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Parsons V, Juszczyk D, Gilworth G, Ntani G, Henderson M, Smedley J, McCrone P, Hatch SL, Shannon R, Coggon D, Molokhia M, Griffiths A, Walker-Bone K, Madan I. Developing and testing a case-management intervention to support the return to work of health care workers with common mental health disorders. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022:6594717. [PMID: 35640243 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a new case-management intervention to facilitate the return to work of health care workers, on sick leave, having a common mental disorder (CMD). METHODS A mixed methods feasibility study. RESULTS Systematic review examined 40 articles and 2 guidelines. Forty-nine National Health Service Occupational Health (OH) providers completed a usual care survey. We trained six OH nurses as case managers and established six recruitment sites. Forty-two out of 1938 staff on sick leave with a CMD were screened for eligibility, and 24 participants were recruited. Out of them, 94% were female. Eleven participants received the intervention and 13 received usual care. Engagement with most intervention components was excellent. Return-to-work self-efficacy improved more in the intervention group than in the usual care group. Qualitative feedback showed the intervention was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was acceptable, feasible and low cost to deliver, but it was not considered feasible to recommend a large-scale effectiveness trial unless an effective method could be devised to improve the early OH referral of staff sick with CMD. Alternatively, the intervention could be trialled as a new stand-alone OH intervention initiated at the time of usual OH referral.
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Windsor IW, Tong P, Lavidor O, Sanjari Moghaddam A, McKay LGA, Gautam A, Chen Y, MacDonald EA, Yoo DK, Griffiths A, Wesemann DR, Harrison SC. Antibodies induced by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain that cross-neutralize variants from Alpha to Omicron BA.1. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo3425. [PMID: 35536154 PMCID: PMC9097876 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies that recognize the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein are the principal host defense against viral invasion. Variants of SARS-CoV-2 bear mutations that allow escape from neutralization by many antibodies, especially those belonging to classes widely distributed in the human population. Identifying antibodies that neutralize these variants of concern and determining their prevalence are important goals for understanding immune protection. To determine the Delta- and Omicron BA.1-variant specificity of B cell repertoires established by an initial Wuhan strain infection, we measured neutralization potencies of 73 antibodies from an unbiased survey of the early memory B cell response. Antibodies recognizing each of three, previously defined, epitopic regions on the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) varied in neutralization potency and variant-escape resistance. The ACE2 binding surface (“RBD-2”) harbored the binding sites of the neutralizing antibodies with highest potency but with the greatest sensitivity to viral escape; two other epitopic regions on the RBD (“RBD-1 and “RBD-3”) bound antibodies of more modest potency but greater breadth. The structures of several Fab:spike complexes that neutralized all five variants of concern tested, including one Fab each from the RBD-1, -2 and -3 clusters, illustrated the determinants of broad neutralization and showed that B cell repertoires can have specificities that avoid immune escape driven by widely distributed (“public”) antibodies. The structure of the RBD-2-binding, broad neutralizer shows why it retains neutralizing activity for Omicron BA.1, unlike most others in the same public class. Our results correlate with real-world data on vaccine efficacy, which indicate mitigation of disease caused by Omicron BA.1.
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Basu S, Irving C, Roberts P, Orr Y, Casey C, Reilly C, Griffiths A, Nair P, Macdonald P, Festa M. Care Close to Home: Justification for a Second Paediatric Heart Transplant Centre in Australia. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Suarez Suarez RG, Dijk SI, Zhang Z, Focht G, Navas-López V, Koletzko S, Griffiths A, Wishart DS, Greiner R, Turner D, Wine E. A176 UTILITY OF MACHINE LEARNING FOR SERUM METABOLOMIC DATA ANALYSIS IN PEDIATRIC CROHN DISEASE. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859329 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The pathogenesis of pCD remains poorly understood, but evidence suggests roles for genetics, environment, immune response, and gut microbes. Microbial changes can contribute to chronic inflammation and correlate with disease severity. Metabolomics reflects interactions between host immune and gut microbial function by quantifying compounds in biological samples. Therefore, metabolomics provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into pCD pathogenesis.
Aims
To correlate disease severity, metabolites, and clinical data by applying machine learning algorithms in pediatric Crohn Disease (pCD).
Methods
ImageKids is a multicenter, prospective, cohort observational study, conducted to develop magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) indices for pCD. Paired serum specimens were collected at study initiation (Visit One; V1) and completion (Visit Four; V4; 18 months) for 120 pCD patients. Serum from patients with representative clinical scenarios and paired samples was analyzed at The Metabolomics Innovation Centre (TMIC; University of Alberta) and 131 metabolites were identified. Metabolites were analyzed via Unsupervised (U.ML) and Supervised (S.ML) Machine Learning algorithms based on Scikit-learn library in Python. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify the variation pattern of the patients’ metabolome. Classifiers and regression algorithms were trained to assess correlation with disease activity.
Results
Results were available for the 56 paired samples. U.ML demonstrated distinct metabolome profiles with V1 clustering mainly attributed to aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and kynurenine. V4 clustering was mainly attributed to spermidine, spermine, total dimethylarginine. Furthermore, demographics was found as an important environmental factor driving distinct patterns of the metabolomics profile.
