Impact of long-term ibrutinib treatment on circulating immune cells in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia

This study evaluated long-term immunophenotypic changes in circulating levels of 24 immune cell subsets through 4 years of continuous treatment with first-line ibrutinib (420 mg once daily) in 31 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from the RESONATE-2 study, and compared them with untreated age-matched healthy donors (n = 20). Ibrutinib progressively decreased total B-cell counts and preferentially targeted malignant CLL B cells over normal B cells. Elevated counts of chronically activated, exhausted, and effector memory T cells were normalized within 6-16 months, while naive T cells remained mostly within healthy donor range (HDR). Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were normalized within the first 1-2 years and then plateaued. Additionally, ibrutinib restored low counts of innate cell populations associated with antitumor immunity: plasmacytoid dendritic cells were restored to HDR after 2 years, and classical monocyte counts progressively and continuously increased toward HDR. Ibrutinib also consistently preserved circulating mature natural killer cell counts. The data indicate that ibrutinib continuously exerted positive effects on immune cell populations throughout 4 years of treatment, consistent with improved clinical outcomes observed in patients. The normalization of adaptive and innate immune cell populations suggests that long-term ibrutinib treatment mediates restoration of immunity.

Treatment algorithm for Japanese patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the era of novel targeted therapies

Treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is becoming more individualized due to the recent introduction of novel molecularly targeted therapies into the therapeutic armamentarium. Genomic and molecular risk factors in CLL patients determine the individual risk for disease progression and response to therapy, and can impact survival. In this review article, we discuss current treatment strategies for CLL patients in Japan, where the novel targeted agents, the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib and BCL2 antagonist venetoclax, now are available and increasingly used in clinical practice. We also discuss the importance of CLL risk factors for making therapy decisions, focusing on immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain (IGHV) mutation status, 11q deletion, and 17p deletion. Treatment approaches for CLL have rapidly changed in the past few years because of these new targeted agents. They are highly effective, well tolerated, and have been demonstrated in a series of large randomized clinical trials to improve survival when compared with conventional chemotherapy-based treatment. Therefore, for most patients, especially high-risk CLL patients, BTK inhibitor and BCL2 antagonist therapies are preferred over chemo-immunotherapy. Currently ongoing studies seek to determine the best sequence for these new agents and whether a combination therapy approach is beneficial. With these developments, a new era of chemotherapy-free treatment for CLL patients is expected.

10-day decitabine with venetoclax for newly diagnosed intensive chemotherapy ineligible, and relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia: a single-centre, phase 2 trial

BACKGROUND

Venetoclax combined with hypomethylating agents is a new standard of care for newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) who are 75 years or older, or unfit for intensive chemotherapy. Pharmacodynamic studies have suggested superiority of the longer 10-day regimen of decitabine that has shown promising results in patients with high-risk AML in phase 2 trials. We hypothesised that venetoclax with 10-day decitabine could have improved activity in patients with newly diagnosed AML and those with relapsed or refractory AML, particularly in high-risk subgroups.

METHODS

This single centre, phase 2 trial was done at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA). The study enrolled older patients (aged >60 years) with newly diagnosed AML, not eligible for intensive chemotherapy; secondary AML (progressed after myelodysplastic syndrome or chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia); and relapsed or refractory AML. Patients were required to have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 3 or less, white blood cell count less than 10 × 10⁹ per L, and adequate end-organ function. Patients with favourable-risk cytogenetics (eg, t[15;17] or core-binding factor AML) or who had received previous BCL2-inhibitor therapy were excluded. Patients received decitabine 20 mg/m² intravenously for 10 days with oral venetoclax 400 mg daily for induction, followed by decitabine for 5 days with daily venetoclax for consolidation. The primary endpoint was overall response rate. The secondary endpoints analysed within this report include safety, overall survival, and duration of response, in keeping with recommendations of European LeukemiaNet 2017 guidelines. All patients who received at least one dose of treatment were eligible for safety and response assessments. The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03404193) and continues to accrue patients.

