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Griffen JA, Rapport LJ, Bryer RC, Bieliauskas LA, Burt C. Awareness of Deficits and On-Road Driving Performance. Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 25:1158-78. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2011.609841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Considine CM, Weisenbach SL, Walker SJ, McFadden EM, Franti LM, Bieliauskas LA, Maixner DF, Giordani B, Berent S, Langenecker SA. Auditory memory decrements, without dissimulation, among patients with major depressive disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 26:445-53. [PMID: 21593060 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acr041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Questions have been raised about whether poor performance on memory tasks by individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) might be the result of poor or variable effort or disease-related disruption of neural circuits supporting memory functions. The present study examined performance on a measure of task engagement and on an auditory memory task among 45 patients with MDD (M age = 47.82, SD = 19.55) relative to 32 healthy controls (HC; M age = 51.03, SD = 22.09). One-hundred percent of HC and MDD volunteers performed above the threshold for adequate effort on a formal measure of task engagement. The MDD subjects performed significantly more poorly than the HC subjects on an auditory learning and memory test. The present results suggest that auditory memory difficulties do occur among those with MDD and that decrements in performance in this group may be related to factors other than lack of effort.
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Kronfol Z, Litman HJ, Back-Madruga C, Bieliauskas LA, Lindsay KL, Lok AS, Fontana RJ. No increase in depression with low-dose maintenance peginterferon in prior non-responders with chronic hepatitis C. J Affect Disord 2011; 129:205-12. [PMID: 20889211 PMCID: PMC3025085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peginterferon and ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is frequently associated with dose-limiting neuropsychiatric toxicity. The purpose of this study is to determine whether prolonged administration of low-dose peginterferon-α2a is associated with an increase in the rate and severity of depression compared to untreated controls. METHODS 129 non-responders to full-dose peginterferon and ribavirin treatment were randomized to low-dose maintenance treatment with peginterferon-α2a 90 μg/week or no treatment for 3.5 years. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) at baseline and at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months. "Clinical depression" was defined as BDI-II ≥11 and/or meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depression on the CIDI. Serial cortisol and serotonin plasma concentrations were obtained in a subgroup of patients. RESULTS Rates of clinical depression did not significantly differ over time or between treatment groups. Baseline clinical depression was the only significant predictor of clinical depression over time (p<0.001). Rates of clinical depression were also significantly higher in patients experiencing liver disease progression (p=0.016). Antidepressant use did not significantly differ between groups. Adjusted whole blood serotonin levels dropped significantly over time (p=0.04), but there was no group by time effect. LIMITATIONS Lack of significant group differences in antidepressant use does not completely preclude significant mood changes masked by antidepressants. Results may differ in treatment naïve CHC patients or in those receiving full-dose peginterferon. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged low-dose peginterferon-α2a treatment is not associated with an increase in the frequency or severity of clinical depression in prior non-responder patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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Drag LL, Bieliauskas LA, Langenecker SA, Greenfield LJ. Cognitive functioning, retirement status, and age: results from the Cognitive Changes and Retirement among Senior Surgeons study. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211:303-7. [PMID: 20800185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate assessment of cognitive functioning is an important step in understanding how to better evaluate both clinical and cognitive competence in practicing surgeons. As part of the Cognitive Changes and Retirement among Senior Surgeons study, we examined the objective cognitive functioning of senior surgeons in relation to retirement status and age. STUDY DESIGN Computerized cognitive tasks measuring visual sustained attention, reaction time, and visual learning and memory were administered to both practicing and retired surgeons at annual meetings of the American College of Surgeons. Data from 168 senior surgeons aged 60 and older were compared with data from 126 younger surgeons aged 45 to 59, with performance below 1.5 standard deviations or more indicating a significant difference between the groups. RESULTS Sixty-one percent of practicing senior surgeons performed within the range of the younger surgeons on all cognitive tasks. Seventy-eight percent of practicing senior surgeons aged 60 to 64 performed within the range of the younger surgeons on all tasks compared with 38% of practicing senior surgeons aged 70 and older. Forty-five percent of retired senior surgeons performed within the range of the younger surgeons on all tasks. No senior surgeon performed below the younger surgeons on all 3 tasks. CONCLUSIONS The majority of practicing senior surgeons performed at or near the level of their younger peers on all cognitive tasks, as did almost half of the retired senior surgeons. This suggests that older age does not inevitably preclude cognitive proficiency. The variability in cognitive performance across age groups and retirement status suggests the need for formal measures of objective cognitive functioning to help surgeons detect changes in cognitive performance and aid in their decisions to retire.