After training different classifiers and regressors with S. ML algorithms, metabolome data were correlated with disease severity (defined by C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin). Isoleucine, p-hydroxyhippuric acid, and putrescine were the top three compounds associated with disease severity. The accuracy of our classification models was of 80% and the coefficient of determination of our regression models was 0.5
Conclusions
Metabolomic analysis can provide insight into disease pathogenesis and help predict disease severity among pCD patients. The correlation between metabolomics and disease severity might allow a better understanding of changes in host-microbe interactions and introduce new diagnostic or therapeutic options.
Funding Agencies
CIHR
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El-Matary W, Witt J, Bernstein CN, Jacobson K, Mack DR, Otley A, Walters T, Huynh HQ, deBruyn J, Griffiths A, Benchimol EI. A23 ESTIMATING INDIRECT AND OUT-OF-POCKET COSTS IN PEDIATRIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A NATION-WIDE CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859310 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying disease-related costs is a crucial step to plan for proper allocation of resources and future healthcare services for persons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Data on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease-associated costs are limited. Aims We aimed to estimate indirect and out of pocket (OOP) pediatric IBD-associated costs in Canada. Methods In a nation-wide cross-sectional analysis, caregivers of children and young adults (<17 years) with IBD were invited to complete a questionnaire on lost work hours and OOP costs related to IBD in the 4 weeks prior to the survey. Participants were re-invited to periodically answer the same questionnaire every 3–9 months for 2 years. Lost productivity was calculated using the Human Capital method. Costs were reported in 2018 inflation-adjusted Canadian dollars. Predictors of high cost users (top 25%) were examined using negative binomial regression. Results Consecutive 243 (82 incident cases) of 262 (92.7%) approached participants completed the first survey with a total of 450 surveys longitudinally completed over 2 years. The annual median indirect costs per patient were $5,951 (IQR $1,812- $12,278), with $5,776 (IQR $1,465-$11,733) for Crohn’s disease (CD) and $6,084 (IQR $2,470-$13,371) for ulcerative colitis (UC) (p=0.77). The annual median per patient OOP costs were $2,925 (IQR $978- $8,125) with $3,021 (IQR $978- $8,125) for CD and $2,600 (IQR $975- $8,125) for UC (p=0.55). Older age (10-17y) at diagnosis (p=0.04) and parents in part-time employment (p=0.01) were predictors of higher indirect costs, while female sex (p<0.001), parents with a lower education level (p<0.001) and lower annual family income (p<0.01) were associated with higher OOP costs. Conclusions Indirect and OOP IBD-associated costs are substantial and more likely to affect families with unstable employment and lower annual income. Examining different strategies and interventions to reduce these costs such as virtual platforms, telephone and outreach clinics especially in poor communities and families with low annual income is warranted. Funding Agencies CIHRThe Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
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Leibovitzh H, Lee S, Xue M, Raygoza Garay J, Hernandez-Rocha C, Madsen K, Meddings J, Guttmen DS, Espin Garcia O, Goethel A, Griffiths A, Moayyedi P, Huynh HQ, Jacobson K, Mack DR, Abreu M, Bernstein CN, Marshall J, Turner D, Xu W, Turpin W, Croitoru K. A238 ALTERED GUT MICROBIOME COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GUT BARRIER DYSFUNCTION IN HEALTHY RELATIVES OF CROHN’S DISEASE PATIENTS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859348 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome may play a role in gut barrier homeostasis including epithelial barrier function, but data are scarce and limited to animal studies Aims To assess if alterations in gut microbiome are associated with gut barrier function Methods We utilized the Genetic Environmental Microbial (CCC GEM) cohort of healthy first-degree relatives (FDRs) of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. Gut barrier function was assessed using the ratio of urinary fractional excretion of lactulose to mannitol (LMR). Stool bacterial DNA was extracted and sequenced for the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using MiSeq and processed using QIIME2. Microbial functions were imputed using PICRUSt2. The cohort was divided into a North American discovery cohort (n=2,472) and non-North American external validation cohort (n=655). LMR>0.025 was defined as abnormal. LMR-microbiome associations were assessed using multivariable regression model and Random Forest (RF) classifier algorithm. q<0.05 was considered significant when multiple tests were performed Results The median age of the entire cohort was 17.0 years [IQR 12.0; 24.0], 52.6% were females and 25.4% had LMR>0.025. In the discovery cohort, subjects with LMR>0.025 had markedly reduced alpha diversity (Chao1 index, estimate= -0.0037, p=4.0e-04) and altered beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, PERMANOVA: pseudo-F statistic = 2.99, p=1.0e-03). We identified eight bacterial genera and 52 microbial pathways associated with LMR>0.025 (q<0.05). Four genera (decreased Adlercreutzia [odds ratio(OR)=0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6–0.91], Clostridia-UCG-014 [OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.59–0.86], and Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1 [OR=0.75, 95%CI 0.61–0.92] and increased Colidextribacter [OR=1.65, 95%CI 1.2–2.26]) and eight pathways (including decreased biosynthesis of glutamate [OR=0.4, 95%CI 0.21–0.74], tryptophan [OR=0.06, 95%CI 0.01–0.27] and threonine [OR=0.038, 95%CI 0.003–0.41]) were replicated. Bacterial community composition was associated with gut barrier homeostasis as defined by the RF analysis (p= 1.4e-6) Conclusions Gut microbiome community and pathways are associated with gut barrier function. These findings may identify potential microbial targets to modulate barrier function Submitted on behalf of the CCC-GEM Consortium Funding Agencies CCC, CIHRCrohn’s and Colitis Canada Genetics Environment Microbial (CCC-GEM) III; The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust; Kenneth Croitoru is the recipient of the Canada Research Chair in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
