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Chorro L, Geissmann F. OR.25. Development and Homeostasis of Langerhans Cells. Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Grégoire C, Chasson L, Luci C, Tomasello E, Geissmann F, Vivier E, Walzer T. The trafficking of natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2008; 220:169-82. [PMID: 17979846 PMCID: PMC7165697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that participate in the early control of microbial infections and cancer. NK cells can induce the death of autologous cells undergoing various forms of stress, recognizing and providing non-microbial 'danger' signals to the immune system. NK cells are widely distributed in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. NK cell precursors originate from the bone marrow and go through a complex maturation process that leads to the acquisition of their effector functions, to changes in their expression of integrins and chemotactic receptors, and to their redistribution from the bone marrow and lymph nodes to blood, spleen, liver, and lung. Here, we describe the tissue localization of NK cells, using NKp46 as an NK cell marker, and review the current knowledge on the mechanisms that govern their trafficking in humans and in mice.
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Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Ugolini S, Smahi A, Elain G, Romero P, Segal D, Sancho-Shimizu V, Lorenzo L, Puel A, Picard C, Chapgier A, Plancoulaine S, Titeux M, Cognet C, von Bernuth H, Ku CL, Casrouge A, Zhang XX, Barreiro L, Leonard J, Hamilton C, Lebon P, Héron B, Vallée L, Quintana-Murci L, Hovnanian A, Rozenberg F, Vivier E, Geissmann F, Tardieu M, Abel L, Casanova JL. TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Science 2007; 317:1522-7. [PMID: 17872438 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 821] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Some Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide immunity to experimental infections in animal models, but their contribution to host defense in natural ecosystems is unknown. We report a dominant-negative TLR3 allele in otherwise healthy children with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. TLR3 is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is required to control HSV-1, which spreads from the epithelium to the CNS via cranial nerves. TLR3 is also expressed in epithelial and dendritic cells, which apparently use TLR3-independent pathways to prevent further dissemination of HSV-1 and to provide resistance to other pathogens in TLR3-deficient patients. Human TLR3 appears to be redundant in host defense to most microbes but is vital for natural immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, which suggests that neurotropic viruses have contributed to the evolutionary maintenance of TLR3.
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Ku CL, von Bernuth H, Picard C, Zhang SY, Chang HH, Yang K, Chrabieh M, Issekutz AC, Cunningham CK, Gallin J, Holland SM, Roifman C, Ehl S, Smart J, Tang M, Barrat FJ, Levy O, McDonald D, Day-Good NK, Miller R, Takada H, Hara T, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Ghonaium A, Speert D, Sanlaville D, Li X, Geissmann F, Vivier E, Maródi L, Garty BZ, Chapel H, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Bossuyt X, Abel L, Puel A, Casanova JL. Selective predisposition to bacterial infections in IRAK-4-deficient children: IRAK-4-dependent TLRs are otherwise redundant in protective immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2407-22. [PMID: 17893200 PMCID: PMC2118442 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human interleukin (IL) 1 receptor–associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) deficiency is a recently discovered primary immunodeficiency that impairs Toll/IL-1R immunity, except for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3– and TLR4–interferon (IFN)-a/b pathways. The clinical and immunological phenotype remains largely unknown. We diagnosed up to 28 patients with IRAK-4 deficiency, tested blood TLR responses for individual leukocyte subsets, and TLR responses for multiple cytokines. The patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) did not induce the 11 non-IFN cytokines tested upon activation with TLR agonists other than the nonspecific TLR3 agonist poly(I:C). The patients' individual cell subsets from both myeloid (granulocytes, monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells [MDDCs], myeloid DCs [MDCs], and plasmacytoid DCs) and lymphoid (B, T, and NK cells) lineages did not respond to the TLR agonists that stimulated control cells, with the exception of residual responses to poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide in MDCs and MDDCs. Most patients (22 out of 28; 79%) suffered from invasive pneumococcal disease, which was often recurrent (13 out of 22; 59%). Other infections were rare, with the exception of severe staphylococcal disease (9 out of 28; 32%). Almost half of the patients died (12 out of 28; 43%). No death and no invasive infection occurred in patients older than 8 and 14 yr, respectively. The IRAK-4–dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore vital for childhood immunity to pyogenic bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Conversely, IRAK-4–dependent human TLRs appear to play a redundant role in protective immunity to most infections, at most limited to childhood immunity to some pyogenic bacteria.
