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Nabe T, Wakamori H, Takiguchi A, Kida H, Ohya S, Mizutani N, Yoshino S, Chaplin D. Analyses Of IL-33-Producing Cells During Multiple Antigen Challenges In Murine Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Park CH, Ozaki H, Takada A, Kida H, Ochiai K, Umemura T. Primary target cells of virulent strains of type A influenza virus in chicken embryos. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:269-72. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120054677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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28
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Ishikawa A, Shimegi S, Kida H, Sato H. Spatiotemporal dynamics of surround suppression in cat V1: spatial-frequency dependency. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/6.6.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shimegi S, Kida H, Ishikawa A, Sato H. Spatiotemporal dynamics of surround suppression in cat V1: Stimulus-size and orientation-contrast. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/6.6.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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30
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Tseren-Ochir EO, Damdinjav B, Sharkhuu T, Kang H, Sakoda Y, Purevsuren B, Ruuragchaa S, Lee Y, Kida H, Khishgee B, Sengee S. Epidemiology of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Mongolia. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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31
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Kohno S, Kida H, Mizuguchi M, Hirotsu N, Ishida T, Kadota J, Shimada J. Intravenous peramivir for treatment of influenza A and B infection in high-risk patients. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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32
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Lavilla-Apelo C, Ohta K, Kida H, Kanagawa H. The infection of mouse preimplantation embryos to Sendai virus (parainfluenza I). Theriogenology 2009; 36:87-94. [PMID: 16726981 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(91)90437-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/1990] [Accepted: 05/05/1991] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To provide information on the susceptibility of mouse embryos to Sendai virus, it was investigated if viral replication occurs in the preimplantation embryo at different stages of development, with or without the zona pellucida (ZP). Mice were induced to superovulate, and embryos were collected on Days 2, 3 and 4 after mating. The ZP was removed by digestion with 0.5% pronase. Embryos were exposed to Sendai virus, washed, and allowed to develop in fresh culture medium. The presence of viral antigen in the embryonic cells was examined by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Specific immunofluorescence was demonstrated in the ZP-free morula and ZP-intact blastocyst. However, viral antigen was not detected in the ZP-intact two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell or morula stage embryos. Infected embryos developed normally to expanded blastocysts. These findings show that mouse embryonic cells are permissive hosts to Sendai virus replication and that the ZP played the role of a barrier against the virus.
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Tanaka T, Sunden Y, Tanoue G, Ochiai K, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Umemura T. Mouse model of influenza virus-associated encephalopathy of childhood. J Comp Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Kida H, Miyoshi T, Manabe K, Takahashi N, Konno T, Ueda S, Chiba T, Shimizu T, Okada Y, Morishima S. Roles of aquaporin-3 water channels in volume-regulatory water flow in a human epithelial cell line. J Membr Biol 2009; 208:55-64. [PMID: 16596446 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-005-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane water transport is an essential event not only in the osmotic cell volume change but also in the subsequent cell volume regulation. Here we investigated the route of water transport involved in the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) that occurs after osmotic swelling in human epithelial Intestine 407 cells. The diffusion water permeability coefficient (Pd) measured by NMR under isotonic conditions was much smaller than the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) measured under an osmotic gradient. Temperature dependence of Pf showed the Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) of a low value (1.6 kcal/mol). These results indicate an involvement of a facilitated diffusion mechanism in osmotic water transport. A mercurial water channel blocker (HgCl(2)) diminished the Pf value. A non-mercurial sulfhydryl reagent (MMTS) was also effective. These blockers of water channels suppressed the RVD. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry demonstrated predominant expression of AQP3 water channel in this cell line. Downregulation of AQP3 expression induced by treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides was found to suppress the RVD response. Thus, it is concluded that AQP3 water channels serve as an essential pathway for volume-regulatory water transport in, human epithelial cells.
