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Albers HM, Kurreeman FAS, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Brinkman DMC, Kamphuis SSM, Girschick HJ, Wouters C, van Rossum MAJ, Verduyn W, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ, Schilham MW, ten Cate R. The TRAF1/C5 region is a risk factor for polyarthritis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2008. [PMCID: PMC3333905 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-6-s1-p11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Albers HM, Wessels JAM, van der Straaten RJH, Brinkman DMC, Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Kamphuis SSM, Girschick HJ, Wouters C, Schilham MW, le Cessie S, Huizinga TWJ, ten Cate R, Guchelaar HJ. Time to treatment as an important factor for the response to methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2008. [PMCID: PMC3334106 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-6-s1-p46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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53
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Verhoeven DHJ, de Hooge ASK, Mooiman ECK, Santos SJ, ten Dam MM, Gelderblom H, Melief CJM, Hogendoorn PCW, Egeler RM, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW, Lankester AC. NK cells recognize and lyse Ewing sarcoma cells through NKG2D and DNAM-1 receptor dependent pathways. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3917-25. [PMID: 18657862 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a malignant bone-associated sarcoma, with poor prognosis in case of metastasis or relapse. To explore the feasibility of natural killer (NK) cell mediated immunotherapy and to identify molecular mechanisms involved, the susceptibility of EWS to NK cells was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS All EWS cell lines tested (n=7) were lysed by purified allogeneic NK cells from healthy donors, and the efficacy of lysis was increased by activating NK cells with interleukin-15 (IL-15). FACS analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that EWS cell lines as well as primary tumor cells expressed ligands for the activating NK cell receptors NKG2D and DNAM-1. NK cell cytotoxicity to EWS cells critically depended on the combination of NKG2D and DNAM-1 signaling, since blocking either of these receptors abrogated lysis by resting NK cells. Cytokine-activated NK cells more efficiently recognized EWS cells, since only combined, but not single blockade of NKG2D and DNAM-1 by antibodies inhibited lysis of EWS cells. Induction or blockade of HLA class I on EWS cells did not significantly influence lysis. This suggests that predominantly activating, rather than inhibitory signals on EWS cells determined susceptibility to NK cell cytotoxicity. NK cell cytotoxicity to EWS cells and K562 was reduced in EWS patients at diagnosis (n=11) compared to age matched controls, despite normal NK cell numbers and increased expression of NKG2D. The impaired function of these NK cells was restored after activation with IL-15 in vitro. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that EWS cells are potentially susceptible to NK cell cytotoxicity due to the expression of activating NK cell receptor ligands. The use of cytokine-activated NK cells rather than resting NK cells in immunotherapy may be instrumental to optimize NK cell reactivity to EWS.
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Albers HM, Kurreeman FAS, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Brinkman DMC, Kamphuis SSM, Girschick HJ, Wouters C, Van Rossum MAJ, Verduijn W, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ, Schilham MW, ten Cate R. The TRAF1/C5 region is a risk factor for polyarthritis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1578-80. [PMID: 18593758 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.089060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic disorder in which both genetic and environmental factors are involved. Recently, we identified the TRAF1/C5 region (located on chromosome 9q33-34) as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (p(combined) = 1.4 x 10(-8)). In the present study the association of the TRAF1/C5 region with the susceptibility to JIA was investigated. METHODS A case-control association study was performed in 338 Caucasian patients with JIA and 511 healthy individuals. We genotyped the single nucleotide polymorphism rs10818488 as a marker for the TRAF1/C5 region. RESULTS The A allele was associated with the susceptibility to rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis with an 11% increase in allele frequency (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.18; p = 0.012). This association was stronger when combining subtypes with a polyarticular phenotype (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.90; p = 0.004). In addition, we observed a trend towards an increase in A allele frequency in patients with extended oligoarthritis versus persistent oligoarthritis (49%, 38% respectively); p = 0.055. CONCLUSIONS Apart from being a well replicated risk factor for RA, TRAF1/C5 also appears to be a risk factor for the rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis subtype of JIA and, more generally, seems to be associated with subtypes of JIA characterised by a polyarticular course.
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Heemskerk B, van Vreeswijk T, Veltrop-Duits LA, Sombroek CC, Franken K, Verhoosel RM, Hiemstra PS, van Leeuwen D, Ressing ME, Toes REM, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW. Adenovirus-specific CD4+ T cell clones recognizing endogenous antigen inhibit viral replication in vitro through cognate interaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8851-9. [PMID: 17142788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a frequent and potentially severe complication following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children. Because treatment with antiviral drugs is often ineffective, adoptive transfer of donor-derived HAdV-specific T cells able to control viral replication of HAdV of multiple serotypes may be an option for therapy. In healthy donors, predominantly HAdV-specific T cells expressing CD4 are detected. In this study, a preclinical in vitro model was used to measure the antiviral effect of HAdV-specific CD4+ T cells. CD4+ HAdV-specific T cell clones restricted by HLA class II molecules were generated and most of these clones recognized conserved peptides derived from the hexon protein. These cross-reactive T cell clones were able to control viral replication of multiple serotypes of HAdV in EBV-transformed B cells (B-LCL), melanoma cells (MJS) and primary bronchial epithelial cells through cognate interaction. The HAdV-specific CD4+ T cell clones were able to specifically lyse infected target cells using a perforin-dependent mechanism. Antigenic peptides were also presented to the CD4+ T cell clones when derived from endogenously produced hexon protein. Together, these results show that cross-reactive HAdV-specific CD4+ T cells can control replication of HAdV in vitro and provide a rationale for the use of HAdV-specific T cells in adoptive immunotherapy protocols for control of life-threatening HAdV-infections in immunocompromised patients.