FINDINGS

Between Jan 19, 2018, and Dec 16, 2019, we enrolled 168 patients; 70 (42%) had newly diagnosed AML, 15 (9%) had untreated secondary AML, 28 (17%) had treated secondary AML, and 55 (33%) had relapsed or refractory AML. The median age was 71 years (IQR 65-76) and 30% of patients had ECOG performance status of 2 or higher. The median follow-up for all patients was 16 months (95% CI 12-18; actual follow-up 6·5 months; IQR 3·4-12·4). The overall response rate was 74% (125 of 168 patients; 95% CI 67-80) and in disease subgroups were: 89% in newly diagnosed AML (62 of 70 patients; 79-94), 80% in untreated secondary AML (12 of 15 patients; 55-93), 61% in treated secondary AML (17 of 28 patients; 42-76), and 62% in relapsed or refractory AML (34 of 55 patients; 49-74). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events included infections with grades 3 or 4 neutropenia (n=79, 47%) and febrile neutropenia (n=49, 29%). 139 (83%) of 168 patients had serious adverse events, most frequently neutropenic fever (n=63, 38%), followed by pneumonia (n=17, 10%) and sepsis (n=16, 10%). The 30-day mortality for all patients was 3·6% (n=6, 95% CI 1·7-7·8). The median overall survival was 18·1 months (95% CI 10·0-not reached) in newly diagnosed AML, 7·8 months (2·9-10·7) in untreated secondary AML, 6·0 months (3·4-13·7) in treated secondary AML, and 7·8 months (5·4-13·3) relapsed or refractory AML. The median duration of response was not reached (95% CI 9·0-not reached) in newly diagnosed AML, 5·1 months (95% CI 0·9-not reached) in untreated secondary AML, not reached (95% CI 2·5-not reached) in previously treated secondary AML, and 16·8 months (95% CI 6·6-not reached) in relapsed or refractory AML.

INTERPRETATION

Venetoclax with 10-day decitabine has a manageable safety profile and showed high activity in newly diagnosed AML and molecularly defined subsets of relapsed or refractory AML. Future larger and randomised studies are needed to clarify activity in high-risk subsets.

FUNDING

US National Institutes of Health and National Cancer Institute.

Ibrutinib restores immune cell numbers and function in first-line and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Ibrutinib positively modulates many T-cell subsets in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To understand ibrutinib's effects on the broader landscape of immune cell populations, we comprehensively characterized changes in circulating counts of 21 immune blood cell subsets throughout the first year of treatment in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL (n = 55, RESONATE) and previously untreated CLL (n = 50, RESONATE-2) compared with untreated age-matched healthy donors (n = 20). Ibrutinib normalized abnormal immune cell counts to levels similar to those of age-matched healthy donors. Ibrutinib significantly decreased pathologically high circulating B cells, regulatory T cells, effector/memory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells (including exhausted and chronically activated T cells), natural killer (NK) T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells; preserved naive T cells and NK cells; and increased circulating classical monocytes. T-cell function was assessed in response to T-cell receptor stimulation in patients with R/R CLL (n = 21) compared with age-matched healthy donors (n = 18). Ibrutinib significantly restored T-cell proliferative ability, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. Over the same period, ofatumumab or chlorambucil did not confer the same spectrum of normalization as ibrutinib in multiple immune subsets. These results establish that ibrutinib has a significant and likely positive impact on circulating malignant and nonmalignant immune cells and restores healthy T-cell function.

Successful Outcomes of Severe COVID-19 in Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Diagnostic Challenges in Immunocompromised Hosts

The emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus have led to an unprecedented public health crisis around the globe, threatening the lives of millions of people. We report a severe case of COVID-19 in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and describe primarily the clinical presentation and the challenges encountered in the COVID-19 diagnosis, treatment, and specimens sampling pitfalls. This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, including timely and safe bronchoscopy, because of the broad differential diagnosis, more challenging with the current outbreak of COVID-19.

Ibrutinib Treatment for First-Line and Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Final Analysis of the Pivotal Phase Ib/II PCYC-1102 Study

PURPOSE

The safety and efficacy of ibrutinib, a once-daily Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) was demonstrated in this phase Ib/II study. Extended follow-up up to 8 years is described, representing the longest follow-up for single-agent ibrutinib, or any BTK inhibitor, to date.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Phase Ib/II PCYC-1102 (NCT01105247) and extension study PCYC-1103 (NCT01109069) included patients receiving single-agent ibrutinib in first-line or relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL.