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Crowley E, Turner D, Ma C, Nguyen T, McKay H, Schneider R, Silverberg A, Muise A, Feagan B, Griffiths A, Jairath V. A42 HETEROGENEITY IN EFFICACY AND SAFETY ENDPOINTS FOR PEDIATRIC CLINICAL TRIALS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A NEED FOR HARMONIZATION. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859363 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
NOT PUBLISHED AT AUTHOR’S REQUEST Funding Agencies: None
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Neustaeter A, Timpano J, Lee S, Xue M, Leibovitzh H, Madsen K, Meddings J, Espin-Garcia O, Goethel A, Griffiths A, Moayyedi P, Steinhart H, Panaccione R, Huynh HQ, Jacobson K, Aumais G, Mack DR, Bernstein CN, Marshall J, Xu W, Turpin W, Croitoru K. A157 DEFINITIONS OF MEDITERRANEAN DIET INCONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATE WITH MARKERS OF GUT BARRIER FUNCTION OR SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATION IN A POPULATION-BASED COHORT. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859210 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is proposed to reduce the risk of Crohn’s disease (CD) onset in cohort studies, with inconsistent results. This inconsistency may be due to heterogeneity in defining MD scores. Additionally, relationships between MD compliance and intestinal permeability or sub-clinical inflammation are not defined.
Aims
We examined correlations between different MD scores, and determined associations between MD compliance and intestinal permeability or subclinical inflammation in a cohort of first degree relatives of CD patients.
Methods
We used food frequency questionnaire data from 2,112 subjects of the Crohn’s Colitis Canada- Genes, Environment, Microbial (CCC-GEM) project. We obtained 12 MD definitions from the literature and calculated daily percent compliance, we further compared MD scores via pairwise correlations (Kendall’s Tau). We measured intestinal permeability via urinary fractional excretion ratio of lactulose to mannitol (LMR) (LMR≥0.03 defined abnormal), and subclinical inflammation via fecal calprotectin (FCP) measured with BÜHLMANN fCAL® ELISA (FCP≥250 defined abnormal). We fit multivariable regression models between MD compliance and abnormal LMR and FCP, respectively. Two-sided p<0.05 defined significance.
Results
There was large variation in cross-correlations among MD scores, from nil (t=0.0, p=0.54) to highly significant (t=0.97, p<2.2e-16). Associations of MD compliance and abnormal LMR or FCP were in both directions of effect, largely non-significant. Of the 12 MD scores, none associated with abnormal LMR, while 4 associated with abnormal FCP-Odds Ratios =1.22, 1.23, 1.24, and 1.30; p=0.02, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.009, and 95% Confidence Intervals = [1.03,1.45], [1.04,1.45], [1.05,1.47], and [1.07,1.59] respectively. No diet remained significant after correcting for multiple testing.
Conclusions
Currently MD definitions vary widely. Despite discrepancies, we expected consistent directions of effect for MD compliance on LMR or FCP. The largely non-significant associations between MDs suggest limitations in definition, interpretation, and relation to biological outcomes.
Submitted on behalf of the CCC-GEM consortium.
Funding Agencies
CIHRCrohn’s and Colitis Canada Genetics Environment Microbial (CCC-GEM) III;The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust; Justine Timpano is a recipient of a fellowship award from Mount Sinai Hospital; Kenneth Croitoru is the recipient of the Canada Research Chair in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
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Lee S, Raygoza Garay J, Turpin W, Smith MI, Goethel A, Griffiths A, Moayyedi P, Espin-Garcia O, Aumais G, Bernstein CN, Avni-Biron I, Cino M, Deslandres C, Dotan I, El-Matary W, Feagan BG, Guttmen DS, Huynh HQ, Hyams J, Jacobson K, Mack DR, Marshall J, Otley A, Panaccione R, Silverberg MS, Steinhart H, Turner D, Xu W, Croitoru K. A236 ASSOCIATION OF STOOL METABOLOMIC PROFILE AND MICROBIOME COMPOSITION RISK SCORE WITH FUTURE ONSET OF CROHN’S DISEASE. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859353 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Microbial composition-based risk score (MRS) was recently developed and validated to predict future risk of developing Crohn’s disease (CD) among healthy first-degree relatives (FDR) of CD patients. We hypothesized that stool metabolomic profiles, some of which are linked to the gut microbiome, are associated with future risk of CD.
Aims
To assess the association of stool metabolomic profile with onset of CD and to determine the correlation between stool metabolites and the MRS
Methods
Healthy FDR of CD patients were recruited as part of the nested case-control cohort of the CCC-GEM Project. Healthy FDRs who later developed CD (n=56) were matched approximately 1:1 by age, sex, follow-up duration, and geographical location with control FDRs remaining healthy (n=66). Stool metabolomics were assessed using the Metabolon’s DiscoveryHD4™ platform, and the stool microbiome characterised by 16s rDNA amplicon sequencing. We fitted a multivariable conditional logistic regression model on the disease status as a function of individual stool metabolites. We additionally performed Spearman correlation between each stool metabolite and the MRS.