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Zuber J, Viguier M, Lemaitre F, Senée V, Patey N, Elain G, Geissmann F, Fakhouri F, Ferradini L, Julier C, Bandeira A. Severe FOXP3+ and naïve T lymphopenia in a non-IPEX form of autoimmune enteropathy combined with an immunodeficiency. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1694-704. [PMID: 17484867 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is the best-characterized form of a rare entity called autoimmune enteropathy (AIE). IPEX syndrome is due to mutations in the FOXP3 gene, a transcription factor essential for the development and function of the natural regulatory CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells. We studied a female patient with a polyautoimmune AIE syndrome resembling a mild form of IPEX syndrome but associated with recurrent bacterial infections and mild hypogammaglobulinemia. We hypothesized that this syndrome combined a deficit of FOXP3(+) cells and other lymphocyte populations. METHODS We analyzed the major lymphocyte subsets and the FOXP3(+) regulatory system in blood samples obtained during the 2-year period that followed the last autoimmune manifestation. RESULTS The patient had severe naïve T lymphopenia and a major deficit of FOXP3(+)CD4(+) T cells, both in circulation and in the highly inflamed intestinal mucosa, but mutations in the FOXP3 locus were excluded. The blood FOXP3(+) pool was devoid of CD25(high) cells, but the few regulatory CD25(+) cells were functional. Intrinsic defects in the expression of CD25, FOXP3, and interleukin 2 were excluded. Upon activation, a small subset of cells, presumably committed to regulatory function, sustained expression of CD25 and FOXP3. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral T lymphopenia of both naïve and natural regulatory T cells might be the consequence of defective thymic production or the short life span of exported T cells. This case sheds new light in the etiology of autoimmune manifestations in T-cell immunodeficiencies and in the heterogeneity of AIE.
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Casrouge A, Zhang SY, Eidenschenk C, Jouanguy E, Puel A, Yang K, Alcais A, Picard C, Mahfoufi N, Nicolas N, Lorenzo L, Plancoulaine S, Sénéchal B, Geissmann F, Tabeta K, Hoebe K, Du X, Miller RL, Héron B, Mignot C, de Villemeur TB, Lebon P, Dulac O, Rozenberg F, Beutler B, Tardieu M, Abel L, Casanova JL. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency. Science 2006; 314:308-12. [PMID: 16973841 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common form of sporadic viral encephalitis in western countries. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, as it affects otherwise healthy patients and only a small minority of HSV-1-infected individuals. Here, we elucidate a genetic etiology for HSE in two children with autosomal recessive deficiency in the intracellular protein UNC-93B, resulting in impaired cellular interferon-alpha/beta and -lambda antiviral responses. HSE can result from a single-gene immunodeficiency that does not compromise immunity to most pathogens, unlike most known primary immunodeficiencies. Other severe infectious diseases may also reflect monogenic disorders of immunity.
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Filipe-Santos O, Bustamante J, Haverkamp MH, Vinolo E, Ku CL, Puel A, Frucht DM, Christel K, von Bernuth H, Jouanguy E, Feinberg J, Durandy A, Senechal B, Chapgier A, Vogt G, de Beaucoudrey L, Fieschi C, Picard C, Garfa M, Chemli J, Bejaoui M, Tsolia MN, Kutukculer N, Plebani A, Notarangelo L, Bodemer C, Geissmann F, Israël A, Véron M, Knackstedt M, Barbouche R, Abel L, Magdorf K, Gendrel D, Agou F, Holland SM, Casanova JL. X-linked susceptibility to mycobacteria is caused by mutations in NEMO impairing CD40-dependent IL-12 production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1745-59. [PMID: 16818673 PMCID: PMC2118353 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in five autosomal genes involved in interleukin (IL)-12–dependent, interferon (IFN)-γ–mediated immunity cause Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD). The molecular basis of X-linked recessive (XR)–MSMD remains unknown. We report here mutations in the leucine zipper (LZ) domain of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) gene in three unrelated kindreds with XR-MSMD. The mutant proteins were produced in normal amounts in blood and fibroblastic cells. However, the patients' monocytes presented an intrinsic defect in T cell–dependent IL-12 production, resulting in defective IFN-γ secretion by T cells. IL-12 production was also impaired as the result of a specific defect in NEMO- and NF-κB/c-Rel–mediated CD40 signaling after the stimulation of monocytes and dendritic cells by CD40L-expressing T cells and fibroblasts, respectively. However, the CD40-dependent up-regulation of costimulatory molecules of dendritic cells and the proliferation and immunoglobulin class switch of B cells were normal. Moreover, the patients' blood and fibroblastic cells responded to other NF-κB activators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and lipopolysaccharide. These two mutations in the NEMO LZ domain provide the first genetic etiology of XR-MSMD. They also demonstrate the importance of the T cell– and CD40L-triggered, CD40-, and NEMO/NF-κB/c-Rel–mediated induction of IL-12 by monocyte-derived cells for protective immunity to mycobacteria in humans.
