Intradermal Low-Fat Spindle Cell Lipoma: A Case Report

Spindle cell lipoma is a rare benign neoplasm that features a mixture of evenly aligned spindle cells, mature adipocytes, and ropey collagen. Most cases of spindle cell lipoma are found in the subcutaneous tissue, and intradermal spindle cell lipoma is rarely reported. We present a case of intradermal spindle cell lipoma in a 46-year-old female who presented with a 0.7-cm flesh-colored and dome-shaped nodule on the right temple that had developed 6 years ago. This mass was excised, and upon histopathologic examination, an unencapsulated lesion was located in the dermis, which consisted of bland spindle cells, scanty mature adipocytes, rare lipoblasts, and ropey collagen bundles with prominent basophilic myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemical staining showed diffuse positivity for CD34, negativity for the S-100 protein, and loss of retinoblastoma protein expression. Based on these features, intradermal low-fat spindle cell lipoma was diagnosed. No evidence of local recurrence was observed 4 months after excision. Intradermal low-fat spindle cell lipomas are extremely rare and can easily be mistaken for tumors that have similar clinical and histopathological findings. Herein, we report a globally rare case of an intradermal low-fat spindle cell lipoma.

Superficial CD34-Positive Fibroblastic Tumor: Two Case Reports

Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor (SCPFT) is a recently described disease entity characterized by marked nuclear pleomorphism, low mitotic count, and diffuse CD34 positivity. It is a rare, distinctive, low-grade fibroblastic neoplasm. To date, only 44 cases have been reported in the English-language literature. Herein, we report two cases of SCPFT involving a 48-year-old male and a 22-year-old male with superficial tumors on the right and left thighs, respectively. Excision was performed in both cases. Histologically, both tumors showed spindle-to-epithelioid cells arranged in fascicular or sheet-like patterns. Most cells displayed granular or eosinophilic glassy cytoplasm, marked nuclear pleomorphism, and a low mitotic rate. On immunohistochemical staining, tumor cells were diffusely positive for CD34 and negative for S100 protein, smooth muscle actin, and desmin. After wide excision, neither patient experienced recurrence or metastasis after 16 months and 11 months of clinical follow-up, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first two cases of SCPFT reported in Korea. We believe these case reports would contribute to the clinicopathological understanding of SCPFT and assist clinicians in differentiating this tumor from other superficial soft tissue neoplasms.

A parasitological study on the possible toilet ruins of the Japanese colonial period in Korea

In the past decade, experts have conducted parasitological research on archaeological specimens in Korea to collect historical parasite infection data. In these studies, parasitologists successfully described the infection pattern of each parasite species in history. However, in the first half of the 20th century, archaeoparasitological reports have been scant. In 2021, we conducted a parasitological examination of a toilet-like structure that emerged in the early 20th century. This structure was built by stacking 2 wooden barrels; and in the study samples, we found ancient Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides (unfertilized), and Taenia spp. eggs and therefore proposed a higher possibility that the barrels could have been used as a toilet at the time. To understand how the antihelminthic campaign since the 1960s helped reduce parasite infection rates in Korea, more research should focus on early-20th-century toilet ruins.

Revealing Joseon period People's single nucleotide polymorphism associated with lactase gene by ancient DNA analysis of human remains from archaeological sites in Korea

Lactase non-persistence (LNP), one of the causes of lactose intolerance, is related to lactase gene associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Since the frequency of LNP varies by ethnic group and country, the research to reveal the presence or absence of LNP for specific people has been conducted worldwide. However, in East Asia, the study of lactase gene associated SNPs have not been sufficiently examined so far using ancient human specimens from archaeological sites. In our study of Joseon period human remains (n=14), we successfully revealed genetic information of lactase gene associated SNPs (rs1679771596, rs41525747, rs4988236, rs4988235, rs41380347, rs869051967, rs145946881 and rs182549), further confirming that as for eight SNPs, the pre-modern Korean people had a lactase non-persistent genotype. Our report contributes to the establishment of LNP associated SNP analysis technique that can be useful in forthcoming studies on human bones and mummy samples from East Asian archaeological sites.

Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of sessile serrated lesions with dysplasia/carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Some sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) progress into dysplasia and colorectal cancer, however, the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of SSLs with dysplasia remain to be determined. In this study, we elucidated these characteristics in SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma, compared with those of SSLs without dysplasia.

METHODS

We retrospectively collected the clinical, endoscopic, and pathological data of 254 SSLs from 216 patients endoscopically resected between January 2009 and December 2020.

RESULTS

All SSLs included 179 without dysplasia and 75 with dysplasia/carcinoma, including 55 with low-grade dysplasia, 10 with high-grade dysplasia, and 10 with submucosal cancer. In clinical characteristics, SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma were significantly associated with advanced age, metabolic diseases, and high-risk adenomas. In endoscopic characteristics, SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma were significantly associated with the distal colon, large size, polypoid morphology, surface-changes, no mucus cap, and narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic classification (NICE) type 2/3. In the multivariate analysis, high-risk adenomas (odds ratio [OR], 2.98; p = 0.01), large size (OR, 1.18; p < 0.01), depression (OR, 11.74; p = 0.03), and NICE type 2/3 (OR, 14.97; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

SSLs had a higher risk of dysplasia in the distal colon than in the proximal colon. SSLs with large size, depression, and adenomatous surface-patterns, as well as those in patients with high-risk adenomas, increased the risk of dysplasia/ carcinoma. This suggests that the clinical and endoscopic characteristics can aid in the diagnosis and management of SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma.

B7-H3 expression is associated with high PD-L1 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and predicts poor prognosis

BACKGROUND

Clear cell Renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an immunogenic tumor. B7 family members, such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1, are the main components of immune checkpoints that regulate various immune responses. Specifically, B7-H3 regulates T cell-mediated immune responses against cancer. This study aimed to analyze the association between B7-H3 and CTLA-4 expression and the prognostic factors of ccRCC to provide a basis for their potential use as predictive factors and in immunotherapy.

METHODS

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were obtained from 244 ccRCC patients, and B7-H3, CTLA-4, and PD-L1 expressions were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

B7-H3 and CTLA-4 were positive in 73 (29.9%) and 57 (23.4%) of the 244 patients, respectively. B7-H3 expression was significantly associated with PD-L1 expression (P <  0.0001); however, CTLA-4 expression was not (P = 0.842). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that positive B7-H3 expression was associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) (P <  0.0001), whereas CTLA-4 expression was not (P = 0.457). Multivariate analysis revealed that B7-H3 was correlated with poor PFS (P = 0.031), whereas CTLA-4 was not (P = 0.173).

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression and survival in ccRCC. B7-H3 expression is an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC. Furthermore, multiple immune cell inhibitory targets, such as B7-H3 and PD-L1, can be used for therapeutic tumor regression in a clinical setting.

Histological subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma: Their clinical and prognostic significance

Assigning a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to an appropriate subtype is important because this guarantees the diagnosis and treatment and allows decisions regarding the prognosis of the patient. HCC subtyping is usually based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and the 2019 fifth edition is the latest version. However, the WHO classification system is still in evolution and has limited clinical relevance. We aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of HCC subtyping and to reappraise some of the major subtypes of HCC. Our archived cases (n = 589) were reclassified according to the 2019 WHO system. The percentage of each subtype was mostly similar to that in the WHO classification. However, on the contrary to the 2019 WHO system, clear cell type HCC was associated with more frequent recurrence or metastasis. Meanwhile, macrotrabecular massive HCC was related to poor prognosis as demonstrated in the 2019 WHO system and should be described in the pathology report. For steatohepatitic HCC, there is a debate on whether it is a true subtype because the steatohepatitis morphology may or may not be present in the background liver. In our study, 44 % of steatohepatitic HCCs (n = 19/43) presented underlying steatohepatitis. Additionally, the background cirrhosis did not influence survival in the HCC patients, although the 2019 WHO system indicates the presence of cirrhosis as a poor prognostic factor. In conclusion, although it is not perfect yet, HCC subtyping based on the 2019 WHO system provides valuable information to manage patients with HCC.