Results
Among 1,029 stool metabolites that were analyzed, 79 were associated with future risk of CD (p<0.05); however, none remained significant after multiple testing correction (FDR correction). Considering the exploratory nature of this study with limited sample size, we focused on the top seven metabolites associated with CD onset (p<0.01). Of these, two stool metabolites (dimethylglycine, methylmyristate) were associated with increased risk of CD onset while five (cytosine, guanine, cytidine, hydroxyglutarate, nervonate) were associated with decreased risk of developing CD. The two metabolites positively associated with CD onset were positively correlated with the MRS, while the five metabolites negatively associated with CD onset, were negatively correlated with the MRS. Meanwhile, 24 stool metabolites had significant correlation with MRS (FDR-corrected p<0.2). Among those, a total of four stool metabolites (cytosine, guanine, methymyristate, cytidine) overlapped with the top seven stool metabolites associated with CD onset.
Conclusions
Stool metabolite profiles may predict future risk of CD. A subset of these metabolites have significant correlation with the MRS with consistent direction of effect. This may suggest that stool metabolites mediate the putative effect of the gut microbiome on CD risk. Further validation in the full GEM cohort is warranted.
Funding Agencies
CCC, CIHRThe Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust; Kenneth Croitoru is the recipient of the Canada Research Chair in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Sun-Ho Lee is a recipient of the Imagine/ CIHR/CAG Fellowship Award; Sun-Ho Lee, Juan Antonio Raygoza Garay, and Williams Turpin are recipients of fellowship awards from the Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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Nabel KG, Clark SA, Shankar S, Pan J, Clark LE, Yang P, Coscia A, McKay LGA, Varnum HH, Brusic V, Tolan NV, Zhou G, Desjardins M, Turbett SE, Kanjilal S, Sherman AC, Dighe A, LaRocque RC, Ryan ET, Tylek C, Cohen-Solal JF, Darcy AT, Tavella D, Clabbers A, Fan Y, Griffiths A, Correia IR, Seagal J, Baden LR, Charles RC, Abraham J. Structural basis for continued antibody evasion by the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Science 2022; 375:eabl6251. [PMID: 34855508 PMCID: PMC9127715 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have examined the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants on neutralizing antibody activity after they have become dominant strains. Here, we evaluate the consequences of further viral evolution. We demonstrate mechanisms through which the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) can tolerate large numbers of simultaneous antibody escape mutations and show that pseudotypes containing up to seven mutations, as opposed to the one to three found in previously studied variants of concern, are more resistant to neutralization by therapeutic antibodies and serum from vaccine recipients. We identify an antibody that binds the RBD core to neutralize pseudotypes for all tested variants but show that the RBD can acquire an N-linked glycan to escape neutralization. Our findings portend continued emergence of escape variants as SARS-CoV-2 adapts to humans.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- BNT162 Vaccine/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitopes
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Viral Pseudotyping
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Doherty S, Knight JG, Alharbi HY, Paterson R, Wills C, Dixon C, Šiller L, Chamberlain TW, Griffiths A, Collins SM, Wu K, Simmons MD, Bourne RA, Lovelock KRJ, Seymour J. Efficient Hydrolytic Hydrogen Evolution from Sodium Borohydride Catalyzed by Polymer Immobilized Ionic Liquid‐Stabilized Platinum Nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Doherty S, Knight JG, Backhouse T, Tran TST, Paterson R, Stahl F, Alharbi HY, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Stones R, Griffiths A, White JP, Aslam Z, Hardare C, Daly H, Hart J, Temperton RH, O'Shea JN, Rees NH. Highly efficient and selective aqueous phase hydrogenation of aryl ketones, aldehydes, furfural and levulinic acid and its ethyl ester catalyzed by phosphine oxide-decorated polymer immobilized ionic liquid-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine oxide-decorated polymer immobilized ionic liquid stabilized RuNPs catalyse the hydrogenation of aryl ketones with remarkable selectivity for the CO bond, complete hydrogenation to the cyclohexylalcohol and hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone.