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Gautier G, de Saint-Vis B, Sénéchal B, Pin JJ, Bates EEM, Caux C, Geissmann F, Garrone P. The class 6 semaphorin SEMA6A is induced by interferon-gamma and defines an activation status of langerhans cells observed in pathological situations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:453-65. [PMID: 16436660 PMCID: PMC1606484 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Originally implicated in axon guidance, semaphorins represent a large family of molecules that are now known to be expressed in the immune system. Among different semaphorins tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in human immune cells, the expression of class 6 transmembrane semaphorin SEMA6A was restricted to dendritic cells (DCs). Using in-house generated monoclonal antibodies, SEMA6A expression appeared further restricted to Langerhans cells (LCs). In vivo, SEMA6A mRNA was expressed in freshly isolated skin LCs but SEMA6A protein was not detectable on normal skin and tonsillar epithelium. Of interest, SEMA6A protein was strongly expressed on skin and bone LCs and on LCs in draining lymph nodes from patients with LC histiocytosis or dermatopathic lymphadenitis, respectively, representing two inflammatory conditions in which LCs display an immature DC-LAMP(low), CD83(low), and CCR7+ phenotype. SEMA6A expression was low in resting LCs generated in vitro and was enhanced by interferon (IFN)-gamma but not by interleukin-4, interleukin-10, IFN-alpha/beta, or lipopolysaccharide. Most IFN-gamma-induced SEMA6A-positive cells remained immature with low CD83 and DC-LAMP/CD208 expression, but they expressed CCR7 and responded to macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta (MIP-3beta/CCL19). The expression of SEMA6A, for which the ligand and function remain unknown, may therefore identify an alternative IFN-gamma-dependent activation status of LCs in vivo.
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Yang K, Puel A, Zhang S, Eidenschenk C, Ku CL, Casrouge A, Picard C, von Bernuth H, Senechal B, Plancoulaine S, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Ghonaium A, Maródi L, Davidson D, Speert D, Roifman C, Garty BZ, Ozinsky A, Barrat FJ, Coffman RL, Miller RL, Li X, Lebon P, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Chapel H, Geissmann F, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL. Human TLR-7-, -8-, and -9-mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda Is IRAK-4 dependent and redundant for protective immunity to viruses. Immunity 2005; 23:465-78. [PMID: 16286015 PMCID: PMC7111074 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Five TLRs are thought to play an important role in antiviral immunity, sensing viral products and inducing IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda. Surprisingly, patients with a defect of IRAK-4, a critical kinase downstream from TLRs, are resistant to common viruses. We show here that IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda induction via TLR-7, TLR-8, and TLR-9 was abolished in IRAK-4-deficient blood cells. In contrast, IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda were induced normally by TLR-3 and TLR-4 agonists. Moreover, IFN-beta and -lambda were normally induced by TLR-3 agonists and viruses in IRAK-4-deficient fibroblasts. We further show that IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda production in response to 9 of 11 viruses tested was normal or weakly affected in IRAK-4-deficient blood cells. Thus, IRAK-4-deficient patients may control viral infections by TLR-3- and TLR-4-dependent and/or TLR-independent production of IFNs. The TLR-7-, TLR-8-, and TLR-9-dependent induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda is strictly IRAK-4 dependent and paradoxically redundant for protective immunity to most viruses in humans.
