tumour suppressor mechanisms that preserve chromosome integrity in normal cells. The nature of these mechanisms, and how their inactivation promotes carcinogenesis, remains enigmatic. I will review recent work from our laboratory on the tumour suppressor BRCA2 that addresses these issues, focusing on new insights into cancer pathogenesis and therapy that are emerging from improved understanding of the molecular basis of chromosomal instability in BRCA2-deficient cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok R. Venkitaraman
- University of Cambridge, Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ,
United Kingdom
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96
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Abstract
The spatial and temporal organization of the genome has emerged as an additional level of regulation of nuclear functions. Structural proteins associated with the nuclear envelope play important roles in the organization of the genome. The nuclear lamina, a polymeric meshwork formed by lamins (A- and B-type) and lamin-associated proteins, is viewed as a scaffold for tethering chromatin and protein complexes regulating a variety of nuclear functions. Alterations in lamins function impact DNA transactions such as transcription, replication, and repair, as well as epigenetic modifications that change chromatin structure. These data, and the association of defective lamins with a whole variety of degenerative disorders, premature aging syndromes, and cancer, provide evidence for these proteins operating as caretakers of the genome. In this chapter, we summarize current knowledge about the function of lamins in the maintenance of genome integrity, with special emphasis on the role of A-type lamins in the maintenance of telomere homeostasis and mechanisms of DNA damage repair. These findings have begun to shed some light onto molecular mechanisms by which alterations in A-type lamins induce genomic instability and contribute to the pathophysiology of aging and aging-related diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S Grand Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA,
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Wazir U, Ahmed MH, Bridger JM, Harvey A, Jiang WG, Sharma AK, Mokbel K. The clinicopathological significance of lamin A/C, lamin B1 and lamin B receptor mRNA expression in human breast cancer. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:595-611. [PMID: 24293108 PMCID: PMC6275779 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin A/C (LMNA), lamin B1 (LMNB1) and lamin B receptor (LBR) have key roles in nuclear structural integrity and chromosomal stability. In this study, we have studied the relationships between the mRNA expressions of A-type lamins, LMNB1 and LBR and the clinicopathological parameters in human breast cancer. Samples of breast cancer tissues (n = 115) and associated non-cancerous tissue (ANCT; n = 30) were assessed using reverse transcription and quantitative PCR. Transcript levels were correlated with clinicopathological data. Higher levels of A-type lamins and LMNB1 mRNA expression were seen in ANCT. Higher lamin A/C expression was associated with the early clinical stage (TNM1 vs. TNM3 - 13 vs. 0.21; p = 0.0515), with better clinical outcomes (disease-free survival vs. mortality - 11 vs. 1; p = 0.0326), and with better overall (p = 0.004) and disease-free survival (p = 0.062). The expression of LMNB1 declined with worsening clinical outcome (disease-free vs. mortalities - 0.0011 vs. 0.000; p = 0.0177). LBR mRNA expression was directly associated with tumor grade (grade 1 vs. grade 3 - 0.00 vs. 0.00; p = 0.0479) and Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI1 vs. NPI3 - 0.00 vs. 0.00; p = 0.0551). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest such a role for A-type lamins, lamin B1 and LBR in human breast cancer, identifying an important area for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Wazir
- The London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Breast Surgery, St. George’s Hospital and Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mai Hassan Ahmed
- Centre for Cell & Chromosome Biology, Uxbridge, London, UK
- Brunel Institute for Cancer Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | | | - Amanda Harvey
- Brunel Institute for Cancer Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anup K. Sharma
- The London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kefah Mokbel
- London Breast Institute, the Princess Grace Hospital, 45 Nottingham Place, London, W1U 5NY UK
- The London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Breast Surgery, St. George’s Hospital and Medical School, University of London, London, UK
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Abstract
The maintenance of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes is still a major enigma in evolutionary biology. Meiosis represents the only common feature of sex in all eukaryotic kingdoms, and thus, we regard it a key issue for discussing its function. Almost all asexuality modes maintain meiosis either in a modified form or as an alternative pathway, and facultatively apomictic plants increase frequencies of sexuality relative to apomixis after abiotic stress. On the physiological level, abiotic stress causes oxidative stress. We hypothesize that repair of oxidative damage on nuclear DNA could be a major driving force in the evolution of meiosis. We present a hypothetical model for the possible redox chemistry that underlies the binding of the meiosis-specific protein Spo11 to DNA. During prophase of meiosis I, oxidized sites at the DNA molecule are being targeted by the catalytic tyrosine moieties of Spo11 protein, which acts like an antioxidant reducing the oxidized target. The oxidized tyrosine residues, tyrosyl radicals, attack the phosphodiester bonds of the DNA backbone causing DNA double strand breaks that can be repaired by various mechanisms. Polyploidy in apomictic plants could mitigate oxidative DNA damage and decrease Spo11 activation. Our hypothesis may contribute to explaining various enigmatic phenomena: first, DSB formation outnumbers crossovers and, thus, effective recombination events by far because the target of meiosis may be the removal of oxidative lesions; second, it offers an argument for why expression of sexuality is responsive to stress in many eukaryotes; and third, repair of oxidative DNA damage turns meiosis into an essential characteristic of eukaryotic reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematic Botany, Albrecht-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany,
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Abstract
The intestine comprises an exceptional venue for a dynamic and complex interplay of numerous chemical and biological processes. Here, multiple chemical and biological systems, including the intestinal tissue itself, its associated immune system, the gut microbiota, xenobiotics, and metabolites meet and interact to form a sophisticated and tightly regulated state of tissue homoeostasis. Disturbance of this homeostasis can cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-a chronic disease of multifactorial etiology that is strongly associated with increased risk for cancer development. This review addresses recent developments in research into chemical and biological mechanisms underlying the etiology of inflammation-induced colon cancer. Beginning with a general overview of reactive chemical species generated during colonic inflammation, the mechanistic interplay between chemical and biological mediators of inflammation, the role of genetic toxicology, and microbial pathogenesis in disease development are discussed. When possible, we systematically compare evidence from studies utilizing human IBD patients with experimental investigations in mice. The comparison reveals that many strong pathological and mechanistic correlates exist between mouse models of colitis-associated cancer, and the clinically relevant situation in humans. We also summarize several emerging issues in the field, such as the carcinogenic potential of novel inflammation-related DNA adducts and genotoxic microbial factors, the systemic dimension of inflammation-induced genotoxicity, and the complex role of genome maintenance mechanisms during these processes. Taken together, current evidence points to the induction of genetic and epigenetic alterations by chemical and biological inflammatory stimuli ultimately leading to cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Mangerich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Molecular Toxicology Group, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - James G. Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steven R. Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gerald N. Wogan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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100
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Abstract
The integrity of the genome is continuously challenged by both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents. Neurons, due to their post-mitotic state, high metabolism, and longevity are particularly prone to the accumulation of DNA lesions. Indeed, DNA damage has been suggested as a major contributor to both age-associated neurodegenerative diseases and acute neurological injury. The DNA damage response is a key factor in maintaining genome integrity. It relies on highly dynamic posttranslational modifications of the chromatin and DNA repair proteins to allow signaling, access, and repair of the lesion. Drugs that modulate the activity of the enzymes responsible for these modifications have emerged as attractive therapeutic compounds to treat neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the role of DNA double-strand breaks and abnormal chromatin modification patterns in a range of neurodegenerative conditions, and the chromatin modifiers that might ameliorate them. Finally, we suggest that understanding the epigenetic modifications specific to neuronal DNA repair is crucial for the development of efficient neurotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Brochier
- The Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA,
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