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Homann D, Holz A, Bot A, Coon B, Wolfe T, Petersen J, Dyrberg TP, Grusby MJ, von Herrath MG. Autoreactive CD4+ T cells protect from autoimmune diabetes via bystander suppression using the IL-4/Stat6 pathway. Immunity 1999; 11:463-72. [PMID: 10549628 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Targeted immune regulation can be achieved by use of tissue-specific T cells and offers the potential for organ-specific suppression of destructive autoimmune processes. Here, we report the generation and characterization of insulin B chain-specific "autoreactive" CD4+ regulatory T cells that locally suppress diabetogenic T cell responses against an unrelated self-antigen (viral transgene) in a virus-induced model for type 1 diabetes. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is essential for prevention of diabetes since regulatory T cells cannot be induced in the absence of IL-4 or stat6 (IL-4 signaling pathway). Our observations demonstrate that autoreactive regulatory T cells can suppress autoreactive destructive T cell activity of differential antigenic specificity locally in the pancreatic draining lymph node, probably via cytokine-mediated modulation of antigen-presenting cells.
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Oldstone MB, Lewicki H, Thomas D, Tishon A, Dales S, Patterson J, Manchester M, Homann D, Naniche D, Holz A. Measles virus infection in a transgenic model: virus-induced immunosuppression and central nervous system disease. Cell 1999; 98:629-40. [PMID: 10490102 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infects 40 million persons and kills one million per year primarily by suppressing the immune system and afflicting the central nervous system (CNS). The lack of a suitable small animal model has impeded progress of understanding how MV causes disease and the development of novel therapies and improved vaccines. We tested a transgenic mouse line in which expression of the MV receptor CD46 closely mimicked the location and amount of CD46 found in humans. Virus replicated in and was recovered from these animals' immune systems and was associated with suppression of humoral and cellular immune responses. Infectious virus was recovered from the CNS, replicated primarily in neurons, and spread to distal sites presumably by fast axonal transport. Thus, a small animal model is available for analysis of MV pathogenesis.
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Abstract
In Drosophila, as in vertebrates, each muscle is a syncytium and arises from mesodermal cells by successive fusion. This requires cell-cell recognition, alignment, formation of prefusion complexes, followed by electron-dense plaques and membrane breakdown. Because muscle development in Drosophila is rapid and well-documented, it has been possible to identify several genes essential for fusion. Molecular analysis of two of these genes revealed the importance of cytoplasmic components. One of these, Myoblast city, is expressed in several tissues and is homologous to the mammalian protein DOCK180. Myoblast city is presumably involved in cell recognition and cell adhesion. Blown fuse, the second cytoplasmic component, is selectively expressed in the mesoderm and essential in order to proceed from the prefusion complex to electron-dense plaques at opposed membranes between adjacent myoblasts. The rolling stone gene is transiently expressed during myoblast fusion. The Rost protein is located in the membrane and thus might be a key component for cell recognition. The molecular characterization of further genes relevant for fusion such as singles bar and sticks and stones will help to elucidate the mechanism of myoblast fusion in Drosophila.
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Holz A, Woldenberg R, Miller D, Kalina P, Black K, Lane E. Moyamoya disease in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis. Pediatr Radiol 1998; 28:95-7. [PMID: 9472053 DOI: 10.1007/s002470050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebral vasculopathy characterized by occlusion of the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery and proximal portions of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Patients develop an extensive collateral network of parenchymal, transdural and leptomeningeal vessels to supply the compromised brain. These collateral channels, also known as "moyamoya vessels," may be seen in a number of disorders which lead to intracranial vascular occlusion. We report a case of MMD in a child with hereditary spherocytosis.
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Abstract
Viral infections frequently elicit strong cellular and humoral immune responses. This bears the inherent danger of co-activating autoreactive lymphocytes, either through bystander activation by cytokines or through direct sharing of conformational determinants between self and virus (mimicry). Autoimmune diseases could then result, even after clearance of the viral infection, if enough autoreactive cells are activated. Alternatively, viral infection of antigen presenting cells can locally enhance inflammation and drive autoreactive lymphocytes. Evidence for these mechanisms, as well as emerging therapeutic concepts, will be discussed.