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Bieliauskas LA, Roper BR, Trobe J, Lacy M. Cognitive Measures, Driving Safety, and Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/clin.12.2.206.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bieliauskas LA, Depp C, Kauszler ML, Steinberg BA, Lacy M. IQ and Scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/anec.7.4.227.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
This article addresses key topics in cognitive aging, intending to provide the reader with a brief overview of the current state of research in this growing, multidisciplinary field. A summary of the physiological changes in the aging brain is provided as well as a review of variables that influence cognitive abilities in older age. Normal aging differentially affects various aspects of cognition, and specific changes within various domains such as attention, executive functioning, and memory are discussed. Various theories have been proposed to account for the cognitive changes that accompany normal aging, and a brief examination of these theories is presented in the context of these domain-specific changes.
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Spencer RJ, Drag LL, Walker SJ, Bieliauskas LA. Self-reported cognitive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury are poorly associated with neuropsychological performance in OIF/OEF veterans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 47:521-30. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2009.11.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lee HJ, Drag LL, Bieliauskas LA, Langenecker SA, Graver C, O'Neill J, Greenfield L. Results from the cognitive changes and retirement among senior surgeons self-report survey. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 209:668-671.e2. [PMID: 19854410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cognitive Changes and Retirement among Senior Surgeons (CCRASS) study suggested that although subjective cognitive awareness may play a role in surgeons' retirement decisions, self-perceived cognitive decline did not predict objective cognitive performance. This article summarizes results from all participants who completed the survey portion of the CCRASS study. STUDY DESIGN A survey examining subjective cognitive changes, changes in caseload, involvement in new technology, and retirement decisions, was administered to 995 surgeons at annual meetings of the Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons between 2001 and 2006. RESULTS Forty-five percent reported increased caseload volume and 48% reported increased caseload complexity during the previous 5 years. In addition, 75% and 73% denied any recent changes in memory recall or name recognition, respectively. Increasing age was associated with decreases in clinical caseload and complexity. The majority of respondents across all age groups reported active participation in either learning (64%) or contributing (13%) to new technology in the field. Among surgeons with no imminent plans for retirement, 58% reported that a retirement decision will be based on skill level. CONCLUSIONS Increasing age was associated with decreases in caseload and case complexity. But a steady proportion of surgeons, even in the oldest age group, are active in new surgical innovations and challenging cases. Most reported no changes in perceived cognitive abilities. The majority of surgeons who had made no decision to retire reported that their decision will be based on skill level rather than age.
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Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To review of studies that focus on the assessment of driving competence among the elderly who are at increased risk of being involved in automobile crashes. The current status of neuropsychological testing as a predictor of driving safety in this population is critically evaluated. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Several domains of neuropsychological assessment have been shown to be related to safe driving in older age groups, including vision-based testing, attention-based testing, and testing of executive functions. Use of a driving simulator to investigate crash risk has been particularly effective. CONCLUSIONS The argument is made that a combination of test approaches be used to develop an algorithm for efficient screening of elderly drivers on a regular basis and that use of a driving simulator to measure driving performance under challenge should be incorporated as part of this evaluation.
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Fontana RJ, Kronfol Z, Lindsay KL, Bieliauskas LA, Padmanabhan L, Back-Madruga C, Lok AS, Stoddard AM. Changes in mood states and biomarkers during peginterferon and ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:2766-75. [PMID: 18721241 PMCID: PMC3712502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is a frequent side effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The aim of this study was to identify baseline and on-treatment predictors of depression in CHC patients receiving peginterferon and ribavirin. METHODS In total, 201 prior nonresponders with advanced fibrosis were treated with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for 24 wk in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment against Cirrhosis trial. Of these, 74 continued on antiviral therapy through week 48. Mood states were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory II and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Plasma cortisol and whole blood serotonin levels were measured in 101 subjects at weeks 0, 4, 24, 48, and 72. RESULTS The incidence of interferon-induced depression was 23% and 42% at weeks 24 and 48, respectively. Although 22% of patients had baseline depression, the absence of a week 20 virological response was the only independent predictor of interferon-induced depression at week 24 (P = 0.0009). Plasma cortisol levels did not change during treatment nor correlate with depression. In contrast, whole blood serotonin/platelet levels significantly decreased during treatment, but did not correlate with interferon-induced depression through week 24 (P = 0.35), nor through week 48 (P = 0.51). CONCLUSION Depression during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy was associated with a lower antiviral response. The significant reduction in whole blood serotonin levels over time suggest that further studies of the serotonergic pathway are warranted to identify the mediators of interferon-induced depression.
