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Zhao X, Tu B, Li M, Feng X, Zhang Y, Fang Q, Li T, Grzybowski BA, Yan Y. Switchable counterion gradients around charged metallic nanoparticles enable reception of radio waves. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaau3546. [PMID: 30333997 PMCID: PMC6184746 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically flexible, easy-to-process, and environmentally benign materials capable of current rectification are interesting alternatives to "hard" silicon-based devices. Among these materials are metallic/charged-organic nanoparticles in which electronic currents though metal cores are modulated by the gradients of counterions surrounding the organic ligands. Although layers of oppositely charged particles can respond to both electronic and chemical signals and can function even under significant mechanical deformation, the rectification ratios of these "chemoelectronic" elements have been, so far, low. This work shows that significantly steeper counterion gradients and significantly higher rectification ratios can be achieved with nanoparticles of only one polarity but in contact with a porous electrode serving as a counterion "sink." These composite structures act as rectifiers even at radio frequencies, providing a new means of interfacing counterions' dynamics with high-frequency electronic currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Bin Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojing Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuchun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tiehu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ulica Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 02-224, Poland
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yong Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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52
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Zhuang Q, Yang Z, Sobolev YI, Beker W, Kong J, Grzybowski BA. Control and Switching of Charge-Selective Catalysis on Nanoparticles by Counterions. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhuang
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yaroslav I. Sobolev
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Wiktor Beker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jie Kong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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53
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Woźniak M, Wołos A, Modrzyk U, Górski RL, Winkowski J, Bajczyk M, Szymkuć S, Grzybowski BA, Eder M. Linguistic measures of chemical diversity and the "keywords" of molecular collections. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7598. [PMID: 29765058 PMCID: PMC5953938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Computerized linguistic analyses have proven of immense value in comparing and searching through large text collections (“corpora”), including those deposited on the Internet – indeed, it would nowadays be hard to imagine browsing the Web without, for instance, search algorithms extracting most appropriate keywords from documents. This paper describes how such corpus-linguistic concepts can be extended to chemistry based on characteristic “chemical words” that span more than traditional functional groups and, instead, look at common structural fragments molecules share. Using these words, it is possible to quantify the diversity of chemical collections/databases in new ways and to define molecular “keywords” by which such collections are best characterized and annotated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Woźniak
- Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wołos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Modrzyk
- Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Rafał L Górski
- Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jan Winkowski
- Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Michał Bajczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter of Korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Maciej Eder
- Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland.
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54
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Abstract
Although dynamic self-assembly, DySA, is a relatively new area of research, the past decade has brought numerous demonstrations of how various types of components - on scales from (macro)molecular to macroscopic - can be arranged into ordered structures thriving in non-equilibrium, steady states. At the same time, none of these dynamic assemblies has so far proven practically relevant, prompting questions about the field's prospects and ultimate objectives. The main thesis of this Review is that formation of dynamic assemblies cannot be an end in itself - instead, we should think more ambitiously of using such assemblies as control elements (reconfigurable catalysts, nanomachines, etc.) of larger, networked systems directing sequences of chemical reactions or assembly tasks. Such networked systems would be inspired by biology but intended to operate in environments and conditions incompatible with living matter (e.g., in organic solvents, elevated temperatures, etc.). To realize this vision, we need to start considering not only the interactions mediating dynamic self-assembly of individual components, but also how components of different types could coexist and communicate within larger, multicomponent ensembles. Along these lines, the review starts with the discussion of the conceptual foundations of self-assembly in equilibrium and non-equilibrium regimes. It discusses key examples of interactions and phenomena that can provide the basis for various DySA modalities (e.g., those driven by light, magnetic fields, flows, etc.). It then focuses on the recent examples where organization of components in steady states is coupled to other processes taking place in the system (catalysis, formation of dynamic supramolecular materials, control of chirality, etc.). With these examples of functional DySA, we then look forward and consider conditions that must be fulfilled to allow components of multiple types to coexist, function, and communicate with one another within the networked DySA systems of the future. As the closing examples show, such systems are already appearing heralding new opportunities - and, to be sure, new challenges - for DySA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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55