Effect of adenosine-1 receptor activation on pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal from mouse colon

Adenosine plays an important role on gastrointestinal (GI) motility through adenosine receptors. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are pacemaker cells that regulate GI smooth muscle activity. The functional role and its signal mechanism of adenosine on the pacemaker activity were investigated using whole-cell patch clamp, RT-PCR, and intracellular Ca2+-imaging with ICC from mouse colon. Adenosine depolarized the membrane potentials and increased the pacemaker potential frequency, which was blocked by a selective A1-receptor antagonist, but not A2a-, A2b, or A3-receptor antagonist. A selective A1 receptor agonist represented similar effects as those of adenosine and mRNA transcript of A1-receptor was expressed in ICC. The adenosine-induced effects were blocked by phospholipase C (PLC) and a Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor. Adenosine increased spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ oscillations, as seen fluo4/AM. Both hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channel inhibitors and adenylate cyclase inhibitors blocked the adenosine-induced effects. And adenosine increased the basal cellular adenylate cyclase activity in colonic ICC. However, adenosine and adenylate cyclase inhibitors did not show any influence on pacemaker activity in small intestinal ICC for a comparison with that of the small intestine. These results suggest adenosine modulates the pacemaker potentials by acting HCN channels- and intracellular Ca2+- dependent mechanisms through A1-receptor. Therefore, adenosine may be a therapeutic target in colonic motility disorders.

Updates on parasite infection prevalence in the Joseon period based on parasitological studies of human coprolites isolated from archaeological sites in the cities of Euijeongbu, Gumi, and Wonju

Parasite infection rates estimated by examining ancient coprolites can provide insights into parasitism in Joseon society. Using newly discovered Joseon period cases is essential to regularly update the parasite infection rates and reinforce the reliability of our previous estimations. In the present study, we investigated parasite infections in Joseon coprolites newly isolated from the cities of Euijeongbu, Gumi, and Wonju. We then updated the overall parasite infection rates of Joseon period samples (<i>n</i>= 30) as follows: 86.7% (26/30) for <i>Trichuris trichiura</i>, 56.7% (17/30) for <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i>, 30.0% (9/30) for <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i>, and 30.0% (9/30) for <i>Paragonimus westermani</i>. The parasite infection rates in the Joseon society, estimated through coprolite examination, were very similar to those determined previously despite the addition of new cases to the existing data pool.

Stability and safety of transbronchial dye mixture for preoperative localization in a porcine model

OBJECTIVE

For thoracoscopy, the usefulness of a dye mixture of indigo carmine and Lipiodol for localizing lung lesions has been reported. However, little is known about the stability and safety of this dye mixture injected on the visceral pleura through a bronchoscope.

METHODS

Porcine models were divided into three groups according to the detection time of the dye mixture: group A with a detection time of 4 h; group B, 8 h; and group C, 24 h. A dye mixture of indigo carmine and Lipiodol (0.5 mL each) was sprayed onto the visceral pleura both in the ventral and dorsal regions via a spray catheter.

RESULTS

Twelve markings were created on the visceral pleura of the porcine lung (six ventral and six dorsal) in the six porcine models. At predetermined detection times, all 12 dye markings (100%) were visible on the visceral pleura. The mean longest diameter of the dye marking in the ventral and dorsal regions was 18.8 mm and 24.3 mm, respectively. In groups B and C, pathological changes in the lymphatic system, such as lymphatic dilatations, were found; minimal changes were found in group B, however, these changes with oval-shaped lymphatic cysts and Lipiodol accumulation, were more evident in group C.