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Boom-Saad Z, Langenecker SA, Bieliauskas LA, Graver CJ, O’Neill JR, Caveney AF, Greenfield LJ, Minter RM. Surgeons outperform normative controls on neuropsychologic tests, but age-related decay of skills persists. Am J Surg 2008; 195:205-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bieliauskas LA, Topel JL, Huckman MS. Cognitive, neurologic, and radiologic test data in a changing lesion pattern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01688638008403794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chatel DM, Lamberty GJ, Bieliauskas LA. Prescription privileges for psychologists: A professional affairs committee survey of division 40 members. Clin Neuropsychol 2007; 7:190-196. [DOI: 10.1080/13854049308401521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Whitney KA, Maoz O, Hook JN, Steiner AR, Bieliauskas LA. IQ and Scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): Controlling for Effort and Education Among Geriatric Inpatients. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2007; 14:545-52. [PMID: 17828629 DOI: 10.1080/13825580600850934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition (PPVT-III) were administered to 76 Extended Care Center inpatients of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 56 of whom did not carry a diagnosis associated with brain impairment, and 20 of whom had a diagnosis associated with degenerative or cerebrovascular conditions. MMSE and PPVT-III scores, the latter of which estimates verbal IQ, were significantly correlated in both groups, even when controlling for the effects of education. This correlation was attenuated, but remained significant, in the face of varying levels of patient effort. The findings of this study support earlier findings, which also suggest that interpretation of "impaired" performance on the MMSE for those with IQ scores below 90 should be interpreted with caution. Average MMSE scores for Wechsler IQ classifications are provided.
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Langenecker SA, Caveney AF, Giordani B, Young EA, Nielson KA, Rapport LJ, Bieliauskas LA, Mordhorst MJ, Marcus S, Yodkovik N, Kerber K, Berent S, Zubieta JK. The sensitivity and psychometric properties of a brief computer-based cognitive screening battery in a depression clinic. Psychiatry Res 2007; 152:143-54. [PMID: 17445911 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is poor accuracy in assessing cognitive and vegetative symptoms in depression using clinician or self-rated measures, suggesting the need for development of standardized tasks to assess these functions. The current study assessed the psychometric properties and diagnostic specificity of a brief neuropsychological screening battery designed to assess core signs of depression; psychomotor retardation, attention and executive functioning difficulties, and impaired emotion perception within an outpatient psychiatry setting. Three hundred eighty-four patients with mood disorders and 77 healthy volunteers participated. A large percentage of patients met diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder alone (49%) or with another comorbid psychiatric disorder (24%). A brief, 25-min battery of computer-based tests was administered to control participants and patients measuring the constructs of inhibitory control, attention, visual perception, and both executive and visual processing speed. The patient groups performed significantly worse than the control group regardless of diagnosis on visual perception and attention accuracy and processing speed factors. Surprisingly, the anxiety disorder group performed better than several other psychiatric disorder groups in inhibitory control accuracy. Developing valid and reliable measures of cognitive signs in mood disorders creates excellent opportunities for tracking cognitive status prior to initiation of treatment, and allows for reliable retest following treatment.
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Bieliauskas LA, Back-Madruga C, Lindsay KL, Wright EC, Kronfol Z, Lok ASF, Fontana RJ. Cognitive reserve and neuropsychological functioning in patients infected with hepatitis C. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13:687-92. [PMID: 17521478 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617707070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological test performance in 198 patients infected with the hepatitis C virus. IQ scores, educational level, and occupational rating were combined to calculate a Cognitive Reserve Score (CRS) for each patient. Similar to studies of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, there was a significantly increased risk of impairment in neuropsychological test performance in individuals with lower CRSs. It is important to account for CRS when assessing cognitive findings in large-scale clinical trials.