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Abstract
The collective mobility of active matter (self-propelled objects that transduce energy into mechanical work to drive their motion, most commonly through fluids) constitutes a new frontier in science and achievable technology. This review surveys the current status of the research field, what kinds of new scientific problems can be tackled in the short term, and what long-term directions are envisioned. We focus on: (1) attempts to formulate design principles to tailor active particles; (2) attempts to design principles according to which active particles interact under circumstances where particle-particle interactions of traditional colloid science are augmented by a family of nonequilibrium effects discussed here; (3) attempts to design intended patterns of collective behavior and dynamic assembly; (4) speculative links to equilibrium thermodynamics. In each aspect, we assess achievements, limitations, and research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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56
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Belding L, Baytekin B, Baytekin HT, Rothemund P, Verma MS, Nemiroski A, Sameoto D, Grzybowski BA, Whitesides GM. Slit Tubes for Semisoft Pneumatic Actuators. Adv Mater 2018; 30. [PMID: 29334140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a new principle for designing soft or 'semisoft' pneumatic actuators: SLiT (for SLit-in-Tube) actuators. Inflating an elastomeric balloon, when enclosed by an external shell (a material with higher Young's modulus) containing slits of different directions and lengths, produces a variety of motions, including bending, twisting, contraction, and elongation. The requisite pressure for actuation depends on the length of the slits, and this dependence allows sequential actuation by controlling the applied pressure. Different actuators can also be controlled using external "sliders" that act as reprogrammable "on-off" switches. A pneumatic arm and a walker constructed from SLiT actuators demonstrate their ease of fabrication and the range of motions they can achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Belding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Bilge Baytekin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hasan Tarik Baytekin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Philipp Rothemund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mohit S Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dan Sameoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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57
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Bajczyk MD, Dittwald P, Wołos A, Szymkuć S, Grzybowski BA. Discovery and Enumeration of Organic-Chemical and Biomimetic Reaction Cycles within the Network of Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2367-2371. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał D. Bajczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wołos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry; UNIST; 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun Ulsan South Korea
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58
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Bajczyk MD, Dittwald P, Wołos A, Szymkuć S, Grzybowski BA. Discovery and Enumeration of Organic-Chemical and Biomimetic Reaction Cycles within the Network of Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał D. Bajczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wołos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry; UNIST; 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun Ulsan South Korea
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59
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Baytekin B, Cezan SD, Baytekin HT, Grzybowski BA. Artificial Heliotropism and Nyctinasty Based on Optomechanical Feedback and No Electronics. Soft Robot 2018; 5:93-98. [DOI: 10.1089/soro.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Baytekin
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM-Materials Science and Nanotechnology Institute, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S. Doruk Cezan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H. Tarık Baytekin
- UNAM-Materials Science and Nanotechnology Institute, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST, Ulsan, Korea
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60
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Yang Z, Wei J, Sobolev YI, Grzybowski BA. Systems of mechanized and reactive droplets powered by multi-responsive surfactants. Nature 2018; 553:313-318. [DOI: 10.1038/nature25137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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61
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Mazur T, Lach S, Grzybowski BA. Heterogeneous Catalysis "On Demand": Mechanically Controlled Catalytic Activity of a Metal Surface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:44264-44269. [PMID: 29178783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A metal surface passivated with a tightly packed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) can be made catalytically active upon the metal's mechanical deformation. This deformation renders the SAM sparser and exposes additional catalytic sites on the metal's surface. If the deformation is elastic, return of the metal to the original shape "heals" the SAM and nearly extinguishes the catalytic activity. Kelvin probe force microscopy and theoretical considerations both indicate that the catalytic domains "opening up" in the deformed SAM are of nanoscopic dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Mazur
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Slawomir Lach
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan, South Korea
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62
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Lee T, Gizynski K, Grzybowski BA. Non-Equilibrium Self-Assembly of Monocomponent and Multicomponent Tubular Structures in Rotating Fluids. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1704274. [PMID: 29112327 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When suspended in a denser rotating fluid, lighter particles experience a cylindrically symmetric confining potential that drives their crystallization into either monocomponent or unprecedented binary tubular packing. These assemblies form around the fluid's axis of rotation, can be dynamically interconverted (upon accelerating or decelerating the fluid), can exhibit preferred chirality, and can be made permanent by solidifying the fluid. The assembly can be extended to fluids forming multiple concentric interfaces or to systems of bubbles forming both ordered and "gradient" structures within curable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Lee