CONCLUSIONS

The dye mixture of indigo carmine and Lipiodol had reliable stability and visibility. In terms of safety, it may be necessary to check the dye mixture on the lung surface within 8 h.

The stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, cancer stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and B7-H4 expression in ovarian serous carcinoma

BACKGROUND

B7-H4 is expressed in various types of cancers and its expression inversely correlates with the degree of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Studies have shown the relationship between B7-H4, cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various cancers. However, very few studies have investigated the relationship between B7-H4, TILs, cancer stemness, and EMT in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The present study aimed to elucidate whether B7-H4 is involved in immune evasion and examine whether B7-H4 is associated with cancer stemness or EMT in ovarian serous carcinoma, the most common type of EOC. The clinical significance of B7-H4 was also investigated to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target.

METHODS

A total of 145 patients included in this study. The degree of stromal TILs was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides. Immunohistochemical analysis of B7-H4, CSC-related biomarkers (CD24, CD44s, CD133, and ALDH1), and EMT-related biomarkers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin) was performed using tissue microarray. qRT-PCR for VTCN1, CD24, CD44, PROM1, ALDH1, CDH1, CDH2, and VIM genes was performed on 38 frozen tissue samples. The mRNA expression levels were analyzed using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) online analysis tool.

RESULTS

B7-H4 protein expression positively correlated with the degree of stromal TILs. CD24, CD44s, and CD133 expression showed a positive correlation with B7-H4 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels, but ALDH1 correlated only at the protein level. E-cadherin expression was positively correlated with B7-H4 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels. N-cadherin and vimentin expression was inversely related to B7-H4 expression only at the mRNA level. B7-H4 positive patients were associated with higher tumor grade and lower overall survival rate than B7-H4 negative patients, especially in ovarian serous carcinoma with low stromal TILs.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrates that B7-H4 may not be involved in the immune evasion mechanism, but is involved in cancer stemness and mesenchymal-epithelial transition. In addition, B7-H4 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian serous carcinoma, especially with low stromal TILs.

DNA Extracted from Cytologic Slides Is a Valuable Source for PCR-Based Molecular Tests

INTRODUCTION

DNA extracted from cytologic samples is occasionally used for various molecular tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA extracted from differently prepared cytologic slides that can be used for PCR-based molecular tests.

METHODS

For each 23 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma or colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues, six touch-imprinted cytological slides were prepared (group 1∼3), and remnant tissues were blocked for FFPE tissue (group 4). Cytologic slides were grouped by preparation methods: air-dried slides (group 1), fixed slides (group 2), and stained slides (group 3). Fixed slides were classified as 95% ethanol fixed (group 2A) and CytoRich Red Preservative solution fixed (group 2B). Stained slides were divided in 3 ways: Giemsa, Pap, and H&amp;E stained (group 3A, 3B, and 3C, respectively). DNA extracted from each group was evaluated for concentration, 260/280 ratio, DNA Integrity Number (DIN) value, and mutation.

RESULTS

DNA concentration was highest in group 1 and lowest in group 2B. DIN value was highest in group 2A and lowest in group 2B. A mutation of BRAF or KRAS genes was detected in 18 FFPE tissue samples. Matched DNA extracts from groups 1, 2A, and 3 produced results consistent with FFPE tissue results, while mutation testing was successful for only four samples of DNA from group 2B.

CONCLUSION

The mutation tests worked well for most samples except CytoRich Red Preservative-fixed slides. This study indicates that stained and unstained cytologic slides are a suitable source of PCR-based molecular tests as long as they are fixed in ethanol or stored for a short time in an air-dried condition.

Revisiting diaphragmatic hernia of Joseon period Korean mummy by three-dimensional liver and heart segmentation and model reconstruction

A three-dimensional (3D) segmentation and model reconstruction is a specialized tool to reveal spatial interrelationship between multiple internal organs by generating images without overlapping structures. This technique can also be applicable to mummy studies, but related reports have so far been very rare. In this study, we applied 3D segmentation and model reconstruction to computed tomography images of a Korean mummy with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. As originally revealed by the autopsy in 2013, the current 3D reconstruction reveals that the mummy's heart is shifted to the left due to the liver pushing up to thoracic cavity thorough diaphragmatic hernial defect. We can generate 3D images by calling up the data exclusively from mummy's target organs, thus minimizing the confusion of diagnosis that could be caused by overlapping organs.