RESULTS

Overall response rate was 89%, with similar rates in first-line (87%; complete response, 35%) and relapsed/refractory settings (89%; 10%). Estimated 7-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 83% in first-line and 34% in relapsed/refractory settings. Forty-one patients had CLL progression (n = 11 with Richter's transformation). Median PFS was not reached with first-line ibrutinib. In relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL, median PFS was 52 months overall, 26 months in patients with chromosome 17p deletion, 51 months with 11q deletion, not reached with trisomy 12 or 13q deletion, and 88 months in patients without these cytogenetic abnormalities. Estimated 7-year overall survival rates were 84% in first-line and 55% in relapsed/refractory settings. Grade ≥3 adverse events (AE) in >15% of patients were hypertension (28%), pneumonia (24%), and neutropenia (18%). These grade ≥3 AEs generally declined over time, except hypertension. AEs leading to discontinuation in ≥2 patients were observed only in the relapsed/refractory setting (sepsis, diarrhea, subdural hematoma, and Richter's transformation).

CONCLUSIONS

With up to 8 years of follow-up, sustained responses and long-term tolerability of single-agent ibrutinib were observed with treatment of first-line or relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL, including high-risk CLL/SLL.

Long-term efficacy and safety of first-line ibrutinib treatment for patients with CLL/SLL: 5 years of follow-up from the phase 3 RESONATE-2 study

RESONATE-2 is a phase 3 study of first-line ibrutinib versus chlorambucil in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Patients aged ≥65 years (n = 269) were randomized 1:1 to once-daily ibrutinib 420 mg continuously or chlorambucil 0.5-0.8 mg/kg for ≤12 cycles. With a median (range) follow-up of 60 months (0.1-66), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) benefits for ibrutinib versus chlorambucil were sustained (PFS estimates at 5 years: 70% vs 12%; HR [95% CI]: 0.146 [0.098-0.218]; OS estimates at 5 years: 83% vs 68%; HR [95% CI]: 0.450 [0.266-0.761]). Ibrutinib benefit was also consistent in patients with high prognostic risk (TP53 mutation, 11q deletion, and/or unmutated IGHV) (PFS: HR [95% CI]: 0.083 [0.047-0.145]; OS: HR [95% CI]: 0.366 [0.181-0.736]). Investigator-assessed overall response rate was 92% with ibrutinib (complete response, 30%; 11% at primary analysis). Common grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) included neutropenia (13%), pneumonia (12%), hypertension (8%), anemia (7%), and hyponatremia (6%); occurrence of most events as well as discontinuations due to AEs decreased over time. Fifty-eight percent of patients continue to receive ibrutinib. Single-agent ibrutinib demonstrated sustained PFS and OS benefit versus chlorambucil and increased depth of response over time.

Final analysis from RESONATE: Up to six years of follow-up on ibrutinib in patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma

Ibrutinib, a once-daily oral inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, is approved in the United States and Europe for treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). The phase 3 RESONATE study showed improved efficacy of single-agent ibrutinib over ofatumumab in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL, including those with high-risk features. Here we report the final analysis from RESONATE with median follow-up on study of 65.3 months (range, 0.3-71.6) in the ibrutinib arm. Median progression-free survival (PFS) remained significantly longer for patients randomized to ibrutinib vs ofatumumab (44.1 vs 8.1 months; hazard ratio [HR]: 0.148; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.113-0.196; P˂.001). The PFS benefit with ibrutinib vs ofatumumab was preserved in the genomic high-risk population with del(17p), TP53 mutation, del(11q), and/or unmutated IGHV status (median PFS 44.1 vs 8.0 months; HR: 0.110; 95% CI: 0.080-0.152), which represented 82% of patients. Overall response rate with ibrutinib was 91% (complete response/complete response with incomplete bone marrow recovery, 11%). Overall survival, censored for crossover, was better with ibrutinib than ofatumumab (HR: 0.639; 95% CI: 0.418-0.975). With up to 71 months (median 41 months) of ibrutinib therapy, the safety profile remained consistent with prior reports; cumulatively, all-grade (grade ≥3) hypertension and atrial fibrillation occurred in 21% (9%) and 12% (6%) of patients, respectively. Only 16% discontinued ibrutinib because of adverse events (AEs). These long-term results confirm the robust efficacy of ibrutinib in relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL irrespective of high-risk clinical or genomic features, with no unexpected AEs. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01578707).