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Veltrop-Duits LA, Heemskerk B, Sombroek CC, van Vreeswijk T, Gubbels S, Toes REM, Melief CJM, Franken KLMC, Havenga M, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW. Human CD4+ T cells stimulated by conserved adenovirus 5 hexon peptides recognize cells infected with different species of human adenovirus. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2410-23. [PMID: 16933360 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The immune response against human adenovirus (HAdV) has gained interest because of the application of HAdV-based vectors in gene therapy and the high incidence of infections in pediatric recipients of allogeneic stem cell grafts. Because antiviral medication is frequently ineffective, the option of adoptive transfer of HAdV-specific donor-derived T cells in these immunocompromised patients is investigated. To generate good manufacturing practice-compatible reagents, a panel of 63 long, overlapping, peptides of the hexon protein was screened for recognition by T cells. Five conserved peptides of 30 amino acids were identified that were recognized by the majority of adult donors. CD4+ T cells from long-term cultures of PBMC, stimulated with this set of five peptides, recognized cells infected with HAdV serotypes belonging to different species. These data demonstrate that adult human T cells preferentially recognize conserved sequences of amino acid residues from a structural protein of HAdV. In the context of gene therapy, this observation may limit the beneficial effect of switching to HAdV-based vectors derived from less common serotypes of HAdV in an attempt to circumvent pre-existing immunity. However, this cross-reactivity benefits the application of HAdV-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy in immunocompromised transplant recipients.
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Morgan ME, van Bilsen JHM, Bakker AM, Heemskerk B, Schilham MW, Hartgers FC, Elferink BG, van der Zanden L, de Vries RRP, Huizinga TWJ, Ottenhoff THM, Toes REM. Expression of FOXP3 mRNA is not confined to CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells in humans. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:13-20. [PMID: 15620457 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) has been implicated as a key element for CD25(+) T regulatory cell function in mice. However, literature over similar involvement of FOXP3 expression in human T regulatory cells is limited. We found that, unlike murine cells, FOXP3 mRNA expression could be induced in human CD25(-) and CD8(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which were both negative for FOXP3 mRNA expression after isolation. Expression of FOXP3 mRNA began as soon as 24-40 hours after stimulation, demonstrating a correlation between activation and FOXP3 mRNA expression in human cells. In order to determine whether FOXP3 expression is confined to CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with a regulatory phenotype, we analyzed several well-defined T-cell clones and lines with various specificities. Surprisingly, expression of FOXP3 mRNA was detected in all clones and limited to the CD25(hi) populations. Nonetheless, the CD25(hi) fraction did not display regulatory properties because both the CD25(hi) and CD25(low) populations exhibited a similar proliferative- and interferon-gamma-secreting potential after antigenic stimulation. These results indicate that FOXP3 expression in humans, unlike mice, may not be specific for cells with a regulatory phenotype and may be only a consequence of activation status.
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Claas ECJ, Schilham MW, de Brouwer CS, Hubacek P, Echavarria M, Lankester AC, van Tol MJD, Kroes ACM. Internally controlled real-time PCR monitoring of adenovirus DNA load in serum or plasma of transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1738-44. [PMID: 15814994 PMCID: PMC1081334 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1738-1744.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been recognized as important pathogens in immunocompromised hosts. Particularly in pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients, the morbidity of the patients and mortality in those patients with disseminated infections have been found to increase over the last few years. Severe infections are predominantly but not exclusively caused by subgroup C adenoviruses. A multiplex real-time PCR assay using molecular beacons as probes was developed to enable monitoring of adenovirus DNA in those patients with simultaneous identification of subgroups. An internal control was coamplified in the multiplex PCR to check for the DNA isolation procedure as well as the presence of inhibitors in the clinical samples. The assay has been applied retrospectively in patient groups with different clinical outcomes of infection. In fatal cases, significantly higher adenovirus loads developed, exceeding even 10(11) copies/ml of serum or plasma. Patients with viral loads over 10(6) copies/ml appear to have an increased risk for fatal complications. This quantitative real-time PCR assay has been prospectively used clinically since 2002 to study the course of adenovirus infection. In addition, the assay provides objective start and end points of therapeutic interventions, including the clinically important evaluation of antiviral drugs.
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van Tol MJD, Claas ECJ, Heemskerk B, Veltrop-Duits LA, de Brouwer CS, van Vreeswijk T, Sombroek CC, Kroes ACM, Beersma MFC, de Klerk EPA, Egeler RM, Lankester AC, Schilham MW. Adenovirus infection in children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: diagnosis, treatment and immunity. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35 Suppl 1:S73-6. [PMID: 15812536 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are a frequent cause of potentially fatal infections in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, especially in children. Monitoring of serum/plasma by real-time quantitative PCR is a sensitive tool for the recognition of patients at risk of a potentially fatal infection and for the evaluation of the efficacy of treatment. Data from a retrospective study and from a prospective study demonstrate that recovery of immunity after transplantation is essential for the elimination of HAdV infection. The feasibility of several approaches for the manipulation of immunity in the immunocompromised host to prevent a fatal course of the infection is discussed.
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Schilham MW, Balduzzi A, Bader P. Is there a role for minimal residual disease levels in the treatment of ALL patients who receive allogeneic stem cells? Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35 Suppl 1:S49-52. [PMID: 15812531 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Relapse is the major complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. Since it has been possible to measure minimal residual disease (MRD) by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, this parameter is used more frequently in the treatment of ALL. In this article, the role of MRD and chimerism in the treatment and monitoring of pediatric transplantation recipients is described. Pre-SCT MRD levels can predict the risk of relapse and can thus be used to adjust treatment. Post-SCT MRD levels and changes in chimerism can predict relapses as well, although not many treatment options are available today, except relying on a graft-versus-leukemia effect mediated by graft-versus-host disease. Finding new treatments will be the challenge for the near future.