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Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Agwanda BR, Kubrusli RA, Alkhovsky (Aльxoвcкий Cepгeй Bлaдимиpoвич) SV, Amarasinghe GK, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Basler CF, Bavari S, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bennett AJ, Bente DA, Bergeron É, Bird BH, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blystad DR, Bojko J, Borth WB, Bradfute S, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Brown JK, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Cao (曹孟籍) M, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Cheng Q, Chiaki (千秋祐也) Y, Chiapello M, Choi IR, Ciuffo M, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, Bó ED, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Cicco E, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara (海老原秀喜) H, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Ferguson HW, Fooks AR, Forgia M, Formenty PBH, Fránová J, Freitas-Astúa J, Fu (付晶晶) J, Fürl S, Gago-Zachert S, Gāo GF, García ML, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Goldberg TL, Groschup MH, Günther S, Hall RA, Hammond J, Han (韩彤) T, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hong (洪健) J, Hong (洪霓) N, Hongo S, Horie (堀江真行) M, Hu JS, Hu T, Hughes HR, Hüttner F, Hyndman TH, Ilyas M, Jalkanen R, Jiāng (姜道宏) D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono (上遠野冨士夫) F, Kaukinen KH, Kawate M, Klempa B, Klingström J, Kobinger G, Koloniuk I, Kondō (近藤秀樹) H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota (久保田健嗣) K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee B, Lefkowitz EJ, Leroy EM, Li (李邵蓉) S, Li (李龙辉) L, Lǐ (李建荣) J, Liu (刘华珍) H, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Melzer M, Mielke-Ehret N, Miller KM, Ming TJ, Mirazimi A, Mordecai GJ, Mühlbach HP, Mühlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki (夏秋知英) T, Navarro JA, Netesov (Heтёcoв Cepгeй Bиктopoвич) SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Olmedo-Velarde A, Palacios G, Pallás V, Pályi B, Papa (Άννα Παπά) A, Paraskevopoulou (Παρασκευοπούλου Σοφία) S, Park AC, Parrish CR, Patterson DA, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Payne S, Peracchio C, Pérez DR, Postler TS, Qi (亓立莹) L, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Luna GR, Romanowski V, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sang R, Sasaya (笹谷孝英) T, Schulze AD, Schwemmle M, Shi (施莽) M, Shí (石晓宏) X, Shí (石正丽) Z, Shimomoto (下元祥史) Y, Shirako Y, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Smagghe G, Smither S, Song (송진원) JW, Spann K, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Sugano J, Suttle CA, Tabata A, Takada (高田礼人) A, Takeuchi (竹内繁治) S, Tchouassi DP, Teffer A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomitaka (冨高保弘) Y, Tomonaga (朝長啓造) K, Tordo N, Torto B, Towner JS, Tsuda (津田新哉) S, Tu (涂长春) C, Turina M, Tzanetakis I, Uchida J, Usugi (宇杉富雄) T, Vaira AM, Vallino M, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis (Νίκος Βασιλάκης) N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang (王林发) LF, Wang (王国平) G, Wang (王雁翔) Y, Wang (王亚琴) YQ, Waqas M, Wèi (魏太云) T, Wen (温少华) S, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu (吴建祥) JX, Xu (徐雷) L, Yanagisawa (栁澤広宣) H, Yang (杨彩霞) C, Yang (杨作坤) Z, Zerbini FM, Zhai (翟立峰) L, Zhang YZ, Zhang (张松) S, Zhang (张靖国) J, Zhang (张哲) Z, Zhou (周雪平) X. Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3567-3579. [PMID: 34786611 PMCID: PMC11078012 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Agwanda BR, Al Kubrusli R, Alkhovsky SV, Amarasinghe GK, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Basler CF, Bavari S, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bennett AJ, Bente DA, Bergeron É, Bird BH, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blystad DR, Bojko J, Borth WB, Bradfute S, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Brown JK, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Cao M, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Cheng Q, Chiaki Y, Chiapello M, Choi IR, Ciuffo M, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, Dal Bó E, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Cicco E, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Ferguson HW, Fooks AR, Forgia M, Formenty PBH, Fránová J, Freitas-Astúa J, Fu J, Fürl S, Gago-Zachert S, Gāo GF, García ML, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Goldberg TL, Groschup MH, Günther S, Hall RA, Hammond J, Han T, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hong J, Hong N, Hongo S, Horie M, Hu JS, Hu T, Hughes HR, Hüttner F, Hyndman TH, Ilyas M, Jalkanen R, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Kaukinen KH, Kawate M, Klempa B, Klingström J, Kobinger G, Koloniuk I, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee B, Lefkowitz EJ, Leroy EM, Li S, Li L, Lǐ J, Liu H, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Melzer M, Mielke-Ehret N, Miller KM, Ming TJ, Mirazimi A, Mordecai GJ, Mühlbach HP, Mühlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Olmedo-Velarde A, Palacios G, Pallás V, Pályi B, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Park AC, Parrish CR, Patterson DA, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Payne S, Peracchio C, Pérez DR, Postler TS, Qi L, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Luna GR, Romanowski V, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sang R, Sasaya T, Schulze AD, Schwemmle M, Shi M, Shí X, Shí Z, Shimomoto Y, Shirako Y, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Smagghe G, Smither S, Song JW, Spann K, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Sugano J, Suttle CA, Tabata A, Takada A, Takeuchi S, Tchouassi DP, Teffer A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Torto B, Towner JS, Tsuda S, Tu C, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Uchida J, Usugi T, Vaira AM, Vallino M, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang LF, Wang G, Wang Y, Wang Y, Waqas M, Wèi T, Wen S, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu J, Xu L, Yanagisawa H, Yang C, Yang Z, Zerbini FM, Zhai L, Zhang YZ, Zhang S, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhou X. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3513-3566. [PMID: 34463877 PMCID: PMC8627462 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
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Langellotto F, Dellacherie MO, Yeager C, Ijaz H, Yu J, Cheng C, Dimitrakakis N, Seiler BT, Gebre MS, Gilboa T, Johnson R, Storm N, Bardales S, Graveline A, White D, Tringides CM, Cartwright MJ, Doherty EJ, Honko A, Griffiths A, Barouch DH, Walt DR, Mooney DJ. A Modular Biomaterial Scaffold-Based Vaccine Elicits Durable Adaptive Immunity to Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Antigens. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101370. [PMID: 34605223 PMCID: PMC8652677 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrates the importance of generating safe and efficacious vaccines that can be rapidly deployed against emerging pathogens. Subunit vaccines are considered among the safest, but proteins used in these typically lack strong immunogenicity, leading to poor immune responses. Here, a biomaterial COVID-19 vaccine based on a mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) platform is described. MSRs loaded with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), and SARS-CoV-2 viral protein antigens slowly release their cargo and form subcutaneous scaffolds that locally recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the generation of adaptive immunity. MSR-based vaccines generate robust and durable cellular and humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens, including the poorly immunogenic receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. Persistent antibodies over the course of 8 months are found in all vaccine configurations tested and robust in vitro viral neutralization is observed both in a prime-boost and a single-dose regimen. These vaccines can be fully formulated ahead of time or stored lyophilized and reconstituted with an antigen mixture moments before injection, which can facilitate its rapid deployment against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants or new pathogens. Together, the data show a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate and a generally adaptable vaccine platform against infectious pathogens.