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Klapper R, Holz A, Janning W. Fate map and cell lineage relationships of thoracic and abdominal mesodermal anlagen in Drosophila melanogaster. Mech Dev 1998; 71:77-87. [PMID: 9507069 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(97)00205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the cell lineage of larval and imaginal precursors of the mesodermal anlage between 10% and 60% egg length (EL) by homotopic single-cell transplantations at the blastoderm stage. Clones in the larval somatic muscles and in the fat body were derived from transplantations everywhere between 10% and 60% EL along the ventral side of the embryo. Clones frequently overlap these tissues and can extend over a maximum of four segments in the larval somatic muscles or over two morphologically-distinct parts in the fat body. Clones in the gonadal mesoderm overlap with other mesodermal derivatives and exhibit different mitotic behaviour in the two sexes. We present a blastoderm fate map for the fat body, the larval somatic muscles and the gonadal mesoderm. Clones in the imaginal muscle precursors of the abdomen, as well as of the thorax, always show a common cell lineage with larval somatic muscles and partly with other mesodermal tissues. These clones of imaginal derivatives are always found within a single segment, while the overlapping clone parts in the larval somatic muscles can label up to three segments.
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Holz A, Frank M, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Schwab ME. Chromosomal localization of the myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein and expression in the genetically linked neurological mouse mutants ducky and tippy. J Neurochem 1997; 69:1801-9. [PMID: 9349522 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69051801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The alternatively spliced cDNAs encoding the myelin-associated/oligodendrocytic basic proteins (MOBPs) have recently been identified in rat. The Mobp gene maps to the distal part of mouse chromosome 9 at a region syntenic with the human chromosome 3p22-p21.3. Two nonallelic mouse mutants, tippy and ducky, with severe neurological phenotypes map to the vicinity of the Mobp locus. We therefore tested whether MOBP malfunction could explain the tippy and ducky defects. In tippy mutant animals, MOBP expression and that of other myelin markers were indistinguishable from wild type. The ultrastructure of tippy myelin was shown to be normal. Ducky animals showed a slight reduction of the brain size, most evident in the spinal cord, but normal progress of myelination. Both MOBP and myelin basic protein expression were lowered only regionally in the CNS, but were mostly normal in the anterior parts of the brain. Ultrastructurally, ducky myelin appeared normal. MOBP transcript sizes and the molecular weights of the encoded proteins were shown to be normal in both mutants. Finally, the nucleotide sequence of the abundant MOBP-81 cDNA was determined and compared with tippy and ducky MOBP-81. Wild-type mouse MOBP-81 protein was 99% identical to the rat homologue, and tippy and ducky MOBP-81 were identical to the wild-type sequence. Our results suggest that alterations in the Mobp gene are not the cause for the severe neurological phenotypes of ducky and tippy mice.
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Holz A, Schwab ME. Developmental expression of the myelin gene MOBP in the rat nervous system. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1997; 26:467-77. [PMID: 9306245 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018529323734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The myelin-associated/oligodendrocyte basic proteins (MOBPs) are recently discovered constituents of myelin and are small, cytoplasmic, and highly basic proteins exclusively expressed postnatally by oligodendrocytes. Due to a clustering of positively charged amino acids observed in the most abundant MOBP isoform similar to myelin basic protein (MBP) and P0, it was speculated that MOBP could function in myelin sheath compaction. The present report strongly supports this view. A direct comparison of MBP and proteolipid protein (PLP) gene expression with that of MOBP by in situ hybridization revealed a very similar regional distribution. It was found that MOBP expression was abundant in the rat CNS at postnatal day 15 (P 15) but is restricted to densely myelinated regions. In contrast to MBP and PLP, expression of MOBP was undetectable in the peripheral nervous system during the entire development. Interestingly, MOBP mRNA was localized in oligodendrocyte processes even at early postnatal stages and throughout development. MOBP showed a very specific timing of expression: in spinal cord and brain, MOBP gene expression occurred significantly later (2-3 days) than that of MBP and PLP, but slightly earlier than myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein gene expression. MOBP proteins appeared in spinal cord and brain stem also after MBP protein, suggesting that the MOBPs functionally act after the structural myelin proteins MBP and PLP. Our findings imply a function of MOBP during the late steps of myelin formation, presumably at the initiation of sheath compaction.