Role of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) are important players in the cross-talk among lymphoma, myeloma and leukemia cells and their microenvironments. In hematological malignancies and solid tumors, the overexpression of CXCR4 on the cell surface has been shown to be responsible for disease progression, increasing tumor cell survival and chemoresistance and metastasis to organs with high CXCL12 levels (e.g., lymph nodes and bone marrow (BM)). Furthermore, the overexpression of CXCR4 has been found to have prognostic significance for disease progression in many type of tumors including lymphoma, leukemia, glioma, and prostate, breast, colorectal, renal, and hepatocellular carcinomas. In leukemia, CXCR4 expression granted leukemic blasts a higher capacity to seed into BM niches, thereby protecting leukemic cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, and was correlated with shorter disease-free survival. In contrast, neutralizing the interaction of CXCL12/CXCR4 with a variety of antagonists induced apoptosis and differentiation and increased the chemosensitivity of lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia cells. The role of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies and the clinical therapeutic potential of CXCR4 antagonists in these diseases is discussed.

STAT3-Induced Wnt5a Provides Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells with Survival Advantage

The wingless and integration site growth factor-5a (Wnt5a) is a ligand of the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor-1 (ROR1). Because both Wnt5a and ROR1 are expressed in circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, and because in other cell types, STAT3, which is constitutively activated in CLL, induces Wnt5a signaling, we wondered whether STAT3 induces the expression of Wnt5a in CLL cells. Sequence analysis detected four putative STAT3 binding sites in close proximity to the Wnt5a gene promoter's start codon. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and EMSA revealed that STAT3 binds to the Wnt5a gene promoter, and a luciferase assay showed that STAT3 activates the Wnt5a gene. Additionally, transfection of peripheral blood CLL cells with STAT3 short hairpin RNA downregulated Wnt5a mRNA and protein levels, suggesting that STAT3 binds to the Wnt5a gene promoter and induces the expression of Wnt5a in CLL cells. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy determined that both Wnt5a and its receptor ROR1 are coexpressed on the surface of CLL cells, and Western immunoblotting showed an inverse correlation between Wnt5a and ROR1 protein levels, implying that, regardless of CLL cells' ROR1 levels, blocking the interaction between Wnt5a and ROR1 might be beneficial to patients with CLL. Indeed, transfection of CLL cells with Wnt5a small interfering RNA reduced Wnt5a mRNA and protein levels and significantly increased the spontaneous apoptotic rate of CLL cells. Taken together, our data unravel an autonomous STAT3-driven prosurvival circuit that provides circulating CLL cells with a microenvironment-independent survival advantage.

SLAMF6 as a Regulator of Exhausted CD8+ T Cells in Cancer

The tumor microenvironment in leukemia and solid tumors induces a shift of activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to an exhausted state, characterized by loss of proliferative capacity and impaired immunologic synapse formation. Efficient strategies and targets need to be identified to overcome T-cell exhaustion and further improve overall responses in the clinic. Here, we took advantage of the Eμ-TCL1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B16 melanoma mouse models to assess the role of the homophilic cell-surface receptor SLAMF6 as an immune-checkpoint regulator. The transfer of SLAMF6+ Eμ-TCL1 cells into SLAMF6-/- recipients, in contrast to wild-type (WT) recipients, significantly induced expansion of a PD-1+ subpopulation among CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells, which had impaired cytotoxic functions. Conversely, administering anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced the leukemic burden in Eμ-TCL1 recipient WT mice concomitantly with a loss of PD-1+CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells with significantly increased effector functions. Anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced leukemic burden in the peritoneal cavity, a niche where antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is impaired, possibly through activation of CD8+ T cells. Targeting of SLAMF6 affected tumor growth not only in B cell-related leukemia and lymphomas but also in nonhematopoietic tumors such as B16 melanoma, where SLAMF6 is not expressed. In vitro exhausted CD8+ T cells showed increased degranulation when anti-human SLAMF6 was added in culture. Taken together, anti-SLAMF6 both effectively corrected CD8+ T-cell dysfunction and had a direct effect on tumor progression. The outcomes of our studies suggest that targeting SLAMF6 is a potential therapeutic strategy.