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Ai X, Wang D, Honko A, Duan Y, Gavrish I, Fang RH, Griffiths A, Gao W, Zhang L. Surface Glycan Modification of Cellular Nanosponges to Promote SARS-CoV-2 Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17615-17621. [PMID: 34647745 PMCID: PMC8525344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular binding and entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are mediated by its spike glycoprotein (S protein), which binds with not only the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor but also glycosaminoglycans such as heparin. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles ("cellular nanosponges") mimic the host cells to attract and neutralize SARS-CoV-2 through natural cellular receptors, leading to a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy. Herein, we show that increasing surface heparin density on the cellular nanosponges can promote their inhibition against SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, cellular nanosponges are made with azido-expressing host cell membranes followed by conjugating heparin to the nanosponge surfaces. Cellular nanosponges with a higher heparin density have a larger binding capacity with viral S proteins and a significantly higher inhibition efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Overall, surface glycan engineering of host-mimicking cellular nanosponges is a facile method to enhance SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. This approach can be readily generalized to promote the inhibition of other glycan-dependent viruses.
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Zabaleta N, Dai W, Bhatt U, Hérate C, Maisonnasse P, Chichester JA, Sanmiguel J, Estelien R, Michalson KT, Diop C, Maciorowski D, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Cavarelli M, Gallouët AS, Naninck T, Kahlaoui N, Lemaitre J, Qi W, Hudspeth E, Cucalon A, Dyer CD, Pampena MB, Knox JJ, LaRocque RC, Charles RC, Li D, Kim M, Sheridan A, Storm N, Johnson RI, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Contreras V, Marlin R, Tsong Fang RH, Chapon C, van der Werf S, Zinn E, Ryan A, Kobayashi DT, Chauhan R, McGlynn M, Ryan ET, Schmidt AG, Price B, Honko A, Griffiths A, Yaghmour S, Hodge R, Betts MR, Freeman MW, Wilson JM, Le Grand R, Vandenberghe LH. An AAV-based, room-temperature-stable, single-dose COVID-19 vaccine provides durable immunogenicity and protection in non-human primates. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1437-1453.e8. [PMID: 34428428 PMCID: PMC8346325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected more than 185 million people worldwide resulting in over 4 million deaths. To contain the pandemic, there is a continued need for safe vaccines that provide durable protection at low and scalable doses and can be deployed easily. Here, AAVCOVID-1, an adeno-associated viral (AAV), spike-gene-based vaccine candidate demonstrates potent immunogenicity in mouse and non-human primates following a single injection and confers complete protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in macaques. Peak neutralizing antibody titers are sustained at 1 year and complemented by functional memory T cell responses. The AAVCOVID vector has no relevant pre-existing immunity in humans and does not elicit cross-reactivity to common AAVs used in gene therapy. Vector genome persistence and expression wanes following injection. The single low-dose requirement, high-yield manufacturability, and 1-month stability for storage at room temperature may make this technology well suited to support effective immunization campaigns for emerging pathogens on a global scale.
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Colombani T, Eggermont LJ, Rogers ZJ, McKay LGA, Avena LE, Johnson RI, Storm N, Griffiths A, Bencherif SA. Biomaterials and Oxygen Join Forces to Shape the Immune Response and Boost COVID-19 Vaccines. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100316. [PMID: 34580619 PMCID: PMC8209904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented global health crisis, resulting in a critical need for effective vaccines that generate protective antibodies. Protein subunit vaccines represent a promising approach but often lack the immunogenicity required for strong immune stimulation. To overcome this challenge, it is first demonstrated that advanced biomaterials can be leveraged to boost the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccines. Additionally, it is reported that oxygen is a powerful immunological co-adjuvant and has an ability to further potentiate vaccine potency. In preclinical studies, mice immunized with an oxygen-generating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cryogel-based vaccine (O2-CryogelVAX) exhibit a robust Th1 and Th2 immune response, leading to a sustained production of highly effective neutralizing antibodies against the virus. Even with a single immunization, O2-CryogelVAX achieves high antibody titers within 21 days, and both binding and neutralizing antibody levels are further increased after a second dose. Engineering a potent vaccine system that generates sufficient neutralizing antibodies after one dose is a preferred strategy amid vaccine shortage. The data suggest that this platform is a promising technology to reinforce vaccine-driven immunostimulation and is applicable to current and emerging infectious diseases.