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Heemskerk B, Lankester AC, van Vreeswijk T, Beersma MFC, Claas ECJ, Veltrop-Duits LA, Kroes ACM, Vossen JMJJ, Schilham MW, van Tol MJD. Immune reconstitution and clearance of human adenovirus viremia in pediatric stem-cell recipients. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:520-30. [PMID: 15655775 DOI: 10.1086/427513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are increasingly frequent complications of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT), especially in children. Only a few data on the correlation between immune recovery and the course of HAdV infection are available, and data on HAdV-specific responses are lacking. METHODS In a prospective study, we determined the correlation between the HAdV DNA load in plasma and lymphocyte reconstitution in 48 children after allogeneic SCT. Additionally, HAdV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated. RESULTS HAdV infection occurred in 21 patients (44%), and, in 6 of these patients, the infection progressed to viremia, as demonstrated by the presence of HAdV DNA in plasma. Low lymphocyte counts at the onset of infection were predictive of HAdV viremia. Survival of patients with HAdV viremia was associated with an increase in lymphocyte counts during the first weeks after infection. In these patients, HAdV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, as well as increases in titers of neutralizing antibody, were detected after clearance of HAdV DNA from plasma. CONCLUSIONS Lymphocyte reconstitution appears to play a crucial role in clearance of HAdV viremia and survival of the host, warranting further development of therapeutic interventions aimed at improving immune recovery.
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Lankester AC, Heemskerk B, Claas ECJ, Schilham MW, Beersma MFC, Bredius RGM, van Tol MJD, Kroes ACM. Effect of Ribavirin on the Plasma Viral DNA Load in Patients with Disseminating Adenovirus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1521-5. [PMID: 15156436 DOI: 10.1086/420817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) infections are an increasingly frequent and potentially fatal complication in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. To determine the antiviral potential of ribavirin in an unbiased way, 4 patients without immune recovery were prospectively analyzed by quantitative measurement of plasma AdV DNA load. Administration of ribavirin at the first signs of AdV dissemination was not accompanied by a decrease in the plasma AdV DNA load in any of these patients, and an increase in the AdV load was even documented in 3. These observations question the potential of ribavirin to improve the outcome for patients with disseminating AdV infection and support a critical evaluation of antiviral treatments for AdV infection that involves the kinetics of virus DNA load as an objective parameter of viral replication.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/blood
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/drug therapy
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/pathology
- Adenoviruses, Human/drug effects
- Adenoviruses, Human/growth & development
- Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification
- Adenoviruses, Human/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/drug effects
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Prospective Studies
- Ribavirin/pharmacokinetics
- Ribavirin/pharmacology
- Ribavirin/therapeutic use
- Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Treatment Outcome
- Viral Load
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Krejci O, van der Velden VHJ, Bader P, Kreyenberg H, Goulden N, Hancock J, Schilham MW, Lankester A, Révész T, Klingebiel T, van Dongen JJM. Level of minimal residual disease prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts prognosis in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a report of the Pre-BMT MRD Study Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32:849-51. [PMID: 14520434 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ressing ME, van Leeuwen D, Verreck FAW, Gomez R, Heemskerk B, Toebes M, Mullen MM, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R, Schilham MW, Ottenhoff THM, Neefjes J, Schumacher TN, Hutt-Fletcher LM, Wiertz EJHJ. Interference with T cell receptor-HLA-DR interactions by Epstein-Barr virus gp42 results in reduced T helper cell recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11583-8. [PMID: 14504389 PMCID: PMC208801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2034960100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persists lifelong in infected hosts despite the presence of antiviral immunity. Many viral antigens are expressed during lytic infection. Thus, for EBV to spread, it must have evolved effective ways to evade immune recognition. Here, we report that HLA class II-restricted antigen presentation to T helper cells is hampered in the presence of the lytic-phase protein gp42. This interference with T cell activation involves association of gp42 with class II peptide complexes. Using HLA-DR tetramers, we identify a block in T cell receptor (TCR)-class II interactions imposed by gp42 as the underlying mechanism. EBV gp42 sterically clashes with TCR Valpha-domains as visualized by superimposing the crystal structures for gp42-HLA-DR1 and TCR-MHC class II complexes. Blocking TCR recognition provides a previously undescribed strategy for viral immune evasion.
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Heemskerk B, Veltrop-Duits LA, van Vreeswijk T, ten Dam MM, Heidt S, Toes REM, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW. Extensive cross-reactivity of CD4+ adenovirus-specific T cells: implications for immunotherapy and gene therapy. J Virol 2003; 77:6562-6. [PMID: 12743315 PMCID: PMC155022 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6562-6566.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad)-specific T-cell responses in healthy adult donors were investigated. Ad5, inactivated by methylene blue plus visible light, induced proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the majority of donors. Responding T cells were CD4(+) and produced IFN-gamma upon restimulation with infectious Ad5 and Ads of different subgroups. T-cell clones showed distinct cross-reactivity patterns recognizing Ad serotypes from either one subgroup (C), two subgroups (B and C), or three subgroups (A, B, and C). This cross-reactivity of Ad-specific T cells has relevance both for Ad-based gene therapy protocols, as well as for the feasibility of T-cell-mediated adoptive immunotherapy in recipients of an allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Schilham MW, Claas EC, van Zaane W, Heemskerk B, Vossen JM, Lankester AC, Toes RE, Echavarria M, Kroes AC, van Tol MJ. High levels of adenovirus DNA in serum correlate with fatal outcome of adenovirus infection in children after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:526-32. [PMID: 12173125 DOI: 10.1086/341770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2001] [Revised: 03/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the incidence of adenovirus (AdV) infection leading to death among children who have undergone allogeneic stem-cell transplantation has made it necessary to find new ways to monitor AdV infection. In this retrospective study, levels of AdV DNA in serum samples obtained from 36 transplant recipients with stool cultures positive for AdV were measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) semiquantitatively by analyzing serial dilutions of the DNA template. Six (86%) of 7 children who died of AdV infection, compared with only 2 (7%) of 29 other patients, had high serum levels of AdV DNA (detectable by PCR at a > or =100-fold dilution of the DNA template; P<.0001). High serum levels of AdV DNA were reached a mean of 18 days before death (range, 6-29 days). Quantification of adenoviral DNA in serum may prove to be a valuable tool to diagnose and monitor AdV infection and disease in immunocompromised children.