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Konrad Gizynski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
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63
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Park JH, Lach S, Polev K, Granick S, Grzybowski BA. Metal-Organic Framework "Swimmers" with Energy-Efficient Autonomous Motility. ACS Nano 2017; 11:10914-10923. [PMID: 29068658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Placed at a water/air interface, particles of porphyrin-based MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) cut from large-area films display efficient, multiple-use autonomous motility powered by release of solvents incorporated in the MOF matrix and directionality dictated by their shapes. The particles can be refueled multiple times and can achieve speeds of ca. 200 mm·s-1 with high kinetic energy per unit of chemical "fuel" expended (>50 μJ·g-1). Efficiency of motion depends on the nature of the fuel used as well as the microstructure and surface wettability of the MOF surface. When multiple movers are present at the interface, they organize into "open" structures that exhibit collective, time-periodic motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun H Park
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Slawomir Lach
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Konstantin Polev
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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64
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Jeong YK, Lee YM, Yun J, Mazur T, Kim M, Kim YJ, Dygas M, Choi SH, Kim KS, Kwon OH, Yoon SM, Grzybowski BA. Tunable Photoluminescence across the Visible Spectrum and Photocatalytic Activity of Mixed-Valence Rhenium Oxide Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15088-15093. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kwang Jeong
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Yun
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomasz Mazur
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Miroslaw Dygas
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Pohang
Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang S. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Min Yoon
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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65
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Abstract
Janus particles are colloidal particles with more than a single type of surface chemistry or composition, ranging in size from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers. Like traditional colloids, they are large enough to be observed under optical microscopy in real time and small enough to diffuse by Brownian motion, but their interesting and useful new properties of directional interaction bring new research opportunities to the fields of soft matter and fundamental materials research as well as to applications in other disciplines and in technologies such as electronic paper and other multiphase engineering. In this review, a variety of methods that have been used to synthesize Janus particles are introduced. Following this, we summarize the use of Janus particles as basic units that assemble into novel structures and tune important material properties. The concluding sections highlight some of the technological applications, including recent progress in using Janus particles as microprobes, micromotors, electronic paper, and solid surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST , Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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66
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Skoraczyński G, Dittwald P, Miasojedow B, Szymkuć S, Gajewska EP, Grzybowski BA, Gambin A. Predicting the outcomes of organic reactions via machine learning: are current descriptors sufficient? Sci Rep 2017; 7:3582. [PMID: 28620199 PMCID: PMC5472585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As machine learning/artificial intelligence algorithms are defeating chess masters and, most recently, GO champions, there is interest - and hope - that they will prove equally useful in assisting chemists in predicting outcomes of organic reactions. This paper demonstrates, however, that the applicability of machine learning to the problems of chemical reactivity over diverse types of chemistries remains limited - in particular, with the currently available chemical descriptors, fundamental mathematical theorems impose upper bounds on the accuracy with which raction yields and times can be predicted. Improving the performance of machine-learning methods calls for the development of fundamentally new chemical descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skoraczyński
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Dittwald
- DARPA Make-It Program & the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Miasojedow
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Szymkuć
- DARPA Make-It Program & the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E P Gajewska
- DARPA Make-It Program & the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B A Grzybowski
- DARPA Make-It Program & the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter of Korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - A Gambin
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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67
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Timonen JVI, Grzybowski BA. Tweezing of Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Objects with Magnetic Fields. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1603516. [PMID: 28198579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although strong magnetic fields cannot be conveniently "focused" like light, modern microfabrication techniques enable preparation of microstructures with which the field gradients - and resulting magnetic forces - can be localized to very small dimensions. This ability provides the foundation for magnetic tweezers which in their classical variant can address magnetic targets. More recently, the so-called negative magnetophoretic tweezers have also been developed which enable trapping and manipulations of completely nonmagnetic particles provided that they are suspended in a high-magnetic-susceptibility liquid. These two modes of magnetic tweezing are complimentary techniques tailorable for different types of applications. This Progress Report provides the theoretical basis for both modalities and illustrates their specific uses ranging from the manipulation of colloids in 2D and 3D, to trapping of living cells, control of cell function, experiments with single molecules, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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68