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Ciencewicki JM, Herbert AS, Storm N, Josleyn NM, Huie K, McKay LGA, Griffiths A, Dye JM, Willis T, Arora V. Characterization of an Anti-Ebola virus Hyperimmune Globulin Derived from Convalescent Plasma. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:733-740. [PMID: 34448858 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKRGOUND Convalescent plasma has been used to treat many viral diseases including Ebola. The manufacture of a purified anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from pooled convalescent plasma is described in this paper. METHODS An ELISA targeting an EBOV surface glycoprotein antigen was used to determine the immunoglobulin titer of pooled plasma and purified anti-EBOV IVIG. Anti-EBOV IVIG was also tested in neutralization assays using a vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirion expressing EBOV glycoprotein on its surface and with live EBOV. Finally, the efficacy of the anti-EBOV IVIG was assessed in a mouse model of EBOV infection. RESULTS In the ELISA, the anti-EBOV IVIG was shown to have a seven-fold increase in IgG titer over pooled convalescent plasma. In both the pseudovirion and live virus assays, the anti-EBOV IVIG showed approximately five- to six-fold increased potency over pooled plasma. Anti-EBOV IVIG also significantly improved survivability in mice infected with the virus when administered concurrently or two days after infection. CONCLUSIONS These data support this purified anti-EBOV IVIG merits additional investigation and clinical trials for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of Ebola virus disease. The experience gained can be applied to manufacture hyperimmune globulins against other emerging viruses.
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Das Adhikari U, Eng G, Farcasanu M, Avena LE, Choudhary MC, Triant VA, Flagg M, Schiff AE, Gomez I, Froehle LM, Diefenbach TJ, Ronsard L, Lingwood D, Lee GC, Rabi SA, Erstad D, Velmahos G, Li JZ, Hodin R, Stone JR, Honko AN, Griffiths A, Yilmaz O, Kwon DS. Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA is associated with decreased COVID-19 survival. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:1081-1084. [PMID: 34245255 PMCID: PMC8406863 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of SARS CoV-2 RNA in stool remains uncertain. We found that extrapulmonary dissemination of infection to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, assessed by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool, is associated with decreased COVID-19 survival. Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool may have utility for clinical risk assessment.
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Peddinti BST, Downs SN, Yan J, Smith SD, Ghiladi RA, Mhetar V, Tocchetto R, Griffiths A, Scholle F, Spontak RJ. Rapid and Repetitive Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and Human Coronavirus on Self-Disinfecting Anionic Polymers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2003503. [PMID: 34105286 PMCID: PMC7994973 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic affirms an urgent global need for effective vaccines as second and third infection waves are spreading worldwide and generating new mutant virus strains, it has also revealed the importance of mitigating the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the introduction of restrictive social practices. Here, it is demonstrated that an architecturally- and chemically-diverse family of nanostructured anionic polymers yield a rapid and continuous disinfecting alternative to inactivate coronaviruses and prevent their transmission from contact with contaminated surfaces. Operating on a dramatic pH-drop mechanism along the polymer/pathogen interface, polymers of this archetype inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as a human coronavirus surrogate (HCoV-229E), to the minimum detection limit within minutes. Application of these anionic polymers to frequently touched surfaces in medical, educational, and public-transportation facilities, or personal protection equipment, can provide rapid and repetitive protection without detrimental health or environmental complications.
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Griffiths A, Dixon J, Egglestone A, Edwards A, Handley R, Trompeter A, Eardley WGP. Evidence-based orthopaedic trauma care in the United Kingdom: Guidelines, registries, carrots and sticks. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2021; 31:937-945. [PMID: 33825953 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-021-02954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the United Kingdom (UK), orthopaedic trauma surgeons utilise evidence-based practice through distillation of high-quality primary research, interrogation of registries and implementation of evidence-based guidelines. Concurrent with this ambition of providing exemplar care based on robust patient centred research, there has evolved a culture of remuneration 'by results'. Therefore, there is a drive for excellence combined with a system of collation and validation of data input as well as remuneration where care excels. There are several organisations involved in each stage of this process, the output of which has much that is pertinent to the globally similar consequences of physical injury. However, their relevance and impact within the UK is magnified as they are written against the backdrop of a unified healthcare system. In this article, we will describe the roles of the different organisations guiding and regulating trauma practice across the UK and discuss how the interplay of these impacts on clinical care.
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Entenmann A, Griffiths A. A178 USTEKINUMAB FOLLOWING PRIMARY ANTI-TNF FAILURE AND SECONDARY LOSS OF RESPONSE TO VEDOLIZUMAB IN AN ADOLESCENT WITH ULCERATIVE PANCOLITIS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab002.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Infliximab is, to date, the only biologic therapy approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in paediatric patients. Although often effective, primary mechanistic failure is more common in UC than in luminal inflammatory paediatric Crohn’s disease (CD). Alternate pathway biologics, specifically vedolizumab (anti-α4β7 integrin) and ustekinumab (anti-interleukins 12/23) are increasingly used in adults with UC. Emerging data from head to head trials of biologics and network meta-analyses of placebo-controlled trial data are being used to guide choice and sequencing of therapeutic agents. Even among adults with UC data concerning combination biologics are very limited.