A portrait drawing of the 17th century Korean scholar based on craniofacial reconstruction

As a technique mainly hiring in forensic investigation field to identify the descents, craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) is also used in archaeology to create the faces from ancient or medieval human remains, when there is little information about his/her appearance. Eung-Cheok Ko (1531-1605) was a writer and scholar in the mid Joseon period. In January of 2019, His mummified body was found at Gumi, Kyeonsangbuk-do, Korea. The remains were anthropologically examined, and archaeological CFR was also requested for this case. This report reveals the case's facial reconstruction process and his portrait that is drawn based on the 3-dimensional CFR result.

Factors associated with functional disability in patients with acute stroke excluded from alteplase administration due to minor non-disabling neurological deficits

Background

Although the PRISMS study did not demonstrate the benefit of intravenous alteplase administration in patients with mild stroke within 3 h, about 30% of patients presenting with mild symptoms showed unfavorable functional outcomes. We investigated the factors predictive of functional disability at 90 days in patients who were excluded from alteplase administration due to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores of 0-5 and a score between 0 and 2 for each NIHSS score item.

Methods

All patients were diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack within 4.5 h of admission to a tertiary hospital and did not receive alteplase due to a minor stroke between January 2013 and December 2020. Radiological data and clinical information were collected, including baseline and discharge NIHSS scores and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 90 days. Early neurological deterioration (END) was defined as an increase of two or more NIHSS scores. We defined moderate motor weakness as a NIHSS limb motor score of more than 3 and defined a favorable outcome as a mRS score at 90 days that was 0 or 1.

Results

During the investigation period, 400 patients did not receive alteplase. END occurred significantly more frequently in patients with large artery disease (LAD) than in those with other TOAST classifications. In the multivariate regression analysis, NIHSS per 1-point increase, presenting as moderate motor weakness, and LAD were independent predictors of poor functional outcome (OR, 1.811 NIHSS per 1-point increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.503-2.182; P < 0.0001; OR, 2.173 moderate motor weakness; 95% CI 1.028-4.595; P = 0.042; OR, 2.033 LAD; 95% CI 1.099-3.762; P = 0.024, respectively).

Conclusion

Moderate motor weakness presentation and LAD may be important factors associated with poor functional outcomes in patients with acute stroke excluded from alteplase administration due to mild symptoms.

1781. Antibiotic Prescription Trends of Patients with COVID-19: Analysis of National Health Insurance Data in Republic of Korea

Background

Although COVID-19 is a viral infection, it is known that antibiotics are often prescribed due to concerns about combined bacterial infection. Therefore, we aimed to analyze how many patients with COVID-19 received the antibiotic prescription as well as what kinds of factors contributed to it using the National Health Insurance database.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed claims data for adults 19 years of age and older hospitalized for COVID-19 from December 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020. According to severity classification of the National Institutes of Health guidelines, we calculated not only the proportion of patients receiving antibiotics but also days of treatment per 1000 patient days. In addition, we investigated the factors contributing to antibiotic use by linear regression analysis.

Results

Of the 55,228 patients, 47% were male, 55% were older than 50 years of age, and most patients (89%) had no underlying diseases. The majority (84%, 46,576) were classified as having mild to moderate illness, with 11% (6,168) and 5% (2,484) having severe and critical, respectively. Antibiotics were prescribed in a total of 27% (15,081). While 74% of patients with severe illness and 88% of those with critical illness received antibiotic treatment, even 18% of mild to moderate cases were prescribed antibiotics. Fluoroquinolones were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics (8,348), followed by third generation cephalosporins (5,729) and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors (3,822) as shown in Figure 1. Older age, severity of disease and underlying medical conditions contributed to overall prescription rates as well as days of antibiotic use significantly (Table 1).