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Santos MM, de Sousa M, Rademakers LH, Clevers H, Marx JJ, Schilham MW. Iron overload and heart fibrosis in mice deficient for both beta2-microglobulin and Rag1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1883-92. [PMID: 11106561 PMCID: PMC1885749 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic causes of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) include mutations in the HFE gene, a ss2-microglobulin (ss2m)-associated major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein. Accordingly, mutant ss2m(-/-) mice have increased intestinal iron absorption and develop parenchymal iron overload in the liver. In humans, other genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to influence the pathology and severity of HH. Previously, an association has been reported between low numbers of lymphocytes and the severity of clinical expression of the iron overload in HH. In the present study, the effect of a total absence of lymphocytes on iron overload was investigated by crossing ss2m(-/-) mice (which develop iron overload resembling human disease) with mice deficient in recombinase activator gene 1 (Rag1), which is required for normal B and T lymphocyte development. Iron overload was more severe in ss2mRag1 double-deficient mice than in each of the single deficient mice, with iron accumulation in parenchymal cells of the liver, in acinar cells of the pancreas, and in heart myocytes. With increasing age ss2mRag1(-/-) mice develop extensive heart fibrosis, which could be prevented by reconstitution with normal hematopoietic cells. Thus, the development of iron-mediated cellular damage is substantially enhanced when a Rag1 mutation, which causes a lack of mature lymphocytes, is introduced into ss2m(-/-) mice. Mice deficient in ss2m and Rag1 thus offer a new experimental model of iron-related cardiomyopathy.
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Korver W, Schilham MW, Moerer P, van den Hoff MJ, Dam K, Lamers WH, Medema RH, Clevers H. Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes lacking the winged-helix transcription factor Trident. Curr Biol 1998; 8:1327-30. [PMID: 9843684 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(07)00563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to maintain a stable karyotype, the eukaryotic cell cycle is coordinated such that only one round of S phase precedes each mitosis, and mitosis is not initiated until DNA replication is completed. Several checkpoints and regulatory proteins have been defined in lower eukaryotes that govern this coordination, but little is known about the proteins that are involved in mammalian cells. Previously, we have shown that the winged-helix transcription factor Trident - also known as HFH-11, FKL16 and WIN [1] [2] [3] - is exclusively expressed in cycling cells and is phosphorylated during mitosis [1] [4]. The cellular function of Trident has yet to be described, however. Here, we have shown that disruption of the Trident gene in mice resulted in postnatal death, most probably because of circulatory failure. Histological analysis of Trident -/- embryos from embryonic day 10 (E10) onwards revealed a specific, characteristic defect in the developing myocardium. The orientation of the myocytes was highly irregular and the nuclei of these disorganized cardiomyocytes were clearly polyploid with up to a 50-fold increase in DNA content. Polyploidy was also observed in embryonic hepatocytes. Our results indicate that expression of Trident is required to prevent multiple rounds of S phase in the heart and the liver. Trident therefore appears to have a role in preventing DNA re-replication during the G2 and M phases.
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Ya J, Schilham MW, de Boer PA, Moorman AF, Clevers H, Lamers WH. Sox4-deficiency syndrome in mice is an animal model for common trunk. Circ Res 1998; 83:986-94. [PMID: 9815146 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.83.10.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic mice lacking functional Sox4 transcription factor die from cardiac failure at embryonic day (ED) 14. Heart morphogenesis in these embryos was analyzed in hematoxylin-azophlochsin or immunohistochemically stained, 3-dimensionally reconstructed serial sections between ED12 and ED14. Although Sox4 is expressed in the endocardially derived tissue of both the outflow tract and atrioventricular canal, Sox4-deficient hearts only suffer from defective transformation of the endocardial ridges into semilunar valves and from lack of fusion of these ridges, usually resulting in common trunk, although the least affected hearts should be classified as having a large infundibular septal defect. The more serious cases are, in addition, characterized by an abnormal number and position of the semilunar valve-leaflet anlagen, a configuration of the ridges typical for transposition of the great arteries (with linear rather than spiral course of both ridges and posterior position of the pulmonary trunk at the level of the valve), and variable size of the aorta relative to the pulmonary trunk. The coronary arteries always originated from the aorta, irrespective of its position relative to the pulmonary trunk. The restriction of the malformations to the arterial pole implies that the interaction between the endocardially derived tissue of the outflow tract and the neural crest-derived myofibroblasts determines proper development of the arterial pole.