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Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Nanosystem: Programmed communication. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:291-292. [PMID: 28135263 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
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69
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Mazur T, Grzybowski BA. Theoretical basis for the stabilization of charges by radicals on electrified polymers. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2025-2032. [PMID: 28451320 PMCID: PMC5398273 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum mechanical calculations at various levels of theory indicate that charges (both "+" and "-") on organic polymers can be stabilized by radicals on nearby polymer chains. The stabilization mechanism is based on the formation of intermolecular odd-electron, two-center bonds with possible concomitant spin density redistribution (depending on the polymer and the number and type of proximal heteroatoms). This result is in line with our previous experimental demonstrations that on various types of polymers charged by contact electrification, radicals co-localize and help stabilize proximal charges (of either polarity). The principle of intramolecular charge-radical stabilization we now confirm on a fundamental level might have ramifications for the design of other macromolecular systems in which chemical reactivity is controlled by radicals flanking the charged groups or by charged groups flanking the radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Mazur
- Institute for Basic Science , IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , UNIST , Ulsan , 689-798 , Republic of Korea .
- Department of Chemistry , UNIST , Ulsan , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute for Basic Science , IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , UNIST , Ulsan , 689-798 , Republic of Korea .
- Department of Chemistry , UNIST , Ulsan , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
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70
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Timonen JVI, Raimondo C, Pilans D, Pillai PP, Grzybowski BA. Trapping, manipulation, and crystallization of live cells using magnetofluidic tweezers. Nanoscale Horiz 2017; 2:50-54. [PMID: 32260677 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Live mammalian cells are captured and manipulated in magnetofluidic traps created in a suspension of biocompatible, magnetic nanoparticles by a coaxial magnetic/non-magnetic "micropen". Upon activation by an external electromagnet, the pen creates microscale gradients of magnetic field and nanoparticle concentration that translate into directional and confining forces acting on the cells. Both individual cells and cell collections can be trapped by this method, allowing, for instance, for the formation of regularly shaped cell assemblies. The method does not entail any local heating artifacts and does not require magnetic tagging of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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71
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Min Yoon
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry, UNIST Ulsan South Korea
| | - Jun Heuk Park
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry, UNIST Ulsan South Korea
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry, UNIST Ulsan South Korea
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72
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Yoon SM, Park JH, Grzybowski BA. Large-Area, Freestanding MOF Films of Planar, Curvilinear, or Micropatterned Topographies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:127-132. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Min Yoon
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and; Department of Chemistry, UNIST; Ulsan South Korea
| | - Jun Heuk Park
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and; Department of Chemistry, UNIST; Ulsan South Korea
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and; Department of Chemistry, UNIST; Ulsan South Korea
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73
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Abstract
For some decades now, nanotechnology has been touted as the 'next big thing' with potential impact comparable to the steam, electricity or Internet revolutions - but has it lived up to these expectations? While advances in top-down nanolithography, now reaching 10-nm resolution, have resulted in devices that are rapidly approaching mass production, attempts to produce nanoscale devices using bottom-up approaches have met with only limited success. We have been inundated with nanoparticles of almost any shape, material and composition, but their societal impact has been far from revolutionary, with growing concerns over their toxicity. Despite nebulous hopes that making hierarchical nanomaterials will lead to new, emergent properties, no breakthrough applications seem imminent. In this Perspective, we argue that the time is ripe to look beyond individual nano-objects and their static assemblies, and instead focus on systems comprising different types of 'nanoparts' interacting and/or communicating with one another to perform desired functions. Such systems are interesting for a variety of reasons: they can act autonomously without external electrical or optical connections, can be dynamic and reconfigurable, and can act as 'nanomachines' by directing the flow of mass, energy or information . In thinking how this systems nanoscience approach could be implemented to design useful - as opposed to toy-model - nanosystems, our choice of applications and our nanoengineering should be inspired by living matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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74