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von Herrath M, Holz A. Pathological changes in the islet milieu precede infiltration of islets and destruction of beta-cells by autoreactive lymphocytes in a transgenic model of virus-induced IDDM. J Autoimmun 1997; 10:231-8. [PMID: 9218748 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1997.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RIP-LCMV transgenic mice that express the viral glycoprotein (GP) or nucleoprotein (NP) from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) under control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP) in pancreatic beta-cells develop autoimmune diabetes (IDDM) after infection with LCMV. Previous reports have described that the viral infection activates naive, potentially autoreactive CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) that are present in the periphery of these mice, thus leading to the breaking of immunological unresponsiveness to the viral self-antigen expressed on beta-cells. However, we find that adoptive transfer of such CTL that were active in vitro and in vivo into uninfected RIP-LCMV recipients rarely resulted in hyperglycemia nor in insulitis, despite their ability to home to the islets and induce peri-insulitis. These observations indicated that, in addition to activated autoreactive lymphocytes, other factor(s) were required for beta-cell destruction. The present study shows that upregulation of MHC class II molecules associated with the attraction/activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the islets occurs as soon as 2 days after LCMV inoculation of transgenic mice, clearly before CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes are found entering the islets (days 6 and 7 after LCMV inoculation). In contrast, although some MHC class II upregulation is also found in islets of non-transgenic mice 2-4 days after LCMV infection, no insulitis or IDDM develops and MHC is downregulated to normal (pre-infection) levels by day 7-10 in these mice. Associated with the activation of APCs and MHC upregulation observed in transgenic mice, viral (LCMV) infection of islets was detectable 2 days post-viral inoculation in some mice. Thus, beta-cell destruction by activated autoreactive lymphocytes is a multifactorial process that is likely to require changes within the islet milieu or dysfunction of islets.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/virology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/pathology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/isolation & purification
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Rats
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Abstract
We have analysed the cell lineage relationships between larval and imaginal mesodermal primordia at the blastoderm stage by homotopic single cell transplantations. The primordia of adepithelial cells, the precursors of adult thoracic muscles, are restricted to the region from 50 to 65% egg length within the ventrally located mesodermal anlage. Clones of adepithelial cells always show a common cell lineage with larval muscles and in some cases additionally with larval fat body. This proves that at the blastoderm stage the determination of larval vs. imaginal mesodermal primordia has not yet taken place. Larval somatic muscle clones, in contrast to clones in the ectoderm, can overlap several segments, whereas clones of adepithelial cells are always restricted to imaginal discs of one segment.
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Harbecke R, Meise M, Holz A, Klapper R, Naffin E, Nordhoff V, Janning W. Larval and imaginal pathways in early development of Drosophila. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 1996; 40:197-204. [PMID: 8735929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In holometabolous development, higher insects have two different life forms, the larva and the imago. Both larval and imaginal cells are derived from cells of the blastoderm stage. After the final embryonic wave of mitosis, however, only the imaginal cells remain diploid, proliferate massively and do not differentiate until metamorphosis. The separation of these two pathways was described by many authors as a fundamental process that must take place at a very early stage of development, most probably the blastoderm stage. Mainly by using single cell transplantations at the blastoderm or early gastrula stages, respectively, we found common cell lineages between larval and imaginal structures by clones overlapping in the ectoderm (i.e. larval epidermal cells and imaginal discs within a segment, or larval and imaginal salivary gland cells), the mesoderm (i.e. larval somatic muscles and adepithelial cells), and the endoderm (i.e. larval and imaginal midgut cells). From these findings we conclude that it seems to be a principle in Drosophila embryogenesis that the separation of larval and imaginal pathways is postponed to a later developmental stage.
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37
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Holz A, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Schaefer C, Pott U, Colello RJ, Schwab ME. Molecular and developmental characterization of novel cDNAs of the myelin-associated/oligodendrocytic basic protein. J Neurosci 1996; 16:467-77. [PMID: 8551331 PMCID: PMC6578646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several novel myelin-associated/oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) isoforms were identified in this study by cDNA cloning. They are small, highly basic polypeptides comprising 69, 81, and 99 amino acids (8.2, 9.7, and 11.7 kDa, respectively) and show no significant homology with described proteins or domain structures. All (as yet) identified MOBP isoforms are identical in amino acids 1-68 but differ in the length and polarity of the C-terminal region. One isoform, designated MOBP81, was shown to be expressed abundantly during development. Interestingly, MOBP81 has a significant clustering of positively charged residues at positions 69-81, a feature that also has been observed for myelin basic protein (MBP) and Po. As demonstrated by in situ hybridization, MOBP gene expression occurs during development of the rat optic nerve later than that of MBP and proteolipid protein and coincides exactly with the beginning of myelin compaction. The 2.6 kb MOBP81-A transcript is localized in the processes of oligodendrocytes, whereas the 3.8 kb MOBP81-B transcript is restricted to the perinuclear region. Therefore, MOBP81-A and related mRNAs seem to be transported to the periphery of the oligodendrocytes, as is known for the transcripts of the MBP gene. The late developmental expression of the MOBP gene suggests that the MOBP proteins act at the late steps of myelin formation, possibly in myelin compaction and in the maintenance of the myelin sheath.