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Schilham MW, Wilson A, Moerer P, Benaissa-Trouw BJ, Cumano A, Clevers HC. Critical involvement of Tcf-1 in expansion of thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1998; 161:3984-91. [PMID: 9780167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
T cell maturation in Tcf-1(-/-) mice deteriorates progressively and halts completely around 6 mo of age. During fetal development thymocyte subpopulations seem normal, although total cell numbers are lower. By 4 to 6 wk of age, obvious blockades in the differentiation of CD4- 8- thymocytes are observed at two distinct stages (CD44+ 25+ and CD44- 25-), both of which are normally characterized by extensive proliferation. This lack of thymocyte expansion and/or differentiation was also observed when Tcf-1(-/-) progenitor cells from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region (embryonic day 11.5), fetal liver (embryonic day 12.5/14.5), and fetal bone marrow (embryonic day 18.5) were allowed to differentiate in normal thymic lobes (fetal thymic organ cultures) or were injected intrathymically into normal recipients. Despite these apparent defects in thymocyte differentiation and expansion, adult Tcf-1(-/-) mice are immunocompetent, as they generate virus neutralizing Abs at normal titers. Furthermore, their peripheral T cells have an activated phenotype (increased CD44 and decreased CD62L expression) and proliferate normally in response to Ag or mitogen, suggesting that these cells may have arisen from the early wave of development during embryogenesis and are either long lived or have subsequently been maintained by peripheral expansion. As Tcf-1 is a critical component in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, these data suggest that Wnt-like factors play a role in the expansion of double-negative thymocytes.
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Schilham MW, Wilson A, Moerer P, Benaissa-Trouw BJ, Cumano A, Clevers HC. Critical Involvement of Tcf-1 in Expansion of Thymocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.3984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cell maturation in Tcf-1−/− mice deteriorates progressively and halts completely around 6 mo of age. During fetal development thymocyte subpopulations seem normal, although total cell numbers are lower. By 4 to 6 wk of age, obvious blockades in the differentiation of CD4−8− thymocytes are observed at two distinct stages (CD44+25+ and CD44−25−), both of which are normally characterized by extensive proliferation. This lack of thymocyte expansion and/or differentiation was also observed when Tcf-1−/− progenitor cells from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region (embryonic day 11.5), fetal liver (embryonic day 12.5/14.5), and fetal bone marrow (embryonic day 18.5) were allowed to differentiate in normal thymic lobes (fetal thymic organ cultures) or were injected intrathymically into normal recipients. Despite these apparent defects in thymocyte differentiation and expansion, adult Tcf-1−/− mice are immunocompetent, as they generate virus neutralizing Abs at normal titers. Furthermore, their peripheral T cells have an activated phenotype (increased CD44 and decreased CD62L expression) and proliferate normally in response to Ag or mitogen, suggesting that these cells may have arisen from the early wave of development during embryogenesis and are either long lived or have subsequently been maintained by peripheral expansion. As Tcf-1 is a critical component in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, these data suggest that Wnt-like factors play a role in the expansion of double-negative thymocytes.
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Abstract
The identification of the mammalian sex-determining gene Sry has led to the discovery of a large family of related ('HMG box') transcription factors that control developmental events in yeast, C. elegans, Drosophila and vertebrates. In lymphocyte differentiation, several HMG box proteins play a decisive role. Sox-4 is important for very early B-cell differentiation, while TCF-1/LEF-1 play a crucial role in early thymocyte development. TCF/LEF proteins have recently been found to constitute a downstream component of the Wingless/Wnt signal transduction pathway. In flies, this pathway controls segment polarity; in Xenopus it controls the definition of the body axis. Deregulation of the pathway occurs in several human tumors. These insights in the molecular events that are involved in TCF/LEF function in these organisms may eventually lead to the understanding of the function of these HMG box proteins in lymphoid development.
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Ya J, Schilham MW, Clevers H, Moorman AF, Lamers WH. Animal models of congenital defects in the ventriculoarterial connection of the heart. J Mol Med (Berl) 1997; 75:551-66. [PMID: 9297623 DOI: 10.1007/s001090050140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic heart functions as a pump without one-way valves. To accomplish this, a long, slowly conducting myocardial structure, the outflow tract, functions as a sphincter at the arterial pole of the heart. During subsequent development tissue remodeling in the outflow tract and immigrating cells of the neural crest are responsible for connecting the right ventricle with the pulmonary trunk and the left ventricle with the aorta, that is, for the developmental formation of the ventriculoarterial junction. Most congenital malformations of the ventriculoarterial junction stem from disturbances that result in developmental arrest or in abnormal pattern formation ("real" teratology). Abnormal pattern formation can in turn originate from problems with laterality or from aberrant or incomplete formation of structural elements. Genetically modified animals with well-defined gene deficiencies are beginning to provide insight in the signal-transduction pathways and structural elements that are responsible for normal development.
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Santos M, Wienk KJ, Schilham MW, Clevers H, de Sousa M, Marx JJ. In vivo mucosal uptake, mucosal transfer and retention of iron in mice. Lab Anim 1997; 31:264-70. [PMID: 9230508 DOI: 10.1258/002367797780596329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An improved and sensitive method for studying iron absorption in mice with alterations in body iron stores is described. Mice with varying iron status were given a double isotope-labelled test dose containing 59Fe and 51Cr as a non-absorbable indicator, via an oroesophageal needle. Using a whole-body counter it was possible to measure in vivo the initial mucosal iron uptake and long-term iron retention and to calculate mucosal iron transfer. A significant difference was demonstrated between normal and both anaemic and dietary iron-loaded mice with regard to the various steps of iron absorption. When mice were tested twice for iron absorption, the results were highly reproducible. In conjunction with other parameters, the method described is useful in studying the mechanism and the regulation of iron absorption in mice.