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de Saint Basile G, Geissmann F, Flori E, Uring-Lambert B, Soudais C, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Durandy A, Jabado N, Fischer A, Le Deist F. Severe combined immunodeficiency caused by deficiency in either the delta or the epsilon subunit of CD3. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1512-7. [PMID: 15546002 PMCID: PMC525745 DOI: 10.1172/jci22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying a severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by the selective and complete absence of T cells. The condition was found in 5 patients and 2 fetuses from 3 consanguineous families. Linkage analysis performed on the 3 families revealed that the patients were carrying homozygous haplotypes within the 11q23 region, in which the genes encoding the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits of CD3 are located. Patients and affected fetuses from 2 families were homozygous for a mutation in the CD3D gene, and patients from the third family were homozygous for a mutation in the CD3E gene. The thymus from a CD3delta-deficient fetus was analyzed and revealed that T cell differentiation was blocked at entry into the double positive (CD4+CD8+) stage with the accumulation of intermediate CD4-single positive cells. This indicates that CD3delta plays an essential role in promoting progression of early thymocytes toward double-positive stage. Altogether, these findings extend the known molecular mechanisms underlying severe combined immunodeficiency to a new deficiency, i.e., CD3epsilon deficiency, and emphasize the essential roles played by the CD3epsilon and CD3delta subunits in human thymocyte development, since these subunits associate with both the pre-TCR and the TCR.
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Basile GDS, Geissmann F, Flori E, Uring-Lambert B, Soudais C, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Durandy A, Jabado N, Fischer A, Deist FL. Severe combined immunodeficiency caused by deficiency in either the δ or the ε subunit of CD3. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200422588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Idbaih A, Donadieu J, Barthez MA, Geissmann F, Bertrand Y, Hermine O, Brugières L, Genereau T, Thomas C, Hoang-Xuan K. Retinoic acid therapy in "degenerative-like" neuro-langerhans cell histiocytosis: a prospective pilot study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004; 43:55-8. [PMID: 15170890 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative-like neuro-Langerhans cell histiocytosis (DN-LCH) is a rare complication of LCH marked by progressive cerebellar ataxia. No treatment has so far been shown to slow this progression. PROCEDURE All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was administered orally at a dose of 45 mg/m(2) daily for 6 weeks and then 2 weeks every month for 1 year. The endpoints were clinical status at 1 year (assessed with rating scales for ataxia and disability), adverse effects, and changes in neurological abnormalities on MRI. RESULTS Ten patients were studied. The treatment was well tolerated. All the patients were clinically stable at the end of the study. No MRI changes were noted. CONCLUSIONS DN-LCH appeared to be stable during ATRA therapy, but further studies are required to appreciate the possible long-term benefits of ATRA.
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Geissmann F, Revy P, Brousse N, Lepelletier Y, Folli C, Durandy A, Chambon P, Dy M. Retinoids regulate survival and antigen presentation by immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2003; 198:623-34. [PMID: 12925678 PMCID: PMC2194172 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) is a critical step for the induction of an immune response. We have examined the role of retinoid nuclear receptor pathways in this process. Retinoids induce DC apoptosis, in the absence of inflammatory signals, through retinoic acid receptor (RAR)alpha/retinoic X receptor (RXR) heterodimers. In contrast, via a cross talk with inflammatory cytokines, retinoids increase DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappaB in DCs, trigger membrane major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecule expression, induce the differentiation of immature DCs into mature DCs, and enhance antigen-specific T cell response. This maturation of DCs is mediated via a RXR-dependent/RAR-independent pathway and via an RARalpha/RXR pathway distinct from the one responsible for apoptosis. Apoptosis and activation, mediated through distinct nuclear retinoid receptor pathways, can be dissociated from each other with selective synthetic retinoids. We identify a novel cellular function for retinoids and suggest that selective retinoids might be of interest for controlling antigen presentation.