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Bhaiyat MI, Ochiai K, Itakura C, Islam MA, Kida H. Brain lesions in young broiler chickens naturally infected with a mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Pathol 2009; 23:693-708. [PMID: 18671135 DOI: 10.1080/03079459408419038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-nine 4- to 5-week-old broiler chickens from an outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) in Japan were examined pathologically. The causative agent was identified as a mesogenic strain of ND virus. Predominant gross lesions included haemorrhage in the lungs, congestion of the trachea, splenomegaly, atrophy of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and whitish discolouration of the brain. Microscopically, there was mild haemorrhagic pneumonia, catarrhal tracheitis, lymphoid necrosis in the spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and caecum and diffuse non-suppurative encephalitis. Lesions associated with encephalitis were characterized by multifocal perivascular cuffing, malacia, demyelination and proliferative vasculitis. Malacic lesions occurred in the hyperstriatum, neostriatum, subleptomeningeal and periventricular regions of the cerebrum, whereas demyelination was seen mainly in the brain stem. The morphological changes that occurred in the brain in these cases were distinctive and the lesions in the lymphoid tissues were related to concurrent infection with infectious bursal disease virus.
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36
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Kida H, Sugano Y, Iizuka R, Fujihashi M, Yohda M, Miki K. Structural and molecular characterization of the prefoldin beta subunit from Thermococcusstrain. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308089162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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37
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Malamo M, Okazaki K, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Carboxyl terminus of the 34 kDa protein of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis shares homologous B-cell epitopes with Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Vet Rec 2007; 161:853-857. [PMID: 18156594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against a recombinant carboxyl terminus of the 34 kDa protein of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were produced in mice. Two of the mAbs cross-reacted with Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in both an elisa and immunoblot. The recombinant protein also reacted with polyclonal sera produced in rabbits against all three mycobacteria, indicating the presence of cross-reactive epitopes in the protein. To determine the reactivity of cattle sera against epitopes recognised by the mAbs, competition assays between bovine sera and the mAbs were carried out. Two mAbs were significantly inhibited by sera from cattle that were naturally infected with M paratuberculosis. The results indicate that epitopes on the carboxyl terminus of the 34 kDa protein common to M paratuberculosis, M avium and M intracellulare readily induce antibody production in naturally infected cattle. These epitopes reduce the diagnostic specificity of the carboxyl terminus of the 34 kDa protein, which was originally thought to contain only M paratuberculosis-specific epitopes.
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38
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Kida H, Nakamura S. The effects of IL1-β on behavioral responses and the density of monoamine axons. Neurosci Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Okamoto H, Kida H, Hamakawa Y. Steady-state photoconductivity in amorphous semiconductors containing correlated defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642817408246510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Kameyama K, Sakoda Y, Tamai K, Igarashi H, Tajima M, Mochizuki T, Namba Y, Kida H. Development of an immunochromatographic test kit for rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen. J Virol Methods 2006; 138:140-6. [PMID: 17046073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An immunochromatographic test was developed for rapid diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections using monoclonal antibodies against the nonstructural protein, NS3, of the virus. The kit detected specifically the NS3 of various BVDV strains. Using the kit, leukocyte extracts of cattle infected persistently with BVDV were found positive while those of healthy cattle were negative. The sensitivity and specificity of this kit in compared with virus isolation were 100% and 97.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the test also gave positive results for calves infected acutely with BVDV in experimental infection. The BVDV antigen was detected in 1 ml of blood using a relatively simple procedure. This test kit should be useful for rapid diagnosis of BVD.
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41
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Isoda N, Sakoda Y, Kishida N, Bai GR, Matsuda K, Umemura T, Kida H. Pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1) in different species of birds and mammals. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1267-79. [PMID: 16502281 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been occurring in domestic poultry in Asia since 1996. In the beginning of 2004, HPAI outbreaks were caused by H5N1 virus in two farms and a group of pet chickens in different areas of Japan. In the present study, the pathogenicity of A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1), which had been isolated from a dead chicken during the first outbreak in Japan, was assessed in chickens, quails, budgerigars, ducklings, mice, and miniature pigs by experimental infection. The virus was highly pathogenic to all the birds tested. Mice were susceptible to infection with a low mortality rate and miniature pigs were resistant to infection with the virus.