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Abstract
The mouse Sry-like transcription factor Sox-4 is expressed in thymus, bone marrow, and gonads of adult mice. Sox-4-deficient mice die at embryonic day E14 due to cardiac malformation. In transfer experiments to irradiated recipients, B cell development was shown to be severely impaired in Sox-4-deficient progenitor cells. However, no drastic effects on T lymphocyte development were noted, despite the high level expression of the Sox-4 gene in the thymus of normal mice. Here, we report a detailed analysis of T cell development from Sox-4-deficient progenitors. Explanted fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOC) of Sox-4-deficient thymi yielded 10-50-fold fewer CD4 CD8 double-positive and single-positive cells than FTOC of littermates. This effect was T cell-autonomous, since similar observations were made when FTOC were performed by culturing of Sox-4-deficient progenitors in wild-type thymus lobes. When Sox-4-deficient fetal liver cells were injected together with normal cells intrathymically, they did not compete efficiently for reconstitution. It is concluded that Sox-4 facilitates thymocyte development.
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Santos M, Schilham MW, Rademakers LH, Marx JJ, de Sousa M, Clevers H. Defective iron homeostasis in beta 2-microglobulin knockout mice recapitulates hereditary hemochromatosis in man. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1975-85. [PMID: 8920884 PMCID: PMC2192883 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.5.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, hepatic iron overload resembling that in hereditary hemachromatosis (HH) has been found in beta 2-microglobulin knockout (beta 2m-/-) mice. We have now characterized iron metabolism in beta 2m-/- mice. The mutant mice fail to limit the transfer of iron from mucosal cells into the plasma. Transferrin saturation is abnormally high. Pathologic iron depositions occur predominantly in liver parenchymal cells. Reconstitution with normal hematopoietic cells redistributes the iron from parenchymal to Kupffer cells, but does not correct the mucosal defect. We conclude that (a) iron metabolism is defective in the gut mucosa as well as the liver of beta 2m-/- mice; and (b) a beta 2m-dependent gene product is involved in iron homeostasis. Recently, a novel gene of the major histocompatibility complex class I family, HLA-H, has been found to be mutated in a large proportion of HH patients. Our data provide functional support for the proposed causative role of HLA-H mutations in HH.
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Schilham MW, Oosterwegel MA, Moerer P, Ya J, de Boer PA, van de Wetering M, Verbeek S, Lamers WH, Kruisbeek AM, Cumano A, Clevers H. Defects in cardiac outflow tract formation and pro-B-lymphocyte expansion in mice lacking Sox-4. Nature 1996; 380:711-4. [PMID: 8614465 DOI: 10.1038/380711a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A striking example of the relationship between regulation of transcription and phenotype is the central role of the Y-chromosomal gene Sry in mammalian sex determination. Sry is the founding member of a large family of so-called Sox genes. During murine embryogenesis, the transcriptional activator Sox-4 is expressed at several sites, but in adult mice expression is restricted to immature B and T lymphocytes. Using targeted gene distruption, we have found that SOX-4(-/-) embryos succumb to circulatory failure at day E14. This was a result of impaired development of the endocardial ridges (a specific site of Sox-4 expression) into the semilunar valves and the outlet portion of the muscular ventricular septum. The observed range of septation defects is known as 'common arterial trunk' in man. We studied haemopoiesis in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with SOX-4(-/-) fetal liver cells and found that a specific block occurred in B-cell development at the pro-B cell stage. In line with this, the frequency and proliferative capacity of IL-7-responsive B cell progenitors in fetal liver were severely decreased in vitro.
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Penninger JM, Schilham MW, Timms E, Wallace VA, Mak TW. T cell repertoire and clonal deletion of Mtv superantigen-reactive T cells in mice lacking CD4 and CD8 molecules. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:2115-8. [PMID: 7621886 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells constitute a lymphocyte subpopulation within the thymus and peripheral lymphatic organs that express a unique T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and do not undergo negative selection. To test whether these cells develop as a distinct lineage or due to altered selection in the absence of CD4 and CD8 expression, we analyzed the TCR repertoire in mice lacking both CD4 and CD8 accessory molecules after homologous recombination (CD40/0CD80/0). We show that mature T cells of CD40/0CD80/0 mice express an unbiased diverse TCR V beta repertoire comparable to wild type mice. In addition, clonal deletion of mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen-reactive T cells did occur in CD40/0CD80/0 mice. These data show that the intrinsic lack of CD4 and CD8 expression has no effect on the mature TCR repertoire and that clonal deletion of superantigen-reactive cells is independent of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors.
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Heemskerk MH, Schilham MW, Schoemaker HM, Spierenburg G, Spaan WJ, Boog CJ. Activation of virus-specific major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in CD4-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1109-12. [PMID: 7737281 PMCID: PMC7163489 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/1994] [Revised: 02/06/1995] [Accepted: 02/08/1995] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute enteritic or respiratory disease is a consequence of coronavirus infection in man and rodents. Mouse hepatitis virus, stain A59 (MHV-A59) causes acute hepatitis in mice and rats and induces a response of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted CD4+ cytotoxic T cells, protecting mice against acute infection. In the present study we show that MHV-A59 infection of mice that lack a functional CD4 gene activates effector cells of the CD8+ phenotype. These cytotoxic T cells lyse virus-infected target cells in a MHC class II-restricted fashion. The results indicate that CD8+ T cells have the potential to utilize MHC class II as restriction element, illustrating that the immune system can effectively deal with evading microorganisms, such as viruses which down-regulate MHC class I.