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Holz A, Scherer C. Topological theory of magnetism in nanostructured ferromagnets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:6209-6232. [PMID: 9976996 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.6209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Abstract
A survey of the 100 largest manufacturing firms in Australia has revealed that there is a lack of emphasis on controlling the incidence of high severity injuries and diseases. In a considerable number of organizations, there appears to be a reliance on the attitude of employees and safety training to control risk. There seems to be a lack of knowledge among the respondents of information sources which can be used to assess both risk and proposed control measures. The results suggest that Robens type legislation may be of limited utility in controlling risk in the workplace and a more definitive approach to identifying hazards and instituting appropriate control measures should be provided to organizations.
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Holz A, Schaefer C, Gille H, Jueterbock WR, Messer W. Mutations in the DnaA binding sites of the replication origin of Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 233:81-8. [PMID: 1603077 DOI: 10.1007/bf00587564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations (base changes) were introduced into the four DnaA binding sites (DnaA boxes) of the Escherichia coli replication origin, oriC. Mutations in a single DnaA box did not impair the ability of these origins to replicate in vivo and in vitro. A combination of mutations in two DnaA boxes, R1 and R4, resulted in slower growth of the oriC plasmid-bearing host cells. DnaA protein interaction with mutant and wild-type DnaA boxes was analyzed by DNase I footprinting. Binding of DnaA protein to a mutated DnaA box R1 was not affected by a mutation in DnaA box R4 and vice versa. Mutations in DnaA boxes R1 and R4 did not modify the ability of the DnaA protein to bind to other DnaA boxes in oriC.
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Yamazaki Y, Holz A, Edwards SF. Shear thinning in polymeric liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 43:5463-5482. [PMID: 9904859 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Messer W, Egan B, Gille H, Holz A, Schaefer C, Woelker B. The complex of oriC DNA with the DnaA initiator protein. Res Microbiol 1991; 142:119-25. [PMID: 1925008 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(91)90018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe several experimental approaches relating to the early steps in the initiation of DNA replication at oriC. 1) A matrix is given which enables calculatation of the relative affinity of DnaA boxes for DnaA protein; 2) base changes within single Dna A boxes in oriC have little effect on oriC function; 3) mutations which change the distance between DnaA boxes inactivate oriC, but changes by one helical turn (+ and -) result in near wild-type oriC activity; 4) a Fis binding site was located at oriC coordinates 206-220; 5) KMnO4 probing demonstrates Dna-A-dependent unwinding in the left part of oriC in vivo and in vitro.
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Holz A. Topological defect condensation and high-temperature superconductivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 37:3751-3754. [PMID: 9944991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.37.3751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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45
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Li J, Gong C, Holz A. Brillouin-Wigner theory of mixed-valence rare-earth impurities in Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1987; 36:5230-5239. [PMID: 9942157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.36.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Gong C, Xing D, Holz A, Pang J. Surface effects on the melting transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1987; 36:5517-5526. [PMID: 9942193 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.36.5517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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47
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Wang Z, Gong C, Holz A. Critical behavior on some fractals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1986; 34:1531-1537. [PMID: 9897414 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.34.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yamazaki Y, Holz A, Ochiai M, Fukuda Y. Static and dynamic critical behavior of extended-defect N-component systems in cubic anisotropic crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1986; 33:3460-3473. [PMID: 9938729 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.33.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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49
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Yamazaki Y, Ochiai M, Holz A, Fukuda Y. Fluctuation-induced first-order phase transition of extended-defect N-component systems in cubic anisotropic crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1986; 33:3474-3482. [PMID: 9938730 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.33.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Holz A, Vigren DT, Zuckermann M. Dislocation theory of dimer melting in two dimensions: Lipid membranes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1985; 31:420-429. [PMID: 9935444 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.31.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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