Conclusion

Although most of COVID-19 patients had mild to moderate illness, more than a quarter were prescribed antibiotics. Judicious use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is necessary for COVID-19 patients, considering the severity of disease and the risk of bacterial co-infection.

Disclosures

All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Accurate Diagnosis of COVID-19 from Self-Collectable Biospecimens Using Synthetic Apolipoprotein H Peptide-Coated Nanoparticle Assay

A high-throughput, accurate screening is crucial for the prevention and control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current methods, which involve sampling from the nasopharyngeal (NP) area by medical staffs, constitute a fundamental bottleneck in expanding the testing capacity. To meet the scales required for population-level surveillance, self-collectable specimens can be used; however, its low viral load has hindered its clinical adoption. Here, we describe a magnetic nanoparticle functionalized with synthetic apolipoprotein H (ApoH) peptides to capture, concentrate, and purify viruses. The ApoH assay demonstrates a viral enrichment efficiency of >90% for both SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, leading to an order of magnitude improvement in analytical sensitivity. For validation, we apply the assay to a total of 84 clinical specimens including nasal, oral, and mouth gargles obtained from COVID-19 patients. As a result, a 100% positivity rate is achieved from the patient-collected nasal and gargle samples, which exceeds that of the traditional NP swab method. The simple 12 min pre-enrichment assay enabling the use of self-collectable samples will be a practical solution to overcome the overwhelming diagnostic capacity. Furthermore, the methodology can easily be built on various clinical protocols, allowing its broad applicability to various disease diagnoses.

Sandwich spatial saturation for neuromelanin-sensitive MRI: Development and multi-center trial

Neuromelanin (NM)-sensitive MRI using a magnetization transfer (MT)-prepared T1-weighted sequence has been suggested as a tool to visualize NM contents in the brain. In this study, a new NM-sensitive imaging method, sandwichNM, is proposed by utilizing the incidental MT effects of spatial saturation RF pulses in order to generate consistent high-quality NM images using product sequences. The spatial saturation pulses are located both superior and inferior to the imaging volume, increasing MT weighting while avoiding asymmetric MT effects. When the parameters of the spatial saturation were optimized, sandwichNM reported a higher NM contrast ratio than those of conventional NM-sensitive imaging methods with matched parameters for comparability with sandwichNM (SandwichNM: 23.6 ± 5.4%; MT-prepared TSE: 20.6 ± 7.4%; MT-prepared GRE: 17.4 ± 6.0%). In a multi-vendor experiment, the sandwichNM images displayed higher means and lower standard deviations of the NM contrast ratio across subjects in all three vendors (SandwichNM vs. MT-prepared GRE; Vendor A: 28.4 ± 1.5% vs. 24.4 ± 2.8%; Vendor B: 27.2 ± 1.0% vs. 13.3 ± 1.3%; Vendor C: 27.3 ± 0.7% vs. 20.1 ± 0.9%). For each subject, the standard deviations of the NM contrast ratio across the vendors were substantially lower in SandwichNM (SandwichNM vs. MT-prepared GRE; subject 1: 1.5% vs. 8.1%, subject 2: 1.1 % vs. 5.1%, subject 3: 0.9% vs. 4.0%, subject 4: 1.1% vs. 5.3%), demonstrating consistent contrasts across the vendors. The proposed method utilizes product sequences, requiring no alteration of a sequence and, therefore, may have a wide practical utility in exploring the NM imaging.