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Schilham MW, Fung-Leung WP, Rahemtulla A, Kuendig T, Zhang L, Potter J, Miller RG, Hengartner H, Mak TW. Alloreactive cytotoxic T cells can develop and function in mice lacking both CD4 and CD8. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1299-304. [PMID: 8500525 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the technique of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, a mouse strain without functional CD4 and CD8 genes has been generated. Surprisingly, these mice contain significant numbers of alpha beta T cells. Although mice deficient for CD8 only do not show any cytotoxic response when their T cells are stimulated with either alloantigen or viral antigen, the CD4-8- mice do generate alloreactive cytotoxic T cells. These cytotoxic T cells bear the alpha beta T cell receptor and recognize major histocompatibility complex class I antigens. In addition fully allogeneic skin transplants were rejected but skin transplants expressing only minor transplantation antigens were not. Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were also not detected. It seems that alloreactive cytotoxic T cells can be induced and exert their effector function in vitro and in vivo in the absence of CD8, and that they can develop and mature in vivo without the CD8 molecule or the signals it might provide.
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81
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Schilham MW, van Eijk M, van de Wetering M, Clevers HC. The murine Sox-4 protein is encoded on a single exon. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:2009. [PMID: 8493110 PMCID: PMC309444 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.8.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Rahemtulla A, Fung-Leung WP, Schilham MW, Kündig TM, Sambhara SR, Narendran A, Arabian A, Wakeham A, Paige CJ, Zinkernagel RM. Normal development and function of CD8+ cells but markedly decreased helper cell activity in mice lacking CD4. Nature 1991; 353:180-4. [PMID: 1832488 DOI: 10.1038/353180a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T cells express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) for the recognition of antigen in conjunction with the products of the major histocompatibility complex. They also express two key surface coreceptors, CD4 and CD8, which are involved in the interaction with their ligands. As CD4 is expressed on the early haemopoietic progenitor as well as the early thymic precursor cells, a role for CD4 in haemopoiesis and T-cell development is implicated. Thymocytes undergo a series of differentiation and selection steps to become mature CD4+8- or CD4-8+ (single positive) T cells. Studies of the role of CD4+ T cells in vivo have been based on adoptive transfer of selected or depleted lymphocytes, or in vivo treatment of thymectomized mice with monoclonal antibodies causing depletion of CD4+ T cells. In order to study the role of the CD4 molecule in the development and function of lymphocytes, we have disrupted the CD4 gene in embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination. Germ-line transmission of the mutation produces mutant mouse strains that do not express CD4 on the cell surface. In these mice, the development of CD8+ T cells and myeloid components is unaltered, indicating that expression of CD4 on progenitor cells and CD4+ CD8+ (double positive) thymocytes is not obligatory. Here we report that these mice have markedly decreased helper cell activity for antibody responses, although cytotoxic T-cell activity against viruses is in the normal range. This differential requirement for CD4+ helper T cells is important to our understanding of immune disorders including AIDS, in which CD4+ cells are reduced or absent.
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Fung-Leung WP, Schilham MW, Rahemtulla A, Kündig TM, Vollenweider M, Potter J, van Ewijk W, Mak TW. CD8 is needed for development of cytotoxic T cells but not helper T cells. Cell 1991; 65:443-9. [PMID: 1673361 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A mutant mouse strain without CD8 (Lyt-2 and Lyt-3) expression on the cell surface has been generated by disrupting the Lyt-2 gene using embryonic stem cell technology. In these mice, CD8+ T lymphocytes are not present in peripheral lymphoid organs, but the CD4+ T lymphocyte population seems to be unaltered. Cytotoxic response of T lymphocytes from these mice against alloantigens and viral antigens is dramatically decreased. Proliferative response against alloantigens and in vivo help to B lymphocytes, however, are not affected. These data suggest that CD8 is necessary for the maturation and positive selection of class I MHC restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes but is not required on any of the intermediate thymocyte populations (CD8+CD4-TcR- or CD4+CD8+TcRlow) during the development of functional class II MHC restricted helper T cells.
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Payne J, Huber BT, Cannon NA, Schneider R, Schilham MW, Acha-Orbea H, MacDonald HR, Hengartner H. Two monoclonal rat antibodies with specificity for the beta-chain variable region V beta 6 of the murine T-cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:7695-8. [PMID: 2459713 PMCID: PMC282259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.20.7695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two rat monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 44-22-1 and 46-6B5, which recognize an alloreactive cytotoxic clone, 3F9, have been further tested on a panel of T hybridomas and cytotoxic T-cell clones for binding and functional activities. The mAbs recognized only those cells sharing the expression of the T-cell receptor beta-chain variable region gene V beta 6 with 3F9. All V beta 6+ cells were activated by these mAbs under cross-linking conditions and their antigen-specific activation was blocked by soluble mAb. Furthermore, depletion of 46-6B5+ normal lymph node T cells eliminated all cells expressing the epitope recognized by 44-22-1 and V beta 6 mRNA.
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Bianchi AT, Schilham MW, Benner R, Young P, Lefkovits I. In vivo priming of helper and suppressor T cells by alloantigens. Frequency analysis with the use of an in vitro limiting dilution assay. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.139.8.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Earlier studies have demonstrated that T cells activated in mixed lymphocyte reactions can exert positive as well as negative allogeneic effects on B cells expressing the appropriate alloantigens on their surface. We investigated the effect of in vivo priming of T cells with alloantigens on their capacity to help or suppress allogeneic B cell cultures against sheep erythrocytes. We used immunization protocols that have been shown to be optimal for induction of alloantigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and alloantigen-specific suppressor T (Ts) cells for DTH. The results show that in vivo stimulation with alloantigens, depending on the immunization route and the lymphoid organ studied, can be as effective as in vitro stimulation in increasing the frequency of alloantigen-specific helper T (Th) cells and Ts cells. Subcutaneous immunization induced a 10-fold frequency raise of Th cells as well as of Ts cells in the lymph nodes. In the spleen the Th cell population was hardly affected by s.c. immunization, whereas the Ts cell population increased by at least a factor 20. Intravenous immunization, on the other hand, selectively expanded the Th cell population in the spleen, whereas the splenic Ts cell population and the Th and Ts cells in the lymph nodes were not affected. Comparison of these results with our previous data concerning characteristics and the requirements of in vivo activation of alloantigen-specific DTH reactive T cells and of alloantigen-specific Ts cells suggest that different Ts cell populations are involved in suppression of alloantigen-specific DTH in vivo and of allogeneic suppression of in vitro induced sheep erythrocytes specific antibody formation.