A multicenter phase 1 study of plerixafor and rituximab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CXCR4 directs chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) trafficking within protective tissue niches, and targeting CXCR4 with plerixafor may enhance drug sensitivity. We performed a phase 1 dose escalation study of plerixafor (NCT00694590) with rituximab in 24 patients with relapsed/refractory CLL. Patients received rituximab 375 mg/m² on days 1, 3, and 5, followed by bi-weekly rituximab plus dose-escalated plerixafor for 4 weeks. The maximum tolerated dose of plerixafor was 320 µg/kg. The most common toxicities were fatigue (13 patients, 57%), nausea (11, 48%), chills (10, 43%), and diarrhea and dyspnea (seven, 30% each). No patients developed symptomatic hyperleukocytosis or tumor lysis syndrome. A median 3.3-fold increase (range 1.2-12.4) in peripheral blood CLL was seen following the first dose of plerixafor, confirming CLL cell mobilization. The overall response rate was 38% and correlated with higher doses of plerixafor. Plerixafor is well-tolerated in patients with CLL; further tumor sensitization studies with CXCR4 antagonists are warranted.

Long-term safety of single-agent ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 3 pivotal studies

Ibrutinib, a first-in-class once-daily oral Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), is continued until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. We conducted an integrated safety analysis of single-agent ibrutinib from randomized phase 3 studies PCYC-1112 (RESONATE, n = 195) and PCYC-1115/1116 (RESONATE-2, n = 135), and examined longer-term safety separately in the phase 1b/2 PCYC-1102/1103 study (n = 94, 420 mg/d). In the integrated analysis (ibrutinib treatment up to 43 months), the most common adverse events (AEs) were primarily grade 1/2; diarrhea (n = 173, 52% any-grade; n = 15, 5% grade 3) and fatigue (n = 119, 36% any-grade; n = 10, 3% grade 3). The most common grade 3/4 AEs were neutropenia (n = 60, 18%) and pneumonia (n = 38, 12%). Over time, prevalence of AEs of interest (diarrhea, fatigue, grade ≥3 infection, bleeding, and neutropenia) trended down; prevalence of hypertension increased, but incidence decreased after year 1. AEs led to dose reductions in 42 (13%) patients and permanent discontinuations in 37 (11%); dose modifications due to AEs were most common during year 1 and decreased in frequency thereafter. The most common AEs (preferred term) contributing to discontinuation included pneumonia (n = 4), anemia (n = 3), and atrial fibrillation (n = 3). With long-term follow-up on PCYC-1102/1103 (ibrutinib treatment up to 67 months), grade 3/4 AEs were generally similar to those in the integrated analysis. Overall, AEs were primarily grade 1/2 and manageable during prolonged ibrutinib treatment in patients with CLL. These trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01578707, #NCT01722487, #NCT01724346, #NCT01105247, and #NCT01109069.

Long-term follow-up of the RESONATE phase 3 trial of ibrutinib vs ofatumumab

Ibrutinib, a once-daily oral inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase, has greatly improved outcomes for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The phase 3 RESONATE trial, which compared single-agent ibrutinib to ofatumumab in high-risk, relapsed patients with CLL, provided support for approval of ibrutinib in the United States and Europe. We describe long-term follow-up of patients treated in RESONATE, where continued superiority of progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.133; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.099-0.178) was observed. Overall survival benefit continues (HR, 0.591; 95% CI, 0.378-0.926), although with decreased magnitude relative to that seen before crossover to ibrutinib was implemented for patients on ofatumumab (HR, 0.426; 95% CI, 0.220-0.823). Notably, overall response to ibrutinib increased over time, with 91% of patients attaining a response. The PFS benefit with ibrutinib was independent of baseline risk factors, although patients with ≥2 prior therapies had shorter PFS than those with <2 prior therapies, and the presence of TP53 or SF3B1 mutations showed a trend toward shorter PFS vs without these factors. Median duration of ibrutinib was 41 months, with 46% remaining on treatment at a median follow-up of 44 months. Grade ≥3 adverse events generally decreased over time, causing only a small proportion of patients to cease therapy. Ibrutinib was discontinued due to progressive disease in 27% of patients. This long-term study provides support for sustained efficacy and safety of ibrutinib in relapsed/refractory CLL and consideration of study provisions that allow crossover to investigational therapy when benefit has been clearly demonstrated. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01578707.

