Proteomic pattern of breast milk discriminates obese mothers with infants of delayed weight gain from normal-weight mothers with infants of normal weight gain

We previously reported that exclusively breastfed infants born to mothers with pregestational obesity gain less weight during the first month after birth than those born to mothers of normal pregestational weight. This issue is potentially important since lower weight gain in breastfed infants of obese mothers might increase the risk of developing later obesity. Breast milk quality and quantity, together with breastfeeding practice, possibly influence infants' feeding behavior, appetite control, and regulation of growth later in life. The issue of whether breast milk protein patterns from obese mothers differ in composition from those of non-obese mothers remains largely unexplored. Here, we established a breast milk proteomic pattern that discriminates obese mothers and infants with delayed weight gain at 1 month after birth from normal-weight mothers with infants of the same age and with normal weight gain. Obese mothers were matched to normal-weight mothers (n = 26; body mass index 33.5 ± 3.2 vs 21.5 ± 1.5 kg·m^-2). The mean weight gain of infants in the obese group at 1 month after birth was 430.8 g lower than that of the infants in the control group. Analysis of the breast milk delipidized fraction by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization on CM10 and Q10 arrays was followed by MS-assisted purification and LC-MS/MS microsequencing of a selected biomarker. We identified 15 candidate protein biomarkers, seven of which were overexpressed in the obese group and eight in the normal-weight group. One of the most significant candidate biomarkers, overexpressed in the obese group, was identified as a fragment of the sixth extracellular domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. Further structural identification of these candidate biomarkers and their validation in clinical assays may facilitate the development of a predictive immunoassay.

Protein restricted diet during gestation and/or lactation in mice affects 15N natural isotopic abundance of organs in the offspring: Effect of diet 15N content and growth

OBJECTIVES AND STUDY

This study aimed at measuring the effect in normal to restricted protein diets with specific 15N natural isotopic abundance (NIA) given during gestation and/or lactation on the 15N NIA of fur, liver and muscle in dams and their offspring from birth to adulthood. The secondary aim was to study the effect of growth on the same parameters.

METHODS

Female Balb/c mice were fed normal protein diet containing 22% protein or isocaloric low protein diet containing 10% protein throughout gestation. Dam's diets were either maintained or switched to the other diet until weaning at 30 days. All animals were fed standard chow thereafter. Offspring were sacrificed at 1, 11, 30, 60, 480 days and a group of dams at d1. Growth was modeled as an exponential function on the group followed up until 480 days. Fur, liver and muscle were sampled at sacrifice and analyzed for bulk 15N NIA. Fixed effects and interactions between fixed effects and random elements were tested by three-way ANOVA.

RESULTS

Higher 15N NIA in the diet resulted in higher organ 15N NIA. Switching from one diet to another changed 15N NIA in each organ. Although dam and offspring shared the same isotopic environment during gestation, 15N NIA at day 1 was higher in dams. Growth rate did not differ between groups after 10 days and decreased between 1 and 5 months. 15N NIA differed between organs and was affected by growth and gestation/lactation.

CONCLUSION

Dietary 15N NIA is a major determinant of the 15N NIA of organs. 15N NIA depended on organ and age (i.e. growth) suggesting an effect of metabolism and/or dilution space. Post-natal normal-protein diet of lactating dams could reverse the effect of a protein-restricted diet during gestation on the offspring growth. Measuring 15N NIA in various matrices may open a field of application particularly useful in studying the pre- and post-natal origins of health and disease.

Influence of infant feeding patterns over the first year of life on growth from birth to 5 years

OBJECTIVES

As early-life feeding experiences may influence later health, we aimed to examine relations between feeding patterns over the first year of life and child's growth in the first 5 years of life.

METHODS

Our analysis included 1022 children from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Three feeding patterns were previously identified, i.e. 'Later dairy products introduction and use of ready-prepared baby foods' (pattern-1), 'Long breastfeeding, later main meal food introduction and use of home-made foods' (pattern-2) and 'Use of ready-prepared adult foods' (pattern-3). Associations between the feeding patterns and growth [weight, height and body mass index {BMI}] were analysed by multivariable linear regressions. Anthropometric changes were assessed by the final value adjusted for the initial value.

RESULTS

Even though infant feeding patterns were not related to anthropometric measurements at 1, 3 and 5 years, high scores on pattern-1 were associated with higher 1-3 years weight and height changes. High scores on pattern-2 were related to lower 0-1 year weight and height changes, higher 1-5 years weight and height changes but not to BMI changes, after controlling for a wide range of potential confounding variables including parental BMI. Scores on pattern-3 were not significantly related to growth. Additional adjustment for breastfeeding duration reduced the strength of the associations between pattern-2 and growth but not those between pattern-1 and height growth.

CONCLUSION

Our findings emphasize the relevance of considering infant feeding patterns including breastfeeding duration, age of complementary foods introduction as well as type of foods used when examining effects of early infant feeding practices on later health. © 2017 World Obesity Federation.

Doubling diet fat on sugar ratio in children with mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders: Effects of a randomized trial on resting energy expenditure, diet induced thermogenesis and body composition

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders (MODs) affect one or several complexes of respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation. An increased fat/low-carbohydrate ratio of the diet was recommended for treating MODs without, however, evaluating its potential benefits through changes in the respective contributions of cell pathways (glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation) initiating energy production. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to compare Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) under basal diet (BD) and challenging diet (CD) in which fat on sugar content ratio was doubled. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and body compositions were also compared. Energetic vs regulatory aspects of increasing fat contribution to total nutritional energy input were essentially addressed through measures primarily aiming at modifying total fat amounts and not the types of fats in designed diets.

METHODS

In this randomized cross-over study, BD contained 10% proteins/30% lipids/60% carbohydrates (fat on sugar ratio = 0.5) and was the imposed diet at baseline. CD contained 10% proteins/45% lipids/45% carbohydrates (fat on sugar ratio = 1). Main and second evaluation criteria measured by indirect calorimetry (QUARK RMR^®, Cosmed, Pavona; Italy) were REE and DIT, respectively. Thirty four MOD patients were included; 22 (mean age 13.2 ± 4.7 years, 50% female; BMI 16.9 ± 4.2 kg/m²) were evaluated for REE, and 12 (mean age 13.8 ± 4.8 years, 60% female; BMI 17.4 ± 4.6 kg/m²) also for DIT. OXPHOS complex deficiency repartition in 22 analysed patients was 55% for complex I, 9% for complex III, 27% for complex IV and 9% for other proteins.

RESULTS

Neither carry-over nor period effects were detected (p = 0.878; ANOVA for repeated measures). REE was similar between BD vs CD (1148.8 ± 301.7 vs 1156.1 ± 278.8 kcal/day; p = 0.942) as well as DIT (peak DIT 260 vs 265 kcal/day; p = 0.842) and body composition (21.9 ± 13.0 vs 21.6 ± 13.3% of fat mass; p = 0.810).

CONCLUSION

Doubling diet fat on sugar ratio does not appear to improve, per se, energetic status and body composition of patients with MODs.