NOL4 is a novel nuclear marker of small cell carcinoma and other neuroendocrine neoplasms

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) such as small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) have characteristic histologies, but immunohistochemistry using neuroendocrine markers is still desirable to confirm diagnosis. CD56 is the most sensitive marker, but also stains various normal tissues and other tumors. Recently, we reported that nucleolar protein 4 (NOL4) is present in the blood of SCLC patients and found it was stained in the SCLC nuclei. In this study, we compared expressions of NOL4 and CD56, using 64 cases of SCLC, 18 cases of LCNEC, 6 cases of atypical carcinoid tumor, 7 cases of typical carcinoid tumor, 68 cases of lung adenocarcinoma, and 62 cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma. For primary lung NENs, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value of NOL4 were 77.5%, 95.8%, 93.2%, and 85.1%, respectively, while those of CD56 were 92.1%, 93.3%, 91.1%, and 94.1%. The specificity and PPV of NOL4 were higher than those of CD56, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, NOL4 retains its nuclear immunoreactivity in areas of crush artifact or necrosis. Furthermore, NOL4 was not expressed in adjacent normal tissues including bronchial cells and pneumocytes. Therefore, a combination of NOL4 staining with other cytoplasmic or membranous neuroendocrine markers might enhance diagnostic utility for SCLC and other NENs.

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern: Everything You Wanted to Know about Omicron but Were Afraid to Ask

As soon as the first case of the omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was reported in November 2021, it quickly spread worldwide with the emergence of several subvariants. Compared to previous variants, omicron was heavily mutated, especially for those in the Spike (S) protein and its receptor-binding domain. These mutations allowed the viruses to evade immune responses (i.e., previous infections and vaccine-elicited) and increase in transmissibility. Although vaccine effectiveness is decreased for omicron, boosters remain effective for protecting against severe diseases. Also, bivalent vaccines have been developed to increase vaccine effectiveness. Interestingly, although omicron is highly infectious, it has less morbidity and mortality compared to previously identified variants, such as delta. Additionally, the mutations that allow the virus to evade immune responses also allow it to evade many of the monoclonal antibodies developed at the beginning of the pandemic for treatment. Here, we reviewed the omicron variant's epidemiology, genetics, transmissibility, disease severity, and responsiveness to vaccine and treatments.

Multidisciplinary Treatment Strategy for Early Colon Cancer: A Review-An English Version

Treatment for early colon cancer has progressed rapidly, with endoscopic resection and minimally invasive surgery. It is important to select patients without risk of lymph node metastasis before deciding on endoscopic resection for early colon cancer treatment. Pathological risk factors include histologic grade of cancer cell differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor budding, and deep submucosal invasion. These risk factors for predicting lymph node metastasis are crucial for determining the treatment strategy of endoscopic excision and radical resection for early colon cancer. A multidisciplinary approach is emphasized to establish a treatment strategy for early colon cancer to minimize the risk of complications and obtain excellent oncologic outcomes by selecting an appropriate treatment optimized for the patient's stage and condition. Therefore, we aimed to review the optimal multidisciplinary treatment strategies, including endoscopy and surgery, for early colon cancer.

Stent expansion evaluated by optical coherence tomography and subsequent outcomes

Background

Regarding stent expansion indexes, previous optical coherence tomography (OCT) studies have shown minimal stent area (MSA) to be most predictive of adverse events.

Purpose

We sought to evaluate the impact of various stent expansion indexes by post-stent OCT on long-term clinical outcomes, and hence to find OCT-defined optimal stent expansion criteria.

Methods

Of the patients registered in the Yonsei OCT registry, a total of 1071 patients with 1123 native coronary artery lesions treated with new-generation drug-eluting stents under the OCT guidance and analyzable final post-stent OCT were included. Stent expansion indexes and different suboptimal stent expansion criteria were evaluated for their association with device-oriented clinical endpoints (DoCE) including cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction (TVMI) or stent thrombosis, and target lesion revascularization. Major safety events (MSE) included cardiac death, TVMI or stent thrombosis.