Aims
To report the outcomes of addition of ustekinumab to vedolizumab in a patient with steroid dependent colitis, previous primary non-response to infliximab and secondary loss of response to vedolizumab monotherapy.
Methods
Case report
Results
A 17 years old girl was hospitalized with acute severe colitis (PUCAI 85) developing as oral prednisone was tapered below 30 mg daily despite ongoing intensified vedolizumab therapy (300 mg q4 weekly) and per rectal steroids. First presentation 2 years earlier with UC pancolitis, responsive to oral prednisone, maintained on oral 5-ASA until first exacerbation 8 months later. Responsive then to IV steroids, but unable to maintain steroid-free remission despite intensified infliximab with therapeutic levels. Vedolizumab initiated in setting of primary mechanistic anti-TNF failure. Steroid-free clinical remission for 7 months of q 8 weekly dosing with normalization of fecal calprotectin (16, 115 µg/g) when symptoms recurred and persisted despite shortening of vedolizumab dosing interval to 4 weeks. Vedolizumab level 34 µg/mL. Symptomatic response to oral prednisone 40 mg, but unsustained with tapering. Hospitalized with up to 10 bloody stools per day, nocturnal stools, abdominal pain and anemia requiring blood transfusion. High doses of IV steroids were given with slow response. Colectomy refused by family. IV ustekinumab 390 mg given. Vedolizumab continued q 8 weekly in view of prior responsiveness. Ustekinumab subcutaneous maintenance therapy initiated at week 8 and continuing q 4 weekly (levels 3.3 mg/L). Oral prednisone tapered and discontinued. At 5 months post ustekinumab initiation, patient is in steroid-free clinical remission (PUCAI 0). Fecal calprotectin has declined from >1800 to 723 µg/g.
Conclusions
In this patient with UC and primary failure of anti-TNF, ustekinumab has demonstrated short-term efficacy in alleviating steroid-dependency. The contribution of continued vedolizumab, to which there had previously been secondary loss of response, is unknown. Nevertheless, the safety profile of vedolizumab allows it to be combined with other therapies in selected treatment-refractory patients.
Funding Agencies
None
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Fiorini LA, Houdmont J, Griffiths A. Nurses' illness perceptions during presenteeism and absenteeism. Occup Med (Lond) 2021; 70:101-106. [PMID: 31961931 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenteeism has been linked with lost productivity, impaired health and absence. Whilst much research has focused on types of diseases associated with presenteeism and absenteeism, there has been little investigation into the role of individuals' illness perceptions in these episodes. AIMS To assess how illness perceptions vary between presenteeism and absenteeism episodes. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed to ward-based nurses working with older adults. Data on illness perceptions during presenteeism and absenteeism episodes were collected. Data were analysed via the Paired-Samples t-test, Wilcoxon test and McNemar test. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy cases were analysed (88% response rate). Compared with presenteeism, illnesses during absenteeism were thought to affect lives more (P < 0.001), to have more serious symptoms (P < 0.001), to be more concerning (P = 0.003), more likely to be treated (P = 0.009), more infectious (P < 0.001) and perceived as more legitimate reasons for absenteeism (P < 0.001). Treatment was considered more effective during absenteeism (P < 0.001), whilst workability was better during presenteeism (P < 0.001). Presenteeism was perceived as harmful and absenteeism beneficial for illness. Individuals attended work when presenteeism was expected to be less harmful (P < 0.001) and avoided work when absenteeism was expected to be more beneficial for illness (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Illness perceptions varied significantly between presenteeism and absenteeism episodes and should be included in models of illness behaviour. Findings also highlight that policy may influence illness behaviour and that nurses may attend work despite concerning levels of illness.
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Zabaleta N, Dai W, Bhatt U, Chichester JA, Sanmiguel J, Estelien R, Michalson KT, Diop C, Maciorowski D, Qi W, Hudspeth E, Cucalon A, Dyer CD, Pampena MB, Knox JJ, LaRocque RC, Charles RC, Li D, Kim M, Sheridan A, Storm N, Johnson RI, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Zinn E, Ryan A, Kobayashi DT, Chauhan R, McGlynn M, Ryan ET, Schmidt AG, Price B, Honko A, Griffiths A, Yaghmour S, Hodge R, Betts MR, Freeman MW, Wilson JM, Vandenberghe LH. Immunogenicity of an AAV-based, room-temperature stable, single dose COVID-19 vaccine in mice and non-human primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33442684 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.05.422952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected more than 70 million people worldwide and resulted in over 1.5 million deaths. A broad deployment of effective immunization campaigns to achieve population immunity at global scale will depend on the biological and logistical attributes of the vaccine. Here, two adeno-associated viral (AAV)-based vaccine candidates demonstrate potent immunogenicity in mouse and nonhuman primates following a single injection. Peak neutralizing antibody titers remain sustained at 5 months and are complemented by functional memory T-cells responses. The AAVrh32.33 capsid of the AAVCOVID vaccine is an engineered AAV to which no relevant pre-existing immunity exists in humans. Moreover, the vaccine is stable at room temperature for at least one month and is produced at high yields using established commercial manufacturing processes in the gene therapy industry. Thus, this methodology holds as a very promising single dose, thermostable vaccine platform well-suited to address emerging pathogens on a global scale.
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