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Fontana RJ, Bieliauskas LA, Lindsay KL, Back-Madruga C, Wright EC, Snow KK, Lok ASF, Kronfol Z, Padmanabhan L. Cognitive function does not worsen during pegylated interferon and ribavirin retreatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2007; 45:1154-63. [PMID: 17465000 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon (peginterferon) and ribavirin can cause or exacerbate depression but its effects on cognitive function are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin adversely impacts cognitive function in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Prior nonresponders to interferon were retreated with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for 24 (n=177) or 48 weeks (n=57) in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment Against Cirrhosis trial. Cognitive function was prospectively assessed using a battery of 10 standardized neuropsychological tests at weeks 0, 24, 48, and 72. Cognitive impairment was defined based upon a global deficit score. The Beck Depression Inventory and Brief Symptom Inventory were used to assess mood status. The 57 subjects who completed 48 weeks of antiviral therapy reported significant increases in difficulty concentrating, emotional distress, and symptoms of depression, all of which improved after cessation of therapy [P<0.0001, analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. Nonetheless, the frequency of cognitive impairment did not increase during the first 24 weeks of treatment in 177 patients (34% versus 32%, P=0.64) nor in the 57 patients completing 48 weeks of treatment (P=0.48, ANOVA). CONCLUSION Retreatment of prior non-responders with peginterferon and ribavirin was not associated with objective evidence of cognitive impairment as measured by a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The lack of cognitive impairment is reassuring and suggests that self-reported symptoms of cognitive dysfunction are more likely related to the systemic and psychiatric side effects of antiviral treatment rather than measurable changes in cognition.
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Bieliauskas LA, Back-Madruga C, Lindsay KL, Snow KK, Kronfol Z, Lok AS, Padmanabhan L, Fontana RJ. Clinical Relevance of Cognitive Scores in Hepatitis C Patients with Advanced Fibrosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2007; 28:1346-61. [PMID: 17050262 DOI: 10.1080/13803390500473720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mild neuropsychological impairment has previously been reported in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and severity of cognitive impairment among a cohort of CHC patients with advanced fibrosis using clinician ratings compared to classification based upon statistical methods. In addition, we set out to determine the relationship between cognitive scores and functional status. Two experienced neuropsychologists provided "clinician ratings" on a battery of 10 neuropsychological tests performed in 100 randomly selected patients participating in the HALT-C clinical trial. The overall kappa between the 2 graders on level of impairment was 0.59. Clinician ratings (the gold standard) were similarly sensitive to identifying cognitive impairment as was classification based on standard scores (44% vs. 40%). Global Deficit Scores (GDS), derived from pooling standard scores, also identified 44% of patients as having mild impairment and were highly correlated with clinician ratings (r = .81 p = < 0.0001). Neither clinician ratings nor deficit scores correlated with SF-36 subscale or summary scores but did correlate with depression scores (p < .0007). In summary, clinician ratings and deficit scores identified a similar prevalence of cognitive impairment amongst CHC patients with advanced fibrosis. There was a significant correlation between cognitive impairment and self-reported depression.
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Steinberg BA, Bieliauskas LA, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Age- and IQ-Adjusted Norms for the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised. Clin Neuropsychol 2005; 19:378-463. [PMID: 16120536 DOI: 10.1080/13854040590945201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Normative data sets for standardized neuropsychometric instruments often include adjustments for subject variables. There are reasons to believe, however, that improvements in interpretive accuracy that result from such adjustments are less than optimal. In particular, "years of formal education" may be less closely related to test performances than is general intellectual functioning. In this third of four reanalyses of results from the Mayo Clinic's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) databases, age-adjusted index and scaled scores for the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised were found to be more strongly associated with Mayo age-adjusted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores (rs=.271 to .631) than with education (rs=.089 to .310) for healthy older examinees between 56 and 99 years of age. These associations were strongest for Attention/Concentration and General Memory Index scores and, in general, for individuals with average intelligence (cf. Dodrill, 19971999). Tables of age- and IQ-adjusted percentile equivalents of Mayo age-adjusted WMS-R index scores and MOANS age-adjusted WMS-R subtest scaled scores are presented for eleven age ranges and seven IQ ranges.