Results

The median follow-up period was 40.6 (interquartile range 22.0–50.0) months. As a continuous variable, MSA, adaptive volumetric stent expansion (stent volume/adaptive reference lumen volume) and overall volumetric stent expansion (stent volume/post-stent lumen volume) were significantly predictive of DoCE. As a categorical criteria, MSA &lt;5.0 mm2 (hazard ratio [HR] 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53–9.45), MSA/distal reference lumen area &lt;90% (HR 2.13; 95% CI 1.10–4.14), and overall volumetric stent expansion ≥96.6% (HR 2.38; 95% CI 1.09–5.22) were independently associated with DoCE after adjusting for confounders, and a total malapposition volume ≥7.0 mm3 (HR 3.38; 95% CI 1.05–10.93) was linked to MSE.

Conclusions

This OCT study highlights that sufficient stent expansion to achieve adequate absolute MSA and relative MSA by distal reference lumen area and alleviate significant malapposition is important to improve clinical outcome, but overall stent overexpansion may have deleterious effect.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Impact of Renal Function on Short-Term Outcome After Reperfusion Therapy in Patients With Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

A high and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) could affect outcomes after reperfusion therapy for ischemic stroke. This study aimed to determine whether renal function based on eGFR affects mortality risk in patients with ischemic stroke within 6 months following reperfusion therapy.

METHODS

This prospective registry-based cohort study included 2266 patients who received reperfusion therapy between January 2000 and September 2019 and were registered in the SECRET (Selection Criteria in Endovascular Thrombectomy and Thrombolytic Therapy) study or the Yonsei Stroke Cohort. A high and low eGFR were based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and defined, respectively, as the 5th and 95th percentiles of age- and sex-specific eGFR. Occurrence of death within 6 months was compared among the groups according to their eGFR such as low, normal, or high eGFR.

RESULTS

Of the 2266 patients, 2051 (90.5%) had a normal eGFR, 110 (4.9%) a low eGFR, and 105 (4.6%) a high eGFR. Patients with high eGFR were younger or less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, or atrial fibrillation than the other groups. Active cancer was more prevalent in the high-eGFR group. During the 6-month follow-up, there were 24 deaths (22.9%) in the high-eGFR group, 37 (33.6%) in the low-eGFR group, and 237 (11.6%) in the normal-eGFR group. After adjusting for variables with P<0.10 in the univariable analysis, 6-month mortality was independently associated with high eGFR (hazard ratio, 2.22 [95% CI, 1.36-3.62]; P=0.001) and low eGFR (HR, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.41-3.72]; P=0.001). These associations persisted regardless of treatment modality or various baseline characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS

High eGFR as well as low eGFR were independently associated with 6-month mortality after reperfusion therapy. Kidney function could be considered a prognostic factor in patients with ischemic stroke after reperfusion therapy.

Multidisciplinary treatment strategy for early colon cancer

Background: Treatment for early colon cancer has progressed rapidly with endoscopic resection and minimally invasive surgery. Selection of patients without risk of lymph node metastasis is necessary before deciding on endoscopic resection for early colon cancer treatment. We aimed to review the optimal multidisciplinary treatment strategies for early colon cancer, including endoscopy and surgery.Current Concepts: Pathological risk factors include histologic grade of cancer cell differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor budding, and deep submucosal invasion. These risk factors for predicting lymph node metastasis are crucial for determining the treatment strategy of endoscopic excision and radical resection for early colon cancer. Prediction of the depth of invasion in early colon cancer using endoscopic optical assessments is vital to determine the appropriate treatment method for endoscopic or surgical resection. Furthermore, optical assessment of pit and vascular patterns is useful for estimating the depth of submucosal invasion using magnifying chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging endoscopy. Performing an endoscopic and pathologic evaluation of the risk factors for lymph node metastasis is imperative when selecting endoscopic or surgical resection. Endoscopic treatments include cold snare polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, and endoscopic submucosal dissection. In addition, appropriate surgical treatment should be recommended for patients with early colon cancer with a high risk of lymph node metastasis.Discussion and Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach should be recommended to establish an optimized treatment strategy, minimize the risk of complications, and obtain excellent oncologic outcomes via patienttailored treatment in patients with early colon cancer.