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Bechetoille N, Valladeau J, Geissmann F, Dumont S, Maréchal S, Gofflo S, André V, Schmitt D, Perrier E, Dezutter-Dambuyant C. IL-13 Is More Efficient than IL-4 for Recruiting Langerhans Cell Precursors from Peripheral CD14+ Monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1159/000069879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Geissmann F, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Dezutter C, Valladeau J, Kayal S, Leborgne M, Brousse N, Saeland S, Davoust J. Accumulation of immature Langerhans cells in human lymph nodes draining chronically inflamed skin. J Exp Med 2002; 196:417-30. [PMID: 12186835 PMCID: PMC2196053 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinated migration and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) such as intraepithelial Langerhans cells (LCs) is considered critical for T cell priming in response to inflammation in the periphery. However, little is known about the role of inflammatory mediators for LC maturation and recruitment to lymph nodes in vivo. Here we show in human dermatopathic lymphadenitis (DL), which features an expanded population of LCs in one draining lymph node associated with inflammatory lesions in its tributary skin area, that the Langerin/CD207(+) LCs constitute a predominant population of immature DCs, which express CD1a, and CD68, but not CD83, CD86, and DC-lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP)/CD208. Using LC-type cells generated in vitro in the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, we further found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, as a prototype proinflammatory factor, and a variety of inflammatory stimuli and bacterial products, increase Langerin expression and Langerin dependent Birbeck granules formation in cell which nevertheless lack costimulatory molecules, DC-LAMP/CD208 and potent T cell stimulatory activity but express CCR7 and respond to the lymph node homing chemokines CCL19 and CCL21. This indicates that LC migration and maturation can be independently regulated events. We suggest that during DL, inflammatory stimuli in the skin increase the migration of LCs to the lymph node but without associated maturation. Immature LCs might regulate immune responses during chronic inflammation.
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Aucouturier P, Geissmann F, Damotte D, Saborio GP, Meeker HC, Kascsak R, Kascsak R, Carp RI, Wisniewski T. Infected splenic dendritic cells are sufficient for prion transmission to the CNS in mouse scrapie. J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Aucouturier P, Geissmann F, Damotte D, Saborio GP, Meeker HC, Kascsak R, Kascsak R, Carp RI, Wisniewski T. Infected splenic dendritic cells are sufficient for prion transmission to the CNS in mouse scrapie. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:703-8. [PMID: 11544275 PMCID: PMC209385 DOI: 10.1172/jci13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies display long incubation periods at the beginning of which the titer of infectious agents (prions) increases in peripheral lymphoid organs. This "replication" leads to a progressive invasion of the CNS. Follicular dendritic cells appear to support prion replication in lymphoid follicles. However, the subsequent steps of neuroinvasion remain obscure. CD11c(+) dendritic cells, an unrelated cell type, are candidate vectors for prion propagation. We found a high infectivity titer in splenic dendritic cells from prion-infected mice, suggesting that dendritic cells carry infection. To test this hypothesis, we injected RAG-1(0/0) mice intravenously with live spleen cell subsets from scrapie-infected donors. Injection of infected dendritic cells induced scrapie without accumulation of prions in the spleen. These results suggest that CD11c(+) dendritic cells can propagate prions from the periphery to the CNS in the absence of any additional lymphoid element.
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Pron B, Boumaila C, Jaubert F, Berche P, Milon G, Geissmann F, Gaillard JL. Dendritic cells are early cellular targets of Listeria monocytogenes after intestinal delivery and are involved in bacterial spread in the host. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:331-40. [PMID: 11298655 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied the sequence of cellular events leading to the dissemination of Listeria monocytogenes from the gut to draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) by confocal microscopy of immunostained tissue sections from a rat ligated ileal loop system. OX-62-positive cells beneath the epithelial lining of Peyer's patches (PPs) were the first Listeria targets identified after intestinal inoculation. These cells had other features typical of dendritic cells (DCs): they were large, pleiomorphic and major histocompatibility complex class II(hi). Listeria were detected by microscopy in draining MLNs as early as 6 h after inoculation. Some 80-90% of bacteria were located in the deep paracortical regions, and 100% of the bacteria were present in OX-62-positive cells. Most infected cells contained more than five bacteria each, suggesting that they had arrived already loaded with bacteria. At later stages, the bacteria in these areas were mostly present in ED1-positive mononuclear phagocytes. These cells were also infected by an actA mutant defective in cell-to-cell spreading. This suggests that Listeria are transported by DCs from PPs to the deep paracortical regions of draining MLNs and are then transmitted to other cell populations by mechanisms independent of ActA. Another pathway of dissemination to MLNs was identified, probably involving free Listeria and leading to the infection of ED3-positive mononuclear phagocytes in the subcapsular sinus and adjacent paracortical areas. This study provides evidence that DCs are major cellular targets of L. monocytogenes in PPs and that DCs may be involved in the early dissemination of this pathogen. DCs were not sites of active bacterial replication, making these cells ideal vectors of infection.