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Steinberg BA, Bieliauskas LA, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Age- and IQ-Adjusted Norms for the Trail-Making Test, the Stroop Test, and MAE Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Clin Neuropsychol 2005; 19:329-77. [PMID: 16120535 DOI: 10.1080/13854040590945210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although normative data sets for standardized neuropsychometric instruments often include adjustments for subject variables, there are reasons to believe that improvements in interpretive accuracy that result from such adjustments are less than optimal. In particular, years of formal education may be less closely related to test performances than is general intellectual functioning. In this second of four reanalyses of results from the Mayo Clinic's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) databases, age-adjusted scores for the Trail-Making Test, the Stroop Color-Word Test, and the MAE Controlled Oral Word Associations Test were found to be more strongly associated with Mayo age-adjusted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores (rs=.368 to .495) than with education (rs=.174 to .367) for healthy older examinees between 56 and 99 years of age. For the TMT and the COWAT, but not the Stroop, these associations became stronger as IQ increased (cf. Dodrill, 1997, 1999). Tables of age- and IQ-adjusted percentile equivalents of MOANS age-adjusted TMT, Stroop, and COWAT scores are presented for eleven age ranges and seven IQ ranges.
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Steinberg BA, Bieliauskas LA, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Malec JF. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Age- and IQ-Adjusted Norms for the Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the Visual Spatial Learning Test. Clin Neuropsychol 2005; 19:464-523. [PMID: 16120537 DOI: 10.1080/13854040590945193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although normative data sets for standardized neuropsychometric instruments frequently feature adjustments for subject variables, there are reasons to believe that improvements in interpretive accuracy that result from such adjustments are less than optimal. In particular, years of education may be less closely associated with test performances than is overall intellectual functioning. In this last of four reanalyses of results from the Mayo Clinic's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) databases, age-adjusted scores for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the Visual Spatial Learning Test were found to be more strongly related to Mayo age-adjusted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores (rs=.150 to .395) than to education (rs=.060 to .236) for healthy older examinees between 56 and 99 years of age. Although AVLT-FSIQ correlations were greatest at moderate levels of intelligence, VSLT-FSIQ correlations consistently increased in strength as intelligence increased (cf. Dodrill, 19971999). Based on these results, we present tables of age- and IQ-adjusted percentile equivalents of Mayo age-adjusted AVLT index scores and MOANS age-adjusted AVLT and VSLT scaled scores for ten age ranges and either seven (AVLT) or five (VSLT) IQ ranges.
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Steinberg BA, Bieliauskas LA, Smith GE, Langellotti C, Ivnik RJ. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Age- and IQ-Adjusted Norms for the Boston Naming Test, the MAE Token Test, and the Judgment of Line Orientation Test. Clin Neuropsychol 2005; 19:280-328. [PMID: 16120534 DOI: 10.1080/13854040590945229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although many extant normative data sets for standardized neuropsychometric instruments feature adjustments for subject variables, there are reasons to believe that improvements in interpretive accuracy that result from such adjustments are less than optimal. In particular, several theoretical considerations suggest that years of formal education may be less closely related to test performances than is general intellectual functioning. In this first of four reanalyses of results from the Mayo Clinic's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) databases, age-adjusted scores on the Boston Naming Test, the MAE Token Test, and the Judgment of Line Orientation Test were indeed found to be more strongly associated with Mayo Age-adjusted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores (rs=.608, .473, and .502, respectively) than with education (rs=.310, .306, and .236, respectively) for healthy older examinees (56-99 years). Consistent with the remarks of Dodrill (19971999), these correlations generally decreased at higher levels of intelligence. The magnitude and pattern of such declines varied across the three tests, however, suggesting that IQ-test score associations must be empirically determined rather than assumed to be linear. Tables of Age- and IQ-Adjusted percentile equivalents of MOANS Age-adjusted BNT, Token Test, and JLO scaled scores are presented for eleven age ranges and seven IQ ranges. The article concludes with a discussion of factors that may underlie observed relations among age, intelligence, and neuropsychometric test performances.
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