Ibrutinib therapy downregulates AID enzyme and proliferative fractions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the immunoglobulin genes. As a trade-off for its physiological function, AID also contributes to tumor development through its mutagenic activity. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), AID is overexpressed in the proliferative fractions (PFs) of the malignant B lymphocytes, and its anomalous expression has been associated with a clinical poor outcome. Recent preclinical data suggested that ibrutinib and idelalisib, 2 clinically approved kinase inhibitors, increase AID expression and genomic instability in normal and neoplastic B cells. These results raise concerns about a potential mutagenic risk in patients receiving long-term therapy. To corroborate these findings in the clinical setting, we analyzed AID expression and PFs in a CLL cohort before and during ibrutinib treatment. We found that ibrutinib decreases the CLL PFs and, interestingly, also reduces AID expression, which correlates with dampened AKT and Janus Kinase 1 signaling. Moreover, although ibrutinib increases AID expression in a CLL cell line, it is unable to do so in primary CLL samples. Our results uncover a differential response to ibrutinib between cell lines and the CLL clone and imply that ibrutinib could differ from idelalisib in their potential to induce AID in treated patients. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between preclinical and clinical findings, and their effect on treatment safety, are discussed.

Outcomes with ibrutinib by line of therapy and post-ibrutinib discontinuation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Phase 3 analysis

The efficacy of ibrutinib has been demonstrated in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), including as first‐line therapy. However, outcomes after ibrutinib discontinuation have previously been limited to higher‐risk populations with relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate outcomes of ibrutinib‐treated patients based on prior lines of therapy, including after ibrutinib discontinuation. Data were analyzed from two multicenter phase 3 studies of single‐agent ibrutinib: RESONATE (PCYC‐1112) in patients with R/R CLL and RESONATE‐2 (PCYC‐1115) in patients with treatment‐naive (TN) CLL without del(17p). This integrated analysis included 271 ibrutinib‐treated non‐del(17p) patients with CLL (136 TN and 135 R/R). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was not reached for subgroups with 0 and 1/2 prior therapies but was 40.6 months for patients with ≥3 therapies (median follow‐up: TN, 36 months; R/R, 44 months). Median overall survival (OS) was not reached in any subgroup. Overall response rate (ORR) was 92% in TN and 92% in R/R, with depth of response increasing over time. Adverse events (AEs) and ibrutinib discontinuation due to AEs were similar between patient groups. Most patients (64%) remain on treatment. OS following discontinuation was 9.3 months in R/R patients (median follow‐up 18 months, n = 51) and was not reached in TN patients (median follow‐up 10 months, n = 30). In this integrated analysis, ibrutinib was associated with favorable PFS and OS, and high ORR regardless of prior therapies in patients with CLL. The best outcomes following ibrutinib discontinuation were for patients receiving ibrutinib in earlier lines of therapy.

Going through Changes: Surface IgM Levels during CLL Therapy with Ibrutinib

Continuous B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation by antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues is a key pathogenic mechanism in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Therapy with ibrutinib mobilizes tissue CLL cells into the peripheral blood (PB), away from tissue antigen. Consequently, mobilized antigen-deprived CLL cells upregulate surface immunoglobulin M (IgM), providing robust evidence for this mechanism of pathogenesis.See related article by Drennan et al., p. 2503.

Characterizing the kinetics of lymphocytosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with single-agent ibrutinib

Increased absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) is a key feature of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but is also observed during treatment with B-cell receptor pathway inhibitors including ibrutinib, a first-in-class inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. In patients with CLL treated with single-agent ibrutinib in two multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 3 studies (RESONATE-2, NCT01722487; RESONATE, NCT01578707), lymphocytosis was observed in 77 of 136 (57%) patients treated in first-line and 133 of 195 (69%) relapsed/refractory patients. On treatment, lymphocytosis resolved in 95% of patients in the first-line and 94% in the relapsed/refractory setting. The median duration of lymphocytosis was 12 and 14 weeks in the first-line and relapsed/refractory settings, respectively. Lymphocytosis is a common and predictable pharmacodynamic effect of ibrutinib treatment, and in the absence of other signs of progression, does not represent disease progression. Lymphocytosis resolves in the majority of patients and does not require interruption or discontinuation of ibrutinib therapy.