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Bianchi AT, Schilham MW, Benner R, Young P, Lefkovits I. In vivo priming of helper and suppressor T cells by alloantigens. Frequency analysis with the use of an in vitro limiting dilution assay. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1987; 139:2524-9. [PMID: 2958552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have demonstrated that T cells activated in mixed lymphocyte reactions can exert positive as well as negative allogeneic effects on B cells expressing the appropriate alloantigens on their surface. We investigated the effect of in vivo priming of T cells with alloantigens on their capacity to help or suppress allogeneic B cell cultures against sheep erythrocytes. We used immunization protocols that have been shown to be optimal for induction of alloantigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and alloantigen-specific suppressor T (Ts) cells for DTH. The results show that in vivo stimulation with alloantigens, depending on the immunization route and the lymphoid organ studied, can be as effective as in vitro stimulation in increasing the frequency of alloantigen-specific helper T (Th) cells and Ts cells. Subcutaneous immunization induced a 10-fold frequency raise of Th cells as well as of Ts cells in the lymph nodes. In the spleen the Th cell population was hardly affected by s.c. immunization, whereas the Ts cell population increased by at least a factor 20. Intravenous immunization, on the other hand, selectively expanded the Th cell population in the spleen, whereas the splenic Ts cell population and the Th and Ts cells in the lymph nodes were not affected. Comparison of these results with our previous data concerning characteristics and the requirements of in vivo activation of alloantigen-specific DTH reactive T cells and of alloantigen-specific Ts cells suggest that different Ts cell populations are involved in suppression of alloantigen-specific DTH in vivo and of allogeneic suppression of in vitro induced sheep erythrocytes specific antibody formation.
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87
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Schilham MW, Lang R, Acha-Orbea H, Benner R, Joho R, Hengartner H. Fine specificity and T-cell receptor beta-chain gene rearrangements of five H-2Db-specific cytotoxic T-cell clones. Immunogenetics 1987; 25:171-8. [PMID: 3493974 DOI: 10.1007/bf00344031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A panel of cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones that recognize H-2b target cells has been established. Six different clones were distinguished according to the following criteria. First, the fine specificity of the clones was determined by testing proliferation and cytotoxicity on target cells of recombinant mice. Clone 221 recognized H-2Kb, and five other clones recognized H-2Db. Clone 433 distinguished itself from the other five Db-specific clones by cross-reacting with an antigen on H-2k cells. Second, the presence of an idiotypic determinant as defined by the 3F9 clone-specific monoclonal antibodies was investigated in cytotoxicity inhibition experiments. One of the Db-specific clones, 653, was inhibited by these antibodies and was therefore clearly different from the other Db-specific clones. The third criterion involved the rearrangement pattern of the DNA coding for the beta chain of the T-cell receptor. Southern blot analysis showed that each clone had a unique pattern. Interestingly, clone 653, which expresses the same idiotypic determinant as clone 3F9, had deleted the C beta 1 gene cluster, whereas this gene is functionally expressed in clone 3F9.
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88
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Schilham MW, Lang R, Benner R, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Characterization of an Lyt-2+ alloreactive cytotoxic T cell clone specific for H-2Db that cross-reacts with I-Ek. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1986; 137:2748-54. [PMID: 3489776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An alloreactive cytotoxic T cell clone (433) possessing the L3T4-, Lyt-2+ phenotype is described that shows a double specificity. It has been derived from unprimed BALB/c (H-2d) spleen cells by repetitive in vitro restimulation with C57BL/6(H-2b) cells. The specificity of clone 433 was determined in cytotoxicity and proliferation experiments. One specificity was for the class I antigen H-2Db and the second was for the class II antigen I-Ek. Inhibition of cytotoxicity with monoclonal antibodies confirmed these results. Cold target competition experiments demonstrated that the two specificities were mediated by the same cell population. Anti-Lyt-2 antibodies inhibited only the H-2Db- but not the I-Ek-specific lysis, suggesting a higher affinity of the antigen receptor for I-Ek than for Db. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a T cell clone that is specific for a class I antigen and cross-reacts heteroclitically with a class II antigen.
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89
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Schilham MW, Lang R, Benner R, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Characterization of an Lyt-2+ alloreactive cytotoxic T cell clone specific for H-2Db that cross-reacts with I-Ek. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1986. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.137.9.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An alloreactive cytotoxic T cell clone (433) possessing the L3T4-, Lyt-2+ phenotype is described that shows a double specificity. It has been derived from unprimed BALB/c (H-2d) spleen cells by repetitive in vitro restimulation with C57BL/6(H-2b) cells. The specificity of clone 433 was determined in cytotoxicity and proliferation experiments. One specificity was for the class I antigen H-2Db and the second was for the class II antigen I-Ek. Inhibition of cytotoxicity with monoclonal antibodies confirmed these results. Cold target competition experiments demonstrated that the two specificities were mediated by the same cell population. Anti-Lyt-2 antibodies inhibited only the H-2Db- but not the I-Ek-specific lysis, suggesting a higher affinity of the antigen receptor for I-Ek than for Db. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a T cell clone that is specific for a class I antigen and cross-reacts heteroclitically with a class II antigen.
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