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Yan Y, Warren SC, Fuller P, Grzybowski BA. Chemoelectronic circuits based on metal nanoparticles. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:603-8. [PMID: 26974958 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To develop electronic devices with novel functionalities and applications, various non-silicon-based materials are currently being explored. Nanoparticles have unique characteristics due to their small size, which can impart functions that are distinct from those of their bulk counterparts. The use of semiconductor nanoparticles has already led to improvements in the efficiency of solar cells, the processability of transistors and the sensitivity of photodetectors, and the optical and catalytic properties of metal nanoparticles have led to similar advances in plasmonics and energy conversion. However, metals screen electric fields and this has, so far, prevented their use in the design of all-metal nanoparticle circuitry. Here, we show that simple electronic circuits can be made exclusively from metal nanoparticles functionalized with charged organic ligands. In these materials, electronic currents are controlled by the ionic gradients of mobile counterions surrounding the 'jammed' nanoparticles. The nanoparticle-based electronic elements of the circuitry can be interfaced with metal nanoparticles capable of sensing various environmental changes (humidity, gas, the presence of various cations), creating electronic devices in which metal nanoparticles sense, process and ultimately report chemical signals. Because the constituent nanoparticles combine electronic and chemical sensing functions, we term these systems 'chemoelectronic'. The circuits have switching times comparable to those of polymer electronics, selectively transduce parts-per-trillion chemical changes into electrical signals, perform logic operations, consume little power (on the scale of microwatts), and are mechanically flexible. They are also 'green', in the sense that they comprise non-toxic nanoparticles cast at room temperature from alcohol solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Scott C Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3216, USA
| | | | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
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75
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Pillai PP, Kowalczyk B, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Borkowska M, Grzybowski BA. Engineering Gram Selectivity of Mixed-Charge Gold Nanoparticles by Tuning the Balance of Surface Charges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8610-4. [PMID: 27253138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles covered with ligand shells comprising both positively and negatively charged ligands exhibit Gram-selective antibacterial action controlled by a single experimental parameter, namely the proportion of [+] and [-] ligands tethered onto these particles. Gram selectivity is attributed to the interplay between polyvalent electrostatic and non-covalent interactions that work in unison to disrupt the bacterial cell wall. The [+/-] nanoparticles are effective in low doses, are non-toxic to mammalian cells, and are tolerated well in mice. These results constitute the first example of rational engineering of Gram selectivity at the (macro)molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod P Pillai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Bartlomiej Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kristiana Kandere-Grzybowska
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Magdalena Borkowska
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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76
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Pillai PP, Kowalczyk B, Kandere‐Grzybowska K, Borkowska M, Grzybowski BA. Engineering Gram Selectivity of Mixed‐Charge Gold Nanoparticles by Tuning the Balance of Surface Charges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod P. Pillai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
| | - Bartlomiej Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Kristiana Kandere‐Grzybowska
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan South Korea
| | - Magdalena Borkowska
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan South Korea
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan South Korea
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77
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Timonen JVI, Demirörs AF, Grzybowski BA. Magnetofluidic Tweezing of Nonmagnetic Colloids. Adv Mater 2016; 28:3453-3459. [PMID: 26990182 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetofluidic tweezing based on negative magnetophoresis and microfabricated core-shell magnetic microtips allows controlled on-demand assembly of colloids and microparticles into various static and dynamic structures such as colloidal crystals (as shown for 3.2 μm silica particles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko V I Timonen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineeringand Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
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78
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Szymkuć S, Gajewska EP, Klucznik T, Molga K, Dittwald P, Startek M, Bajczyk M, Grzybowski BA. Computer-Assisted Synthetic Planning: The End of the Beginning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5904-37. [PMID: 27062365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exactly half a century has passed since the launch of the first documented research project (1965 Dendral) on computer-assisted organic synthesis. Many more programs were created in the 1970s and 1980s but the enthusiasm of these pioneering days had largely dissipated by the 2000s, and the challenge of teaching the computer how to plan organic syntheses earned itself the reputation of a "mission impossible". This is quite curious given that, in the meantime, computers have "learned" many other skills that had been considered exclusive domains of human intellect and creativity-for example, machines can nowadays play chess better than human world champions and they can compose classical music pleasant to the human ear. Although there have been no similar feats in organic synthesis, this Review argues that to concede defeat would be premature. Indeed, bringing together the combination of modern computational power and algorithms from graph/network theory, chemical rules (with full stereo- and regiochemistry) coded in appropriate formats, and the elements of quantum mechanics, the machine can finally be "taught" how to plan syntheses of non-trivial organic molecules in a matter of seconds to minutes. The Review begins with an overview of some basic theoretical concepts essential for the big-data analysis of chemical syntheses. It progresses to the problem of optimizing pathways involving known reactions. It culminates with discussion of algorithms that allow for a completely de novo and fully automated design of syntheses leading to relatively complex targets, including those that have not been made before. Of course, there are still things to be improved, but computers are finally becoming relevant and helpful to the practice of organic-synthetic planning. Paraphrasing Churchill's famous words after the Allies' first major victory over the Axis forces in Africa, it is not the end, it is not even the beginning of the end, but it is the end of the beginning for the computer-assisted synthesis planning. The machine is here to stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Ewa P Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klucznik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Michał Startek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Bajczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland. , .,Center for Soft and Living Matter of Korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, South Korea. ,
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79
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Szymkuć S, Gajewska EP, Klucznik T, Molga K, Dittwald P, Startek M, Bajczyk M, Grzybowski BA. Computergestützte Syntheseplanung: Das Ende vom Anfang. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Ewa P. Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Tomasz Klucznik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Michał Startek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics University of Warsaw Banacha 2 02-097 Warszawa Poland
| | - Michał Bajczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
- Center for Soft and Living Matter of Korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun Ulsan Südkorea
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80
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Abstract
Like-charged nanoparticles, NPs, can assemble in water into large, faceted crystals, each made of several million particles. These NPs are functionalized with mixed monolayers comprising ligands terminating in carboxylic acid group ligands as well as positively charged quaternary ammonium ligands. The latter groups give rise to electrostatic interparticle repulsions which partly offset the hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acids. It is the balance between these two interactions that ultimately enables self-assembly. Depending on the pH, the particles can crystallize, form aggregates, remain unaggregated or even - in mixtures of two particle types - can "choose" whether to crystallize with like-charged or oppositely charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod P Pillai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, USA and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Bartlomiej Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, USA and 3M Purification Inc., 400 Research Parkway, Meriden, CT 064503, USA.
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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81
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Abstract
Droplets subject to non-equilibrium conditions can exhibit a range of biomimetic and “intelligent” behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Lach
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, and Department of Chemistry
- UNIST
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Min Yoon
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, and Department of Chemistry
- UNIST
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, and Department of Chemistry
- UNIST
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
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82
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Emami FS, Vahid A, Wylie EK, Szymkuć S, Dittwald P, Molga K, Grzybowski BA. A Priori Estimation of Organic Reaction Yields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme S. Emami
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University (USA)
| | - Amir Vahid
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University (USA)
| | - Elizabeth K. Wylie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University (USA)
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
- Department of Chemistry and the IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, Ulsan (South Korea)
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84
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Han S, Warren SC, Yoon SM, Malliakas CD, Hou X, Wei Y, Kanatzidis MG, Grzybowski BA. Tunneling Electrical Connection to the Interior of Metal–Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8169-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott C. Warren
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Seok Min Yoon
- IBS
Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- IBS
Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
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85
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Abstract
Chemical oscillations are studied using a continuous-flow microfluidic system transforming the time domain of chemical oscillators into a spatial domain. This system allows one (i) to monitor the dynamics of chemical oscillators with the accuracy of vigorously stirred batch reactors but with the ease and speed of CSTRs and (ii) to rapidly screen the phase space of chemical oscillators in just one experiment versus a traditional series of batch measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Hermans
- †Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter S Stewart
- ‡School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, 15 University Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QW, United Kingdom
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- †Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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86
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Baytekin HT, Baytekin B, Huda S, Yavuz Z, Grzybowski BA. Mechanochemical Activation and Patterning of an Adhesive Surface toward Nanoparticle Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1726-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507983x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Tarik Baytekin