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Döffinger R, Smahi A, Bessia C, Geissmann F, Feinberg J, Durandy A, Bodemer C, Kenwrick S, Dupuis-Girod S, Blanche S, Wood P, Rabia SH, Headon DJ, Overbeek PA, Le Deist F, Holland SM, Belani K, Kumararatne DS, Fischer A, Shapiro R, Conley ME, Reimund E, Kalhoff H, Abinun M, Munnich A, Israël A, Courtois G, Casanova JL. X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is caused by impaired NF-kappaB signaling. Nat Genet 2001; 27:277-85. [PMID: 11242109 DOI: 10.1038/85837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of X-linked recessive anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) has remained elusive. Here we report hypomorphic mutations in the gene IKBKG in 12 males with EDA-ID from 8 kindreds, and 2 patients with a related and hitherto unrecognized syndrome of EDA-ID with osteopetrosis and lymphoedema (OL-EDA-ID). Mutations in the coding region of IKBKG are associated with EDA-ID, and stop codon mutations, with OL-EDA-ID. IKBKG encodes NEMO, the regulatory subunit of the IKK (IkappaB kinase) complex, which is essential for NF-kappaB signaling. Germline loss-of-function mutations in IKBKG are lethal in male fetuses. We show that IKBKG mutations causing OL-EDA-ID and EDA-ID impair but do not abolish NF-kappaB signaling. We also show that the ectodysplasin receptor, DL, triggers NF-kappaB through the NEMO protein, indicating that EDA results from impaired NF-kappaB signaling. Finally, we show that abnormal immunity in OL-EDA-ID patients results from impaired cell responses to lipopolysaccharide, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18, TNFalpha and CD154. We thus report for the first time that impaired but not abolished NF-kappaB signaling in humans results in two related syndromes that associate specific developmental and immunological defects.
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Geissmann F, Lepelletier Y, Fraitag S, Valladeau J, Bodemer C, Debré M, Leborgne M, Saeland S, Brousse N. Differentiation of Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2001; 97:1241-8. [PMID: 11222366 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.5.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) consists of lesions composed of cells with a dendritic Langerhans cell (LC) phenotype. The clinical course of LCH ranges from spontaneous resolution to a chronic and sometimes lethal disease. We studied 25 patients with various clinical forms of the disease. In bone and chronic lesions, LCH cells had immature phenotype and function. They coexpressed LC antigens CD1a and Langerin together with monocyte antigens CD68 and CD14. Class II antigens were intracellular and LCH cells almost never expressed CD83 or CD86 or dendritic cell (DC)-Lamp, despite their CD40 expression. Consistently, LCH cells sorted from bone lesions (eosinophilic granuloma) poorly stimulated allogeneic T-cell proliferation in vitro. Strikingly, however, in vitro treatment with CD40L induced the expression of membrane class II and CD86 and strongly increased LCH cell allostimulatory activity to a level similar to that of mature DCs. Numerous interleukin-10-positive (IL-10(+)), Langerin(-), and CD68(+) macrophages were found within bone and lymph node lesions. In patients with self-healing and/or isolated cutaneous disease, LCH cells had a more mature phenotype. LCH cells were frequently CD14(-) and CD86(+), and macrophages were rare or absent, as were IL-10-expressing cells. We conclude that LCH cells in the bone and/or chronic forms of the disease accumulate within the tissues in an immature state and that most probably result from extrinsic signals and may be induced to differentiate toward mature DCs after CD40 triggering. Drugs that enhance the in vivo maturation of these immature DCs, or that induce their death, may be of therapeutic benefit.
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Geissmann F, Launay P, Pasquier B, Lepelletier Y, Leborgne M, Lehuen A, Brousse N, Monteiro RC. A subset of human dendritic cells expresses IgA Fc receptor (CD89), which mediates internalization and activation upon cross-linking by IgA complexes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:346-52. [PMID: 11123311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immature dendritic cells (DC) sample Ags within nonlymphoid tissues and acquire exogenous proteins/pathogens via scavenger receptors or Ig FcR such as Fc gamma R and Fc epsilon R. IgA is present in a significant proportion among serum Ig and is the main isotype in mucosae, where DC are numerous. We found that a functional Fc alpha R (CD89) was expressed in situ and in vitro on interstitial-type DC but not on Langerhans cell-type DC. Interstitial-type DC expressed CD89 as a 50- to 75-kDa glycoprotein with a 32-kDa protein core, which was down-regulated upon addition of TGF-beta 1. DC, Fc alpha R specifically, bound IgA1 and IgA2. Cross-linking of CD89 on DC triggered endocytosis in time-dependent manner. In addition, internalization of polymeric IgA complexes induced the production of IL-10 and DC activation, as reflected by up-regulation of CD86 costimulatory molecules, class II MHC expression, and increased allostimulatory activity. Therefore, interstitial-type DC may use Fc alpha R-mediated Ag sampling in the subepithelium to check tissue integrity while Langerhans cells inside epithelial layers may neglect IgA immune complexes.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dermis/immunology
- Dermis/metabolism
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Extracellular Space/immunology
- Extracellular Space/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/physiology
- U937 Cells
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Revy P, Muto T, Levy Y, Geissmann F, Plebani A, Sanal O, Catalan N, Forveille M, Dufourcq-Labelouse R, Gennery A, Tezcan I, Ersoy F, Kayserili H, Ugazio AG, Brousse N, Muramatsu M, Notarangelo LD, Kinoshita K, Honjo T, Fischer A, Durandy A. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2). Cell 2000; 102:565-75. [PMID: 11007475 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1187] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) gene, specifically expressed in germinal center B cells in mice, is a member of the cytidine deaminase family. We herein report mutations in the human counterpart of AID in patients with the autosomal recessive form of hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2). Three major abnormalities characterize AID deficiency: (1) the absence of immunoglobulin class switch recombination, (2) the lack of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutations, and (3) lymph node hyperplasia caused by the presence of giant germinal centers. The phenotype observed in HIGM2 patients (and in AID-/- mice) demonstrates the absolute requirement for AID in several crucial steps of B cell terminal differentiation necessary for efficient antibody responses.
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Emile JF, Geissmann F, Martin OC, Radford-Weiss I, Lepelletier Y, Heymer B, Espanol T, de Santes KB, Bertrand Y, Brousse N, Casanova JL, Fischer A. Langerhans cell deficiency in reticular dysgenesis. Blood 2000; 96:58-62. [PMID: 10891430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticular dysgenesis is a rare inherited immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of blood monocytes and neutrophils and low lymphocyte counts, contrasting with normal red blood cell counts and normal or decreased platelet counts. Whether dendritic cells or macrophages, both of which derive primarily from blood monocytes, are affected in this condition remains unknown. We studied 7 patients with reticular dysgenesis. Macrophages were present in normal numbers in the dermis and in the atrophic lymphoid tissues of these patients, proving that at least some subsets of macrophages can differentiate despite very low monocyte counts. By contrast, Langerhans cells, which are CD1a-positive epidermal dendritic cells, were absent in all (n = 5) patients before bone marrow transplantation. After bone marrow transplantation, Langerhans cells were present (n = 2), suggesting that the defect is not related to keratinocyte dysfunction. A split chimeric reconstitution, characterized by the presence of autologous blood monocytes able to differentiate in vitro into CD1a-positive dendritic cells, was observed in a patient who underwent successful engraftment. These results suggest that an intrinsic cell defect is unlikely and that a bone marrow-derived factor may be defective in reticular dysgenesis; it may be responsible for the Langerhans cell defect but not involved in macrophage differentiation.
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Geissmann F, Thomas C. [Current status of clinical knowledge, physiopathology, and treatment of Langerhans histiocytosis (histiocytosis X)]. Arch Pediatr 2000; 6 Suppl 2:414s-416s. [PMID: 10370554 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(99)80486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bouloc A, Boulland ML, Geissmann F, Fraitag S, Andry P, Teillac D, Bensussan A, Revuz J, Boumsell L, Wechsler J, Bagot M. CD101 expression by Langerhans cell histiocytosis cells. Histopathology 2000; 36:229-32. [PMID: 10692025 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our objective was to study the expression of a recently identified cell surface molecule, CD101 and in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) patients as CD101 has been shown to be present on dendritic cells. We wanted to determine if CD101 expression could be helpful for the diagnosis of LCH in conjunction with other markers (CD1a, S100 protein), and could be predictive of the evolution and dissemination of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of CD101 was studied by immunohistochemical technique in 11 cases of Langerhans cell histiocytosis on frozen sections. The expression of CD101 was positive in nine cases, high in six cases and low in three cases. There was no expression in the other two cases. No correlation with the evolution, the localization or the dissemination of the disease could be evidenced. CONCLUSIONS CD101 is a new phenotypic marker that might be useful in combination with other markers for the diagnosis of LCH. However, as the anti-CD101 antibody works only in frozen sections, its value is limited compared to anti-CD1a antibody.
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