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42
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Kida H, Sakoda Y. Library of influenza virus strains for vaccine and diagnostic use against highly pathogenic avian influenza and human pandemics. DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICALS 2006; 124:69-72. [PMID: 16447496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To prepare for the emergence of pandemic influenza in birds and mammals including humans, we have carried out global surveillance of avian influenza. Influenza A viruses of 48 combinations of 15 HA and 9 NA subtypes out of 135 theoretical combinations have been isolated from faecal samples of ducks in Alaska, Siberia, Mongolia, Taiwan, China and Japan. So far, viruses of 73 other combinations have been generated by genetic reassortment in chicken embryos. Thus, avian influenza viruses of 121 combinations of HA and NA subtypes have been stocked for use in vaccine and diagnosis. Their pathogenicity, antigenicity, genetic information, and yield in chicken embryo have been analysed and registered in the database.
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Odontsetseg N, Boldbaatar D, Mweene AS, Kida H. Serological prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava in horses in Mongolia. Vet Rec 2005; 157:518-9. [PMID: 16244236 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.17.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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Kusano T, Takao T, Tachibana K, Tanaka Y, Kamachi M, Ikematsu Y, Nishiwaki Y, Kida H, Waki S, Uchimura M, Furukawa M. Whether or not prophylactic excision of the extrahepatic bile duct is appropriate for patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction without bile duct dilatation. HEPATO-GASTROENTEROLOGY 2005; 52:1649-53. [PMID: 16334749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The standard treatment for patients with a pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) without bile duct dilatation remains controversial. METHODOLOGY We followed up 29 patients with such PBM who mainly underwent a cholecystectomy alone. The ages of the patients ranged from 3 to 76 years (average age 47.3 years) and the ratio of males to females was 8 vs. 21. When the diameter of the common bile duct was less than 10mm, such bile ducts were diagnosed to have no dilatation. The main clinical indications for surgery were cholecystolithiasis in 15 patients, choledocholithiasis in 3, cholecystocholedocholithiasis in 2, gallbladder polyp in 2, adenomyomatosis in 2, cholecystitis in 2, and protein plug in 1. RESULTS The amylase levels of gallbladder bile in 20 patients ranged from 115 to 460,200 IU/mL (a mean of 191,698 IU/mL). One patient died of gastric cancer 182 months after surgery and two patients died of other diseases 153, 171 months after surgeries, respectively. The remaining 26 patients have all been doing well for 36 months to 326 months after surgery (a median follow-up period, 160.5 months). The 10- and 15-year survival rates were 100% and 89.7%. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, a prophylactic resection of the extrahepatic bile duct and biliary diversion could be unnecessary for patients with PBM without bile duct dilatation.
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Kameyama K, Sakoda Y, Tamai K, Nagai M, Akashi H, Kida H. Genetic recombination at different points in the Npro-coding region of bovine viral diarrhea viruses and the potentials to change their antigenicities and pathogenicities. Virus Res 2005; 116:78-84. [PMID: 16216377 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain KS86-1 cp was isolated from a cow persistently infected with non-cytopathogenic (ncp) BVDV strain KS86-ncp after development of mucosal disease by superinfection with cp BVDV strain Nose. cp BVDV strains 799cp and 839cp were also isolated from independent cattle that developed mucosal disease by superinfection with cp BVDV KS86-1cp. In the present study, genetic analysis revealed that the genes of cp BVDV strains 799cp and 839cp were chimeras between the genes of the persisting ncp BVDVs and that of superinfecting KS86-1cp. The genetic recombination that generates 799cp occurred between the identical points in the N(pro) gene region, whereas genetic recombination that generates 839cp occurred between different points in the N(pro) gene region. Both 799cp and 839cp were inherited Jiv gene of KS86-1cp strain and envelope protein genes of the persisting viruses. In addition, neutralization test disclosed that antigenicities of 799cp, 839cp, and KS86-1cp were also similar to each persisting virus. These findings indicate that exogenous cp BVDV containing insertion of Jiv gene in the 5 terminal region can induce genetic recombination with the original ncp BVDV at different points in the N(pro) gene region, and those viruses have high potential to change those antigenicities and pathogenicities by RNA recombination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/physiology
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross Reactions
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity
- Genome, Viral
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Odontsetseg N, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Serological surveillance of canine leptospirosis in Mongolia. Vet Rec 2005; 157:120-1. [PMID: 16040947 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.4.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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47
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Kishida N, Sakoda Y, Isoda N, Matsuda K, Eto M, Sunaga Y, Umemura T, Kida H. Pathogenicity of H5 influenza viruses for ducks. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1383-92. [PMID: 15747052 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-004-0473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Four H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and an avirulent reassortant H5N1 virus were tested for their pathogenicity in domestic ducks. A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1) (Ck/Yamaguchi/04) isolated from a dead bird during the HPAI outbreak in Japan and A/duck/Yokohama/aq-10/03 (H5N1) (Dk/Yokohama/03) isolated from duck meat at a quarantine inspection for importation from China replicated in multiple organs including the brain of ducks. The ducks infected with Ck/Yamaguchi/04 did not show any clinical signs, while those infected with Dk/Yokohama/03 showed neurological signs. The ducks infected either with A/Hong Kong/483/97 (H5N1) or A/tern/South Africa/61 (H5N3), or with an avirulent H5N1 reassortant, did not show any clinical signs. Virus-specific antibodies were detected in the sera of the ducks infected with each of the five strains tested, indicating that all of the viral strains infected and replicated in the birds. Dk/Yokohama/03 grew in multiple organs more rapidly than did Ck/Yamaguchi/04. Considerable titers of virus were detected in the brain of the ducks infected with Dk/Yokohama/03 and these birds showed neurological signs. The present results demonstrate that the pathogenicity of influenza viruses for ducks does not correlate with that for chickens and that replication of the virus in the brain is critical for ducks to show neurological signs.
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Kishida N, Sakoda Y, Eto M, Sunaga Y, Kida H. Co-infection of Staphylococcus aureus or Haemophilus paragallinarum exacerbates H9N2 influenza A virus infection in chickens. Arch Virol 2004; 149:2095-104. [PMID: 15503199 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-004-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses are frequently isolated from chicken meat and bone marrow imported from China to Japan since 2001. These isolates were experimentally inoculated into specific pathogen-free chickens intranasally. Viruses were recovered from the meat and bone marrow of birds showing no overt signs. On the other hand, chickens co-infected with H9N2 virus and either Staphylococcus aureus or Haemophilus paragallinarum showed clinical signs severer than those shown by birds infected only with the virus alone or each of the bacteria alone. In addition, H9N2 viruses were more efficiently recovered from the chickens co-infected with S. aureus or H. paragallinarum than those from the birds infected with only the virus. The present results indicate that co-infection of H9N2 influenza virus with S. aureus or H. paragallinarum enhances the replication of the virus in chickens, resulting in exacerbation of the H9N2 virus infection.
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Cheng M, Wang C, Kida H. Influenza A virological surveillance in feral waterfowl in Taiwan from 1998 to 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Matsuda K, Park CH, Sunden Y, Kimura T, Ochiai K, Kida H, Umemura T. The vagus nerve is one route of transneural invasion for intranasally inoculated influenza a virus in mice. Vet Pathol 2004; 41:101-7. [PMID: 15017022 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-2-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intranasally inoculated neurotropic influenza viruses in mice infect not only the respiratory tract but also the central nervous system (CNS), mainly the brain stem. Previous studies suggested that the route of invasion of virus into the CNS was via the peripheral nervous system, especially the vagus nerve. To evaluate the transvagal transmission of the virus, we intranasally inoculated unilaterally vagectomized mice with a virulent influenza virus (strain 24a5b) and examined the distribution of the viral protein and genome by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization over time. An asymmetric distribution of viral antigens was observed between vagal (nodose) ganglia: viral antigen was detected in the vagal ganglion of the vagectomized side 2 days later than in the vagal ganglion of the intact side. The virus was apparently transported from the respiratory mucosa to the CNS directly and decussately via the vagus nerve and centrifugally to the vagal ganglion of the vagectomized side. The results of this study, thus, demonstrate that neurotropic influenza virus travels to the CNS mainly via the vagus nerve.
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