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- UNAM-Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Baytekin
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- UNAM-Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department
of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sabil Huda
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zelal Yavuz
- UNAM-Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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87
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Hermans TM, Bishop KJM, Stewart PS, Davis SH, Grzybowski BA. Vortex flows impart chirality-specific lift forces. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5640. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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88
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Peter B, Kurunczi S, Patko D, Lagzi I, Kowalczyk B, Rácz Z, Grzybowski BA, Horvath R. Label-free in situ optical monitoring of the adsorption of oppositely charged metal nanoparticles. Langmuir 2014; 30:13478-13482. [PMID: 25361404 DOI: 10.1021/la5029405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of alternating deposition of oppositely charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was investigated by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS). OWLS allows monitoring of the kinetics of layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption of positively and negatively charged nanoparticles in real time without using any labels so that the dynamics of layer formation can be revealed. Positively charged NPs that are already deposited on a negatively charged glass substrate strongly facilitate the adsorption of the negatively charged particles. The morphology of the adsorbed layer was also investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM revealed that the interaction between oppositely charged particles results in the formation of NP clusters with sizes varying between 100 and 6000 NPs. The cluster size distribution is found to be an exponentially decaying function, and we propose a simple theory to explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Peter
- Doctoral School of Molecular- and Nanotechnology, University of Pannonia , H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
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89
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Yan Y, Timonen JVI, Grzybowski BA. A long-lasting concentration cell based on a magnetic electrolyte. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:901-906. [PMID: 25262332 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A concentration cell is composed of two equivalent half-cells made of the same material but differing in the concentration of reactants. As these concentrations equilibrate, the increase in entropy is converted into a flow of electricity with the voltage output determined by the Nernst equation and proportional to the logarithm of the concentration ratios. However, as diffusion constantly strives to erase all concentration gradients, concentration cells produce only moderate voltages (typically tens of millivolts at room temperature) over relatively short times and, consequently, such devices have not been regarded as promising for energy storage. Here, we report a concentration cell that produces significantly higher voltages (∼ 0.5 V) for over 100 h. The key to our design is that the citric acid molecules involved in the electrode reactions are tethered onto magnetic nanoparticles, and a sharp gradient (10(7)-10(11) anode/cathode concentration ratio) is maintained at one of the electrodes by a permanent magnet external to the cell. Our cell does not result in corrosion of the electrodes, produces no harmful by-products, and can be regenerated by recoating used nanoparticles with fresh citric acid. We show that a series of such centimetre-sized cells produces enough electricity to power small electronic devices (timers and calculators) for several tens of hours. Our results illustrate how redox-active molecules that are, in themselves, non-magnetic can be effectively concentrated by magnetic fields to produce electrical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- 1] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- 1] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- 1] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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90
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Huda S, Pilans D, Makurath M, Hermans T, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Microfabricated Systems and Assays for Studying the Cytoskeletal Organization, Micromechanics, and Motility Patterns of Cancerous Cells. Adv Mater Interfaces 2014; 1:1400158. [PMID: 26900544 PMCID: PMC4757490 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201400158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell motions are driven by coordinated actions of the intracellular cytoskeleton - actin, microtubules (MTs) and substrate/focal adhesions (FAs). This coordination is altered in metastatic cancer cells resulting in deregulated and increased cellular motility. Microfabrication tools, including photolithography, micromolding, microcontact printing, wet stamping and microfluidic devices have emerged as a powerful set of experimental tools with which to probe and define the differences in cytoskeleton organization/dynamics and cell motility patterns in non-metastatic and metastatic cancer cells. In this review, we discuss four categories of microfabricated systems: (i) micropatterned substrates for studying of cell motility sub-processes (for example, MT targeting of FAs or cell polarization); (ii) systems for studying cell mechanical properties, (iii) systems for probing overall cell motility patterns within challenging geometric confines relevant to metastasis (for example, linear and ratchet geometries), and (iv) microfluidic devices that incorporate co-cultures of multiple cells types and chemical gradients to mimic in vivo intravasation/extravasation steps of metastasis. Together, these systems allow for creating controlled microenvironments that not only mimic complex soft tissues, but are also compatible with live cell high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of single cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabil Huda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Didzis Pilans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Monika Makurath
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Hermans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kristiana Kandere-Grzybowska
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
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91
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Yan Y, Pillai PP, Timonen JVI, Emami FS, Vahid A, Grzybowski BA. Synthesis of toroidal gold nanoparticles assisted by soft templates. Langmuir 2014; 30:9886-9890. [PMID: 25089938 DOI: 10.1021/la5020913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A three-component system comprising surfactant molecules and molecularly cross-linked metal centers assembles into nanoring structures. The thickness of the nanorings is determined by the dimensions of the surfactant bilayer while the dimensions of the ring opening depend on and can be regulated by the concentrations of the participating species. Once formed, these organic-inorganic hybrids can be transformed, by air plasma treatment, into all-metal nanorings exhibiting strong adsorption in the near IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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92
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Cadeddu A, Wylie EK, Jurczak J, Wampler-Doty M, Grzybowski BA. Organic Chemistry as a Language and the Implications of Chemical Linguistics for Structural and Retrosynthetic Analyses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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93
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Cadeddu A, Wylie EK, Jurczak J, Wampler-Doty M, Grzybowski BA. Organic chemistry as a language and the implications of chemical linguistics for structural and retrosynthetic analyses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8108-12. [PMID: 25044611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Methods of computational linguistics are used to demonstrate that a natural language such as English and organic chemistry have the same structure in terms of the frequency of, respectively, text fragments and molecular fragments. This quantitative correspondence suggests that it is possible to extend the methods of computational corpus linguistics to the analysis of organic molecules. It is shown that within organic molecules bonds that have highest information content are the ones that 1) define repeat/symmetry subunits and 2) in asymmetric molecules, define the loci of potential retrosynthetic disconnections. Linguistics-based analysis appears well-suited to the analysis of complex structural and reactivity patterns within organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cadeddu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208 (USA) http://dysa.northwestern.edu
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94
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95
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Baytekin B, Baytekin HT, Grzybowski BA. Mechanically Driven Activation of Polyaniline into Its Conductive Form. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6946-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201311313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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96
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Zhuang Q, Walker DA, Browne KP, Kowalczyk B, Beniah G, Grzybowski BA. Temperature driven assembly of like-charged nanoparticles at non-planar liquid-liquid or gel-air interfaces. Nanoscale 2014; 6:4475-4479. [PMID: 24488254 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with 2-fluoro-4-mercaptophenol (FMP) ligands form densely packed NP films at liquid-liquid interfaces, including surfaces of liquid droplets. The process is driven by a gradual lowering of temperature that changes the solution's pH, altering both the energy of interfacial adsorption for NPs traveling from solution to the interface as well as the balance between electrostatic and vdW interactions between these particles. Remarkably, the system shows hysteresis in the sense that the films remain stable when the temperature is increased back to the initial value. The same phenomena apply to gel-air interfaces, enabling patterning of these wet materials with durable NP films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhuang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P.R. China
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97
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Wilk G, Iwasa M, Fuller PE, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Universal area distributions in the monolayers of confluent mammalian cells. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:138104. [PMID: 24745461 PMCID: PMC4113185 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.138104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
When mammalian cells form confluent monolayers completely filling a plane, these apparently random "tilings" show regularity in the statistics of cell areas for various types of epithelial and endothelial cells. The observed distributions are reproduced by a model which accounts for cell growth and division, with the latter treated stochastically both in terms of the sizes of the dividing cells as well as the sizes of the "newborn" ones--remarkably, the modeled and experimental distributions fit well when all free parameters are estimated directly from experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wilk
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Masatomo Iwasa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Patrick E. Fuller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kristiana Kandere-Grzybowska
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Correspondence to: B.A.G. at , Phone: 1-847-491-3024
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98
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Yoon SM, Warren SC, Grzybowski BA. Storage of Electrical Information in Metal-Organic-Framework Memristors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4437-41. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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99
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100
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Zhang R, Walker DA, Grzybowski BA, Olvera de la Cruz M. Back Cover: Accelerated Self-Replication under Non-Equilibrium, Periodic Energy Delivery